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Figure 7 in Historical perspective, new contributions and an enlightening dispersal mechanism for the endogean genus Typhlocharis Dieck 1869 (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
Figure 7. Known distribution of Typhlocharis carpetana along two adjacent river basins.
Can evolutionary theories of dispersal and senescence predict postrelease survival, dispersal, and body condition of a reintroduced threatened mammal?
<ol> <li>Theories of dispersal and senescence (or ageing) predict that dispersal, and ongoing survival and body condition, are influenced by evolutionary drivers, along with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Such theories are relevant to translocations of animals where high mortality, loss of body condition, and dispersal beyond the area of release are commonly reported. However, these theories have rarely been tested using data from translocations.</li> <li>We explore whether theories of dispersal and senescence, together with biological knowledge and management interventions, can predict rates of post-release dispersal, survival and change in body condition of a translocated endangered meso-predator, the eastern quoll <i>Dasyurus viverrinus</i>.</li> <li>Captive-bred quolls (n = 60) from three sanctuaries were translocated to an unfenced, predator-managed reserve (Booderee National Park) over 2 years (2018, 2019). Survival, dispersal and body mass were monitored via GPS / VHF tracking and targeted trapping for 45 days post-release.</li> <li>We found support for the 'social subordinate' hypothesis, with smaller quolls dispersing further. Consistent with theories of senescence and the biology of our species, survival was marginally greater for females, and females regained losses in body mass in both years following release. In contrast, males recovered body condition in the first but not the second release as this coincided with breeding. Quolls that originated from the mainland sanctuary were on average heavier at release and, after accounting for weight, dispersed further.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Using theory to test outcomes of wildlife translocations can provide insights into patterns across taxa and under different conditions, enabling useful improvements to future fauna translocations. This allows for better predictions to be made about the likelihood of success from proposed translocations, changes to planning to improve outcomes (e.g. modifying sex ratios, individual selection and release cohort), and improved animal welfare as fewer animals are subjected to trials.</li> </ol>
Figure 2 in First European evidence for transcontinental dispersal of Crocodylus (late Neogene of southern Italy)
Figure 2. Blind pockets, or cecal recesses, are a synapomorphy of Crocodylus and absent in the only other brevirostrine crocodylian known in the European Miocene, the extinct alligatoroid genus Diplocynodon, and in the living African crocodylid genus Osteolaemus. A, B, right maxilla of Crocodylus sp. from Monte Gargano (BSP 2004 I 1) respectively in medial and latero-dorsal views; the arrows in A show anterior depressions and area of cecal recesses; the arrow in B shows the para-sagittal groove (see text). C, detail of a blind pocket; the arrows indicate a pocket whose lateral wall is only partly preserved. D, right maxilla in medial view of Crocodylus niloticus, juvenile, NMW 533; the arrows show anterior depressions and area of cecal recesses. E, right maxilla in medial view of Osteolaemus tetraspis, BSP 1982 X 5635. F, right maxilla in medial view of Diplocynodon styriacus from the Early Miocene (MN 5; BSP 1953 II 13) of Appertshofen, Germany. Teeth have been eliminated in D and F for ease of comparison. In order better to show the presence of the shallow depressions, the maxilla in A is figured in medial–ventral view; note that the palatal lamina is broken off at its base. The polygonal cavities visible on the right side of the D. styriacus maxilla in D are due to local breakage of the palatal lamina and are not cecal recesses. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
Assortative mating for between-patch dispersal status in a wild bird population: Exploring the role of direct and indirect underlying mechanisms
<p><span>Previous studies have reported functional integration between dispersal and other phenotypic traits allowing individuals to alleviate dispersal costs, and such associations can affect dispersal evolution in return. In sexually reproducing species, assortative mating according to dispersal can shape the maintenance of such trait associations. Despite the potentially crucial consequences of dispersal in natural populations, assortative mating for dispersal and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we assessed assortative mating for between-patch dispersal status in a fragmented population of a small passerine bird, the collared flycatcher, and explored whether such assortative mating could result from (i) direct mate choice based on dispersal-related behavioural (aggressiveness and boldness) and morphological traits (tarsus and wing length), (ii) biased mating due to spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the distribution of dispersal phenotypes and/or (iii) post-mating adjustment of dispersal phenotype or dispersal-related traits. We found intrinsic assortative mating (i.e. positive among-pair correlation) for current dispersal status (in the year of mating) but not for natal dispersal status, even though we could not exclude it due to limited power. We also found assortative mating for boldness and age category (yearlings vs. older adults), and the probability for pair members to be assorted for current dispersal status was higher when both pair members were of similar boldness score and of the same age compared to mixed-age pairs. Mate choice based on boldness and age thus appears as a possible mechanism underlying assortative mating for dispersal status. Our analyses however remained correlative and only an experimental manipulation of these traits could allow inferring causal links. Non-random mating for dispersal-related traits may affect the evolution of dispersal syndromes in this population. More work is nevertheless needed to fully assess the evolutionary implications of age- and behaviour-based assortative mating for dispersal.</span></p>
Distinguishing between dispersal and vicariance: A novel approach using anti-tropical taxa across the fish Tree of Life
<p><em>Aim:</em> Anti-tropical taxa are species split by the tropics into disjunct northern and southern populations. These distributions occur throughout the Tree of Life, but the mechanisms proposed to drive this pattern are debated and generally fit into two categories: dispersal and vicariance. Here we quantitatively test the prevalence of dispersal and vicariance as plausible drivers of anti-tropical marine distributions using intra-specific anti-tropical marine fishes as a model system.<br> <em>Location:</em> Primarily Indo-Pacific.<br> <em>Major Taxa Studied:</em> Marine fishes.<br> <em>Methods:</em> To test between dispersal and vicariance in latitudinally disjunct marine fishes, we used an ecological niche modeling framework to predict the spatiotemporal suitability of tropical habitats during contemporary and glacial time periods. Three different model configurations were used per species to test: (1) presence of contemporary tropical suitable habitat for northern populations, (2) the same for southern populations, (3) presence of tropical suitable habitat during the last glacial maximum for the entire species. These models were examined in an evolutionary context to determine if there was any phylogenetic signal in biogeographic predictions. Additionally, we tested if life history traits could account for biogeographic predictions.<br> <em>Results:</em> Our analyses resulted in 87 strongly supported models for 29 anti-tropical fishes across the fish Tree of Life (northern population model, southern population model, and full species model for each taxon). Model projections consistently matched predictions of vicariance in 13 fishes and 10 fishes matched predictions of dispersal regardless of thresholding approach. We failed to find any phylogenetic signal for anti-tropicality in general, or for dispersal and vicariant species specifically. Further, dispersal and vicariant tendencies were not found to be correlated with life history traits. <br> <em>Main conclusions:</em> These data quantitatively support both dispersal and vicariance as active mechanisms driving disjunct distributions in marine systems and suggest that they occur stochastically across the fish Tree of Life. This novel approach for examining dispersal and vicariance hypotheses supports the species-specific nature of biogeographic mechanisms structuring distributions, and that a "one-size-fits-all" prediction for current and future species' responses to environmental change is unlikely to be informative.</p>
Figure 3 from: Dörge D, Zaenker S, Klussmann-Kolb A, Weigand A (2014) Traversing worlds - Dispersal potential and ecological classification of Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz, 1863) (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Subterranean Biology 13: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.13.6460
Figure 3 - Potential life-cycle of Speolepta leptogaster; egg-drawing modified after the descriptions of Plachter (1981).
Figure 4 from: Dörge D, Zaenker S, Klussmann-Kolb A, Weigand A (2014) Traversing worlds - Dispersal potential and ecological classification of Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz, 1863) (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Subterranean Biology 13: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.13.6460
Figure 4 - Comparison between two larval stages of Speolepta leptogaster. A depicts the larger and probably older larva type A which on average is 10 mm long B depicts the smaller larva B type which is 5–10 mm long. Dotted regions depict areas of increased pigmentation, black regions illustrate maximum pigmentation.
Figure 1 from: Dörge D, Zaenker S, Klussmann-Kolb A, Weigand A (2014) Traversing worlds - Dispersal potential and ecological classification of Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz, 1863) (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Subterranean Biology 13: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.13.6460
Figure 1 - CO1 haplotype network for Speolepta leptogaster. Haplotypes are numbered in sequence with their volume proportional to their frequency in the total dataset. Lines interconnecting the haplotypes illustrate the mutational course and the number of mutational steps between them. Numbers with letters within or alongside circles refer to Table 1.
Figure 2 from: Dörge D, Zaenker S, Klussmann-Kolb A, Weigand A (2014) Traversing worlds - Dispersal potential and ecological classification of Speolepta leptogaster (Winnertz, 1863) (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Subterranean Biology 13: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.13.6460
Figure 2 - Spatial pattern of haplotypes of Speolepta leptogaster in Hesse. The haplotype (H) distribution of Speolepta leptogaster within Hesse (A) with a comparison group in Poland (B) is depicted as a circle for every underground locality with colored sections for the different haplotypes. To be depicted in a reasonable manner, multiple localities were reduced to one circle if they were situated nearby (up to 4 km) and had the same color.
Figure 5 from: Moldovan O, Fejér A (2013) Population size and dispersal patterns for a Drimeotus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini) cave population. Subterranean Biology 11: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.11.4974
Figure 5 - Box-plot of the number of individuals of Drimeotus viehmanni, in the winter and the summer months, in the five stations (I–V) of Peştera cu Apă din Valea Leşului.
Figure 4 from: Moldovan O, Fejér A (2013) Population size and dispersal patterns for a Drimeotus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini) cave population. Subterranean Biology 11: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.11.4974
Figure 4 - Monthly variation of the number of individuals of Drimeotus viehmanni in the five stations (I–V) of Peştera cu Apă din Valea Leşului.
Figure 2 from: Moldovan O, Fejér A (2013) Population size and dispersal patterns for a Drimeotus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini) cave population. Subterranean Biology 11: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.11.4974
Figure 2 - Box-plot of the air temperature, during winter and summer months, at the surface (S), the entrance (E) and the five stations (I-V) for Peştera cu Apă din Valea Leşului.
Figure 7 from: Moldovan O, Fejér A (2013) Population size and dispersal patterns for a Drimeotus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini) cave population. Subterranean Biology 11: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.11.4974
Figure 7 - The migration routes of Drimeotus viehmanni inside Peştera cu Apă din Valea Leşului: yellow = mark for individuals at station II, blue = mark for individuals at station III.
Figure 3 from: Moldovan O, Fejér A (2013) Population size and dispersal patterns for a Drimeotus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini) cave population. Subterranean Biology 11: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.11.4974
Figure 3 - Box-plot of the relative air humidity at the surface (S), the entrance (E) and the five stations (I–V) for Peştera cu Apă din Valea Leşului.
Figure 6 from: Moldovan O, Fejér A (2013) Population size and dispersal patterns for a Drimeotus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini) cave population. Subterranean Biology 11: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.11.4974
Figure 6 - The evolution of the Drimeotus viehmanni abundance in two stations of Peştera cu Apă din Valea Leşului.
Figure 1 from: Moldovan O, Fejér A (2013) Population size and dispersal patterns for a Drimeotus (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini) cave population. Subterranean Biology 11: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.11.4974
Figure 1 - Peştera cu Apă din Valea Leşului (modified after Cocean 1995), with the position of the cave in Romania and the sites for climatic measurements (red) and fauna counting (green): I-V stations; S = surface; E = entrance.
Figure 6 from: da Costa e Silva G, Roxo F, Britzke R, Oliveira C (2014) New species of the Pseudancistrus barbatus group (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) with comments on its biogeography and dispersal routes. ZooKeys 406: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.7011
Figure 6 - Distribution and phylogenetic relationships of species of the Pseudancistrus barbatus group based on F-reticulon 4 gene. Based in our first hypothesis of extand-species distribution of this group the ancestral was widespread through all Guyana Shield rivers and Amazon Brazilian Shield rivers, the species Pseudancistrus zawadzkii and Pseudancistrus sp. L17 are in the limited distribution of this group in Tapajós and Xingu rivers, drainages of Brazilian Shield into Amazon.
Figure 5 from: da Costa e Silva G, Roxo F, Britzke R, Oliveira C (2014) New species of the Pseudancistrus barbatus group (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) with comments on its biogeography and dispersal routes. ZooKeys 406: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.7011
Figure 5 - a Habitat at type locality of Pseudancistrus zawadzkii: rio Tapajós, municipality of Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil b habitat at paratype locality: rio Tracuá, Tapajós river basin, municipality of Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil.
Figure 2 from: da Costa e Silva G, Roxo F, Britzke R, Oliveira C (2014) New species of the Pseudancistrus barbatus group (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) with comments on its biogeography and dispersal routes. ZooKeys 406: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.7011
Figure 2 - Maximum-likelihood tree based on nuclear gene sequence F-reticulon 4 (-lnL = 11470.59). Numbers next to nodes are bootstrap values based on 1,000 pseudoreplicates. Values below 50% are not shown.
Figure 7 from: da Costa e Silva G, Roxo F, Britzke R, Oliveira C (2014) New species of the Pseudancistrus barbatus group (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) with comments on its biogeography and dispersal routes. ZooKeys 406: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.406.7011
Figure 7 - Hypothesized dispersal routs between basins of the Guiana Shield and Amazon Shield of ancestror of the Pseudancistrus barbatus group (based on Lujan and Armbruster 2011). Our second hypothesis of the Pseudancistrus barbatus group extent-species distribution is based on the assumption of a widespread ancestral through all Guyana Shield rivers and dispersal events enable the ancestor of Pseudancistrus zawadzkii (red star) and Pseudancistrus sp. L17 (yellow star) to colonize the Amazon Brazilian Shield rivers in Tapajós and Xingu rivers.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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