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Figure 4. Mandibular character states. A in The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis

Figure 4. Mandibular character states. A, dorsal view of Hexaprotodon aff. sahabiensis mandible. B, dorsal view of Hippopotamus amphibius mandible. C, dorsal view of Hex. karumensis mandible. D, sagittal cross section (at the I/1-I/1 diastema) of the symphysis (bottom: in Hex. sivalensis, top: in Hip. amphibius); E, three schematic anterior views of the symphysis (from left to right: in Hex. mingoz, in some Hex. protamphibius, in Hex. bruneti). F, three schematic lateral views of the vertical ramus (from bottom to top: in Hip. amphibius, in Hex. sivalensis, in Anthracokeryx ulnifer).

Figure 2. Cranial character states. A in The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis

Figure 2. Cranial character states. A, ventral view of a Hippopotamus amphibius skull. B, ventral view of a Hexaprotodon liberiensis skull. C, Schematic view of Hex. harvardi tympanic bulla area. D, Schematic view of A. ulnifer glenoid articular area. E, Three dorsal views of different bone contacts in the lachrymal area (from bottom to top: in Hex. harvardi, in Hex. protamphibius, in Hip. amphibius). A1 and A2 are Hex. liberiensis autapomorphies (see text).

Figure 11 in The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis

Figure 11. Comparison of mandibular symphysis measurements between the 'narrow muzzled' hippos and other hippopotamids (only adult specimens were included): bivariate plot of sagittal length of symphysis vs. width between lower canines (all adult specimens). Legend: ¥, Archaeopotamus lothagamensis from Lothagam, Kenya; +, A. aff. lothagamensis from Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Ł, A. harvardi from Lothagam, Kenya; Δ, A. aff. harvardi from Rawi, Kenya; K, UMP 6202, Hexaprotodon? cf. imagunculus from Kazinga Channel, Uganda; Ɨ, other fossil hippopotamids; Z Choeropsis liberiensis, extant; O, Hippopotamus amphibius, extant. Broken line: regression line for the genus Archaeopotamus; unbroken line: regression line for all the other individuals.

Figure 7 in The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis

Figure 7. Second of the three most parsimonious tree obtained from the cladistic analysis. The bold numbers indicate the nodes. The numbered boxes indicate the ACCTRAN character state changes (white boxes indicate reversions and convergences).

Figure 1 in The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis

Figure 1. Synthesis of recent phylogenies (Harrison, 1997; Weston, 2000) for the family Hippopotamidae. The genus Hexaprotodon is shown to be paraphyletic, and Hippopotamus being related to the derived species Hex. protamphibius. The important position of Hex. harvardi and the early divergence of the Hex. liberiensis lineage can be also noted.

Figure 26. The A-6 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 26. The A-6 instar furcal rami of Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. and five representative species of the superfamilies Bairdioidea, Cypridoidea, Cytheroidea, Darwinuloidea and Cytherelloidea. Neonesidea oligodentata taken from Smith & Kamiya (2002), Loxoconcha japonica taken from Smith & Kamiya (2003), Eucypris virens taken from Smith & Martens (2000), Uncinocythere occidentalis taken from Smith & Kamiya (2004), Darwinula stevensoni original, Keijcyoidea sp. taken from Okada (2001).

Figure 25. The A-7 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 25. The A-7 instar furcal rami of Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. and five representative species of the superfamilies Bairdioidea, Cypridoidea, Cytheroidea, Darwinuloidea and Cytherelloidea. Neonesidea oligodentata taken from Smith & Kamiya (2002), Loxoconcha japonica taken from Smith & Kamiya (2003), Eucypris virens taken from Smith & Martens (2000), Darwinula stevensoni original, Keijcyoidea sp. taken from Okada (2001).

Figure 20 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 20. Summary of the appearance of limbs during ontogeny of Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. and three representative species of the superfamilies Bairdioidea, Cypridoidea and Cytheroidea. Neonesidea oligodentata taken from Smith & Kamiya (2002), Loxoconcha japonica taken from Smith & Kamiya (2003), Eucypris virens taken from Smith & Martens (2000).

Figure 19 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 19. Locomotion in Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. Only An2, L6 and L7 drawn for clarity.

Figure 16 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 16. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-1 instar. An1 (2003.1048), An2 (2003.1048), Md (2003.1048), Mx (2003.1048).

Figure 24 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 24. Tentative phylogram for the extant superfamilies of the Ostracoda, Podocopa. (1) Antennal exopodite with two podomeres, maxillular endopodite leg-like, eighth limb present in both sexes (= hypothetical Palaeozoic palaeocopid). (2) Reduction of antennal exopodite to a single elongate podomere. (3) Mandible palp bearing a filter comb with at least eight setae; maxillular endopodite a palp; loss of eighth limb (possibly represented by male copulatory appendage only). (4) Further development of filter combs on mandible and maxillula; loss of seventh limb. (5) Reduction of antennal exopodite to a short podomere or scale bearing setae. (6) Antennal exopodite bearing at least seven long setae. (7) Antennal exopodite bearing three setae. (8) Reduction of filter comb on mandible palp to four or fewer setae. (9) Development of antennal exopodite into a spinneret seta. (10) Development of a Zenker's Organ. According to this hypothesis, the orders Podocopida and Platycopida had as a common ancestor a filter-feeding palaeocopid with an antennal exopodite with two podomeres, a mandible palp bearing a filter comb with at least eight setae, and an eighth limb represented only by the male copulatory appendage. Subsequently, the Platycopida became highly adapted to the filter-feeding mode of life while the Podocopida abandoned it and diversified as detritus-feeders, scavengers, carnivores and herbivores. The majority of the Palaeocopida, a highly diverse group in the Palaeozoic, became extinct at the end of the Permian; the only survivors, the puncioids, are highly derived forms in which only the leg-like maxillular endopodite and the presence of the eighth limb in both sexes are plesiomorphic. The origins of most extant superfamilies lie relatively early in the Palaeozoic, most probably in the Ordovician; the only post-Palaeozoic radiation at superfamily level was that of the Cypridocopina (Macrocypridoidea, Pontocypridoidea and Cypridoidea) from Sigillioidea that survived the end-Permian extinctions.

Figure 22 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 22. Terrestricythere sp. Adult male instar. A, right valve external. B, left valve external (Gore Point, Porlock) 2003.1049.

Figure 15 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 15. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-2 instar. Mx (2003.1046), L5 (2003.1047), L6(2003.1045), L7(2003.1046), Fu (2003.1046).

Figure 12 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 12. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-3 instar. An1 (2003.1042), An2 (2003.1043), Md (2003.1044), Mx (2003.1044).

Figure 14 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 14. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-2 instar. An1 (2003.1045), An2 (2003.1045), Md (2003.1046).

Figure 10 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 10. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-5 instar. An1 (2003.1035), An2 (2003.1035), Md (2003.1037), Mx (2003.1037), L5 (2003.1037), Fu (2003.1036).

Figure 11 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 11. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-4 instar. An1 (2003.1039), An2 (2003.1039), Md (2003.1039), Mx (2003.1038), L5(2003.1039), L6 (2003.1038), Fu (2003.1038).

Figure 6 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 6. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. Adult instar. L5 (2003.1026 male), L5 (2003.1024 female), L6 (2003.1025 male), L7 (2003.1025 male), female genital lobe (2003.1023 female), Hem (2003.1025 male).

Figure 27. The A-7 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 27. The A-7 instar pore systems of Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. and four representative species of the superfamilies Bairdioidea, Cypridoidea, Cytheroidea. Neonesidea oligodentata taken from Smith & Kamiya (2002), Loxoconcha uranouchiensis taken from Kamiya & Hazel (1992), Heterocypris sp. taken from Ishizaki (2001), Uncinocythere occidentalis taken from Smith & Kamiya (2004). Pore data for Darwinuloidea are unavailable.

Figure 21. The A-8 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 21. The A-8 instars of Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. and two representative species of Cytheroidea and Cypridoidea. Heterocypris bogotensis taken from Roessler (1983), Loxoconcha japonica taken from Smith & Kamiya (2003).