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Figure 2 in A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species
Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of intergeneric relationships of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Bootstrap (BS) values followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) are indicated adjacent to nodes (those nodes with both BS <70% and PP <0.95 are not labelled).
Figure 6 in A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species
Figure 6. Principal components analysis of craniodental characters of the short-eared species of Laephotis as recognized in this study.
Figure 4 in A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species
Figure 4. Principal components analysis of craniodental measurements of the species traditionally allocated to the genus Neoromicia s.l.; the colours correspond to the four distinct types of bacula exhibited by these species (shown in Fig. 5). Each dot refers to the mean value of the craniodental measurements of examined specimens; see main text for further details.
Figure 9 in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 9. Dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views of bacula of five species examined in this study: P. sp. nov. – Pi. simandouensis sp. nov., PGR—Pi. grandidieri, PHE—Pi. hesperidus, PNA—Pi. nanulus, PRU—Pi. rusticus. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 4 in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 4. Portraits (A) and (B) of holotype (ZFMK2008-0302), (C) of specimen from Liberia (DM13220) of Pi. simandouensis showing unicoloured fur and (D) of Pi. hesperidus for comparison showing the bicoloured fur of this species (photographs A–B by Jan Decher, C–D by Ara Monadjem).
Figure 1 in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of the newly described species, Pi. simandouensis, as well as other Pipistrellus species in West Africa; an arrow points to the type locality. The inset is a map of Africa showing all the African Pipistrellus specimens used in this study.
Figure 6 in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 6. The cranium of Pi. simandouensis (holotype, ZFMK2008-0302) showing dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the neurocranium and lateral view of the mandible (photographs by D. Rohwedder and R. Hutterer). The black scale bar on the bottom of the image = 10 mm.
Figure 8. A in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 8. A line drawing of the penis of Pi. simandouensis sp. nov. (holotype, ZFMK2008-0302) in ventral (left) and lateral (right) views. Scale bar = 4 mm.
Figure 7 in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 7. Upper teeth of Pi. simandouensis (holotype, ZFMK2008-0302) showing: (A) the relatively small-sized outer incisors, which are less than half the length of the inner incisors and (B) the moderately sized anterior premolar which is situated in the toothrow and hence creating a small gap between C and P2 (photographs © Jan Decher).
Figure 5 in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 5. Tragi of Pi. simandouensis, Pi. nanulus, Pi. hesperidus and Pi. rusticus. Arrows indicate the position of the indentation/notch and basal projection of the outer margin in each species. The museum number of each specimen photographed is provided below the name.
Figure 3. A in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 3. A principal components analysis (PCA) graph plotting the first two components for craniodental measurements of African Pipistrellus species including Pa. grandidieri. See Supporting Information (Table S3) for the variables used in this analysis and the loadings on PC1 and PC2.
Figure 2. A in A phylogeny for African Pipistrellus species with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Figure 2. A, maximum likelihood tree of COI sequences based on the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model conducted in MEGA7. The tree with the highest log likelihood (-5569.83) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. B, maximum likelihood tree of Cytb based on the Tamura-Nei substitution model conducted in MEGA7. The tree with the highest log likelihood (-5599.78) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches.
Figure 3 in A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species
Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Vespertilionidae: (A) Pipistrellus, Scotoecus, Vansonia, and outgroups (B) Afronycteris, Pseudoromicia, Nycticeinops, and Hypsugo (C) Laephotis and Neoromicia. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap (BS) values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Open circles outlined in black indicate BS ≥ 70% and PP <0.95, and open circles outlined in red indicate BS <70% and PP> 0.95. Support values for most minor clades are not shown. Specimen localities include counties for Kenya. DRC refers to Democratic Republic of the Congo and CAR to Central African Republic. Museum acronyms are defined in the Material and Methods section. Sequences downloaded from GenBank are indicated by inclusion of GenBank accession numbers (Supporting Information, Table S1). Branch colours indicate individual species/clade membership.
Figure 1 in A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species
Figure 1. Type localities of taxa of African and Malagasy Vespertilionini and Pipistrellini. Valid species are denoted by filled circles, subspecies and synonyms by open circles and species described herein by stars: 1, Pipistrellus abaensis J. A. Allen, 1917; 2, N[ycticejus]. adovanus Heuglin, 1877; 3, Pipistrellus aero Heller, 1912; 4, Vespertilio pipistrellus var. africanus Rüppell, 1842; 5, Nycticeius africanus G. M. Allen, 1911; 6, Scotoecus albigula Thomas, 1909; 7, Scoteinus schlieffeni albiventer Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 8, Scotophilus albofuscus Thomas, 1890; 9, Vesperugo anchietae Seabra, 1900; 10, Laephotis angolensis Monard, 1935; 11, Eptesicus capensis angolensis Hill, 1937; 12, Pipistrellus ariel Thomas, 1904; 13, Scotoecus artinii De Beaux, 1923; 14, Eptesicus ater J. A. Allen, 1917; 15, Pipistrellus nanus australis Roberts, 1913; 16, Scoteinus schlieffeni australis Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 17, Scoteinus schlieffeni bedouin Thomas & Wroughton, 1908; 18, Pipistrellus eisentrauti bellieri De Vree, 1972; 19, Hypsugo bemainty Goodman et al., 2015; 20, Vesperus bicolor Bocage, 1889; 21, Laephotis botswanae Setzer, 1971; 22, Pipistrellus (Romicia) kuhlii broomi Roberts, 1948; 23, Vesperugo (Vesperus) brunneus Thomas, 1880; 24, Vespertilio capensis A. Smith, 1829; 25, Scotoecus cinnamomeus Wettstein, 1916; 26, Pipistrellus crassulus Thomas, 1904; 27, Pipistrellus culex Thomas, 1911; 28, Vesperus damarensis Noack, 1889; 29, Scotophilus darwini Tomes, 1859; 30, Pipistrellus deserti Thomas, 1902; 31, Pipistrellus eisentrauti Hill, 1968; 32, Scotoecus falabae Thomas, 1915; 33, Eptesicus faradjius J. A. Allen, 1917; 34, Scoteinus schlieffeni fitzsimonsi Roberts, 1932; 35, Pipistrellus fouriei Thomas, 1926; 36, Pipistrellus kuhlii fuscatus Thomas, 1901; 37, Pipistrellus fuscipes Thomas, 1913; 38, Eptesicus garambae J. A. Allen, 1917; 39, Vespertilio capensis gracilior Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 40, Vesperugo (Vesperus) grandidieri Dobson, 1876; 41, Vesperus guineensis Bocage, 1889; 42, Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva & Benda, 2004; 43, Parahypsugo happoldorum Hutterer, Decher, Monadjem & Astrin, 2019; 44, Pipistrellus helios Heller, 1912; 45, Vespertilio hesperida Temminck, 1840; 46, Scotoecus hindei Thomas, 1901; 47, Scotophilus hirundo de Winton, 1899; 48, Vesperus humbloti Milne-Edwards, 1881; 49, Vesperugo hypoleucus Heuglin [in Fitzinger & Heuglin], 1866; 50, Pipistrellus inexspectatus Aellen, 1959; 51, Neoromicia isabella Decher, Hutterer & Monadjem, 2016; 52, Laephotis kirinyaga Monadjem et al., this paper; 53, Pseudoromicia kityoi Monadjem et al., this paper; 54, Hypsugo lanzai Benda, Al-Jumaily, Reiter & Nasher, 2011; 55, Pipistrellus leucomelas Monard, 1932; 56, Parahypsugo macrocephalus Hutterer & Kerbis Peterhans, 2019; 57, Vesperugo maderensis Dobson, 1878; 58, Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson, Eger & Mitchell, 1995; 59, Vespertilio marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830; 60, Pipistrellus marrensis Thomas & Hinton, 1923; 61, Vespertilio matroka Thomas & Schwann, 1905; 62, Pipistrellus africanus meesteri Kock, 2001; 63, Eptesicus melckorum Roberts, 1919; 64, Scotophilus minimus Noack, 1887; 65, Pipistrellus minusculus Miller, 1900; 66, Vespertilio minuta Temminck, 1840; 67, Pipistrella minuta Loche, 1867; 68, Pipistrellus musciculus Thomas, 1913; 69, Laephotis namibensis Setzer, 1971; 70, Pipistrellus nanulus Thomas, 1904; 71, Vespertilio nanus Peters, 1852; 72, Eptesicus capensis nkatiensis Roberts, 1932; 73, Scabrifer notius G. M. Allen, 1908; 74, Pseudoromicia nyanza Monadjem et al., this paper; 75, †Scotoecus olduvensis Gunnell, Butler, Greenwood & Simmons, 2015; 76, Vesperugo pagenstecheri Noack, 1889; 77, Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) permixtus Aellen, 1957; 78, Eptesicus phasma G. M. Allen, 1911; 79, Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, 1774; 80, Vespertilio platycephalus Temminck, 1832; 81, Vesperugo pulcher Dobson, 1875; 82, Vesperugo pusillulus Peters, 1870; 83, Pipistrellus raceyi Bates et al., 2006; 84, Eptesicus rectitragus Wettstein, 1916; 85, Vesperugo (Vesperus) rendalli Thomas, 1889; 86, Neoromicia robertsi Goodman et al., 2012; 87, Neoromicia roseveari Monadjem et al., 2013; 88, V[espertilio]. rueppelii J. Fischer, 1829; 89, Scotophilus rusticus Tomes, 1861; 90, Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, 1837; 91, Nycticejus schlieffenii Peters, 1859; 92, Pipistrellus rueppelli senegalensis Dorst, 1960; 93, †Nycticeinops serengetiensis Gunnell et al., 2015; 94, Pipistrellus simandouensis Monadjem et al., 2020; 95, Vespertilio minutus somalicus Thomas, 1901; 96, Vesperugo stampflii Jentink, 1888; 97, Neoromicia stanleyi Goodman et al., 2017; 98, Vesperus tenuipinnis Peters, 1872; 99, Eptesicus ugandae Hollister, 1916; 100, Neoromicia vansoni Roberts, 1932; 101, Pipistrellus vernayi Roberts, 1932; 102, Laephotis wintoni Thomas, 1901; 103, Scotoecus woodi Thomas, 1917; 104, Eptesicus zuluensis Roberts, 1924. Not mapped: [Pipistrellus Kuhli] latastei Laurent, 1937; Vespertilio pusillus LeConte, 1857; Vesperugo subtilis Sundevall, 1846.
Data from: Systematics and macroevolution of extant and fossil scalopine moles (Mammalia, Talpidae)
Scalopini is one of the two fully fossorial mole tribes in the family Talpidae, with remarkable adaptations to subterranean lifestyles. Most living Scalopini species are distributed in North America while a sole species occurs in China. On the other hand, scalopine fossils are found in both Eurasia and North America from upper Oligocene strata onwards, implying a complex biogeographical history. The systematic relationships of both extant and fossil Scalopini across North America and Eurasia are revised by conducting phylogenetic analyses using a comprehensive morphological character matrix together with 2D geometric–morphometric analyses of the humeral shape, with a specific emphasis on Mioscalops, a genus commonly found in North America and formerly known as Scalopoides. Our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the tribe Scalopini as well as a proposed two‐subtribe‐division scenario of Scalopini (i.e. Scalopina and Parascalopina), although Proscapanus could not be assigned to either subgenus. Our geometric–morphometric analyses indicate that the European Mioscalops from southern Germany should be allocated to Leptoscaptor, which in turn implies that Mioscalops may be endemic to North America and never arrived in Europe. Examination of biogeographical patterns does not unambiguously determine the geographical origin of Scalopini. Nevertheless, it does support multiple transcontinental colonization events across Asia, Europe and North America. Scapanulus oweni, distributed in central China, is the only remaining representative of one of those out‐of‐North‐America migrations, whereas scalopine moles are common in North America nowadays with up to five species.
Data from: Acoustic emissions of Sorex unguiculatus (Mammalia: Soricidae): assessing the echo-based orientation hypothesis
Shrew species have been proposed to utilize an echo-based orientation system to obtain additional acoustic information while surveying their environments. This system has been supported by changes in vocal emission rates when shrews encounter different habitats of varying complexity, although detailed acoustic features in this system have not been reported. In this study, behavioral experiments were conducted using the long-clawed shrew (Sorex unguiculatus) to assess this orientation system. Three experimental conditions were set, two of which contained obstacles. Short-click, noisy, and different types of tonal calls in the audible-to-ultrasonic frequency range were recorded under all experimental conditions. The results indicated that shrews emit calls more frequently when they are facing obstacles or exploring the experimental environment. Shrews emitted clicks and several different types of tonal calls while exploring, and modified the use of different types of calls for varying behavior. Furthermore, shrews modified the dominant frequency and duration of squeak calls for different types of obstacles, i.e., plants and acrylic barriers. The vocalizations emitted at short interpulse intervals could not be observed when shrews approached these obstacles. These results are consistent with the echo-based orientation hypothesis according to which shrews use a simple echo-orientation system to obtain information from their surrounding environments, although further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Data from: New fossil Hyaenodonta (Mammalia, Placentalia) from the Ypresian and Lutetian of France and the evolution of the Proviverrinae in southern Europe
The proviverrines from the Ypresian (MP7–MP10) and Lutetian (MP11–MP14) are represented mainly by species recorded in the northern and central parts of Europe (Paris Basin, Belgian Basin, Germany, Switzerland). Here, we describe fossils from southern France: Saint-Papoul (MP8 + 9; Aude) and Aigues-Vives 2 (?MP13; Aude). One dentary with secant molars from Saint-Papoul represents a new genus and species, Preregidens langebadrae. This taxon is possibly present in Avenay (France), the MP8 + 9 reference locality. One of the three dentaries discovered in Aigues-Vives 2 belongs to the hypercarnivorous Oxyaenoides schlosseri, previously represented by only two isolated lower molars. This dentary appears to be the most derived of the proviverrines. This species is possibly present in Saint-Martin-de-Londres (France), a locality that is considered to be close to the MP13 reference level. The two other dentaries from Aigues-Vives 2 support the presence of Eurotherium theriodis and provide the first possible evidence of sexual dimorphism in a proviverrine species. A phylogenetic analysis of the proviverrines is performed to resolve the phylogenetic position of the three taxa. This identifies a close relationship between the new genus (Preregidens) and Oxyaenoides. The new fossils allow the age of Saint-Papoul and Aigues-Vives 2 to be refined: the first locality is considered to be close in age to Avenay (Ypresian; France), while the second one seems to be close to Egerkingen γ (Lutetian; Switzerland), which is considered to be possibly close in age to the MP13 reference level. Finally, the presence of O. schlosseri and E. theriodis in the southern part of France is compatible with the hypothesis that the mammals involved in the first intra-Eocene turnover migrated northwards.
Extinction of North American Cuvieronius (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) driven by dietary resource competition with sympatric mammoths and mastodons
<p>The gomphotheres were a diverse and widespread group of proboscideans occupying Eurasia, North America, and South America throughout the Neogene. Their decline was temporally and spatially heterogeneous and the gomphotheres ultimately became extinct during the late Pleistocene; however, the genus <i>Cuvieronius</i> is rarely represented in late Pleistocene assemblages in North America. Two alternative hypotheses have been invoked to explain this phenomenon: (1) competitive exclusion by sympatric mammoths and mastodons, or (2) ecologic displacement due to an environmental transition from closed forests to open grasslands. To test whether competition for resources contributed to the demise of North American <i>Cuvieronius</i>, we present herein a large collection of stable isotope and dental microwear data from populations occupying their Pleistocene refugium in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Results suggest that <i>Cuvieronius</i> consumed a wide range of resources with variable textural and photosynthetic properties and was not specialized on either grasses or browse. Further, we document evidence for the consumption of similar foods between contemporaneous gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons. The generalist feeding strategy of the gomphotheres likely facilitated their high Miocene abundance and diversity. However, this "jack of all trades and master of none" feeding strategy may have proved challenging following the arrival of mammoths and likely contributed to the extirpation of <i>Cuvieronius</i> in North America.</p>
Data from: The cranium of Provierra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution
We describe the first endocast reconstruction of a hyaenodont mammal based on X‐ray microtomography. The endocast belongs to the type material of the European hyaenodont Proviverra typica. We performed phylogenetic analysis to contextualize the evolution of endocranial size and complexity in Hyaenodonta. We added several European hyaenodonts and modified several codings of the most recent character–taxon matrix established to question the relationships within Hyaenodonta. Including these new species in a phylogenetic analysis reveals a new clade: Hyaenodontoidea. Comparisons with several previously described endocasts show that there was an increase in complexity in the convolutions of the encephalon within Hyaenodontidae history. Moreover, the analysis of the encephalization quotient reveals that the endocranium of the Hyaenodonta is not smaller than those of fossil Carnivora or some extant Carnivora. Therefore, the extinction of Hyaenodonta may not be linked to the relative size of hyaenodont brains.
Data from: Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange
We describe sloth assemblages from the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira peninsula, Colombia), found in the Neogene Castilletes and Ware formations, located in northernmost South America, documenting otherwise poorly known biotas. The tentative referral of a specimen to a small megatherioid sloth, Hyperleptus?, from the early–middle Miocene Castilletes Formation, suggests affinities of this fauna with the distant Santa Cruz Formation and documents a large latitudinal distribution for this taxon. The late Pliocene Ware Formation is much more diverse, with five distinct taxa representing every family of 'ground sloths'. This diversity is also remarkable at the ecological level, with sloths spanning over two orders of magnitude of body mass and probably having different feeding strategies. Being only a few hundred kilometres away from the Isthmus of Panama, and a few hundred thousand years older than the classically recognized first main pulse of the Great American Biotic interchange (GABI 1), the Ware Formation furthermore documents an important fauna for the understanding of this major event in Neogene palaeobiogeography. The sloths for which unambiguous affinities were recovered are not closely related to the early immigrants found in North America before GABI 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.