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4,028 results for “Mammalia”
Data from: Multiple loci and complete taxonomic sampling resolve the phylogeny and biogeographic history of tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and reveal higher speciation rates in Madagascar's humid forests
The family Tenrecidae (tenrecs) is one of only four extant terrestrial mammal lineages to have colonized and diversified on Madagascar. Over the past 15 years, several studies have disagreed on relationships among major tenrec lineages, resulting in multiple reinterpretations of the number and timing of historical transoceanic dispersal events between Africa and Madagascar. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Tenrecidae using multiple loci from all recognized extant species and estimated divergence timing using six fossil calibrations within Afrotheria. All phylogenetic analyses strongly support monophyly of the Malagasy tenrecs, and our divergence timing analysis places their colonization of the island at 30-56 Ma. Our comprehensive phylogeny supports three important taxonomic revisions that reflect the evolutionary history of tenrecs: (1) we formally elevate the African otter shrews to their own family Potamogalidae, thereby rendering extant Tenrecidae entirely endemic to Madagascar, (2) we subsume the semiaquatic genus Limnogale within the shrew-tenrec genus Microgale, and (3) we re-elevate the two largest-bodied shrew tenrecs, Microgale dobsoni and M. talazaci, to the genus Nesogale Thomas 1918. Finally, we use recently summarized habitat data to test the hypothesis that diversification rates differ between humid and arid habitats on Madagascar, and we compare three common methods for ancestral biogeographic reconstruction. These analyses suggest higher speciation rates in humid habitats and reveal a minimum of three and more likely five independent transitions to arid habitats. Our results resolve the relationships among previously recalcitrant taxa, illuminate the timing and mechanisms of major biogeographic patterns in an extraordinary example of an island radiation, and permit the first comprehensive, phylogenetically consistent taxonomy of Madagascar's tenrecs.
Data from: Do convergent ecomorphs evolve through convergent morphological pathways? Cranial shape evolution in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids (Carnivora, Mammalia)
Cases of convergent evolution, particularly within ecomorphological contexts, are instructive in identifying universally adaptive morphological features across clades. Tracing of evolutionary pathways by which ecomorphological convergence takes place can further reveal mechanisms of adaptation, which may be strongly influenced by phylogeny. Ecomorphologies of carnivorous mammals represent some of the most outstanding cases of convergent evolution in the Cenozoic radiation of mammals. This study examined patterns of cranial shape change in the dog (Canidae) and hyena (Hyaenidae) families, in order to compare the evolutionary pathways that led to the independent specialization of bone-cracking hypercarnivores within each clade. Geometric morphometrics analyses of cranial shape in fossil hyaenids and borophagine canids provided evidence for deep-time convergence in morphological pathways toward the independent evolution of derived bone-crackers. Both clades contained stem members with plesiomorphic generalist/omnivore cranial shapes, which evolved into doglike species along parallel pathways of shape change. The evolution of specialized bone-crackers from these doglike forms, however, continued under the constraint of a full cheek dentition and restriction on rostrum length reduction in canids, but not hyaenids. Functionally, phylogenetic constraint may have limited borophagine canids to crack bones principally with their carnassial instead of the third premolar as in hyaenids, but other cranial shape changes associated with durophagy nevertheless evolved in parallel in the two lineages. Size allometry was not a major factor in cranial shape evolution in either lineage, supporting the interpretation of functional demands as drivers for the observed convergence. The comparison between borophagines and hyaenids showed that differential effects of alternative functional "solutions" that arise during morphological evolution may be multiplied with processes of the "macroevolutionary ratchet" already in place to further limit the evolutionary pathways available to specialized lineages.
Data from: Evidence for two sympatric sirenian species (Mammalia, Tethytheria) in the early Oligocene of Central Europe
The early Oligocene (Rupelian) sirenian Halitherium schinzii Kaup, 1838, which represents the type species of the genus Halitherium Kaup, 1838, is revised herein based on a morphological re-evaluation of skeletal material originally assigned to this taxon. This study provides new and comprehensive information on the cranial and postcranial anatomy and allows the distinction of two sympatric species. Following a recent approach on the invalidity and subsequent rejection of H. schinzii Kaup, 1838, Kaupitherium gruelli new genus new species is established on the basis of a nearly complete holotype. The second taxon resembles K. gruelli n. sp. in a number of skeletal features, such as reduced nasals and absence of the canines, but can be clearly distinguished mainly by the post-canine dental formula and the supraoccipital morphology. The diagnostic skullcap of a species formerly synonymized under "H. schinzii" is re-validated as the holotype of K. bronni (Krauss, 1858). On the basis of paleoecological implications, a hypothesis is established to explain the overlapping stratigraphic and biogeographic occurrences (i.e., sympatry of both taxa). A diagnosis and up-to-date synonymy complement the taxonomical information. The revision of "H. schinzii" provides new data on the past sirenian diversity and forms the basis for a taxonomic and systematic re-evaluation of species originally grouped in the genus "Halitherium."
FIGURE 11 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 11. Afework Bekele (left, photograph taken by Viola Clausnitzer in March 2000) and the late Derek Yalden (right, photograph taken by Pat Morris), two biologists who greatly contributed to the knowledge of the mammal fauna of Ethiopia.
FIGURE 8 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 8. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the cranium, and medial and lateral views of the mandible of Crocidura yaldeni sp. nov. S-165343 (A) and C. thalia S-164858 (B). Abbreviations: a = outline of lateral profile of the braincase; pp = paraoccipital process. Scale 5 mm.
FIGURE 6. Upper M3 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 6. Upper M3 (in occlusal view) of five Ethiopian Crocidura. A–E see figure 2; Abbreviations: pmcr = developed mesostylar part of the premetacrista; prc = protocone; also see figure 5. Specific characters of C. afeworkbekelei sp. nov.: ashape of the outline of the posterior edge; b—mesostylar part of premetacrista (pmcr) not developed.
FIGURE 7 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 7. Principal components plots: A—for all specimens of Crocidura (1st versus 2nd axis); B—for five middle-sized species (1st versus 3rd axis). Abbreviations: Af = C. afeworkbekelei sp. nov.; Bl = C. baileyi; G = C. glassi; H = C. harenna; L = C. lucina; M = C. macmillani; P = C. parvipes; T = C. thalia; Y = Crocidura yaldeni sp. nov. Below upper plot size ranges for small-, middle-, and large-sized groups shown by condylo-incisive length (CI) along PC 1.
FIGURE 5. Upper M1 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 5. Upper M1 in lateral view of five Ethiopian Crocidura. A–E see figure 2; Abbreviations: pst = parastyle, pc = paracone, msst = mesostyle, mc = metacone, mst = metastyle. Specific characters of C. afeworkbekelei sp. nov.: apostparacrista straight without incision; b—metastyle of M1 not connected to parastyle of M2. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 3. Crocidura afeworkbekelei sp. nov.; lateral views of the cranium, medial and lateral views of the mandible. Explanations as in figure 2.
FIGURE 2 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral views of the cranium of Crocidura afeworkbekelei sp. nov. S-162697 (A), C. glassi S-164856 (B), C. macmillani S-166029 (C), C. baileyi S-172690 (D), C. lucina S-189286 (E). Scale 5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 4. Upper antemolar rows (occlusal view) of five Ethiopian Crocidura. A–E see figure 2. Specific characters of C. afeworkbekelei sp. nov.: a—the position of the anterior ridge of A2 relative to the postero-lingual cingulum of A1; b—A3 slightly overlapping A2; c—convex posterior edge of A3; d—A3 not in contact with the parastyle of P4. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 1. Diagrammatic images of the ventral view of the cranium of Crocidura yaldeni sp. nov. (A), occlusal view of the upper tooth row (B), medial (C) and lateral (D) views of the mandible, with landmark wireframe used for measuring. Measurement abbreviations see text; ef = ethmoidal foramen. Unscaled.
FIGURE 10 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 10. Principal components plot for two large-sized species and C. glassi (1st versus 2nd axis). Abbreviations: G = C. glassi; T = C. thalia; Y = Crocidura yaldeni sp. nov.
FIGURE 9 in Diversity of shrews in Ethiopia, with the description of two new species of Crocidura (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Soricidae)
FIGURE 9. Specific features of Crocidura yaldeni sp. nov. S-165343 (A1–A4) and C. thalia S-164858 (B1–B4). A1, B1— occlusal view of the M2 and M3; A2, B2—lingual side of the m1; A3, B3—occlusal view of the m3; A4, B4—lateral view of the P4. Abbreviations: encd = entoconid; hc = hypocone; also see figure 5. Specific characters of C. yaldeni: a—the symmetric and distinctly curved incision of the M2; b—postero-lingual part of the M2 in contact with M3; c—the shape of the outline of the posterior edge of M3; d—the hypoconulid shoulder of the m1 in medial view; e—postcingulid of m3 forming a notch; fthe undulated upper margin of P4 in lateral view; g—three-quarters of the crown base of P4 surrounded by a cingulum. Scale 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Eptesicus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Morphological traits with most pronounced differences between Eptesicus taddeii sp. nov. and E. brasiliensis.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Eptesicus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Differences between Eptesicus brasiliensis and Eptesicus taddeii sp. nov. Faces of E. brasiliensis (1a) and E. taddeii sp. nov. (1b). Skulls in dorsal view of E. brasiliensis (1c) and E. taddeii sp. nov. (1d). Skulls and mandibles in latteral view of E. brasiliensis (1e) and E. taddeii sp. nov. (1f). Bar scale = 0.4 mm.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Eptesicus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil
FIGURE 3. Known localities for Eptesicus taddeii sp. nov. in South America. (1) Locality of Barra do Ribeira, Municipality of Iguape, State of São Paulo; (2) State Park of Campinhos, Cerro Azul Municipality, State of Paraná; (3) District of São Luiz do Purunã, Municipality of Balsa Nova, State of Paraná (Type locality) and (4) Municipality of Passos Maia, State of Santa Catarina.
FIGURE 6 in A new endemic species of the subgenus Mus (Rodentia, Mammalia) on the Island of Cyprus
FIGURE 6: Plot of centroid size of skulls against their score on the first principal component (PC1) performed on Procrustes Residuals (GLS surimposition). The TPS deformation grid (magnified six times to make the change visible) depicts the morphological changes from the M. m. domesticus mean shape to that of M. cypriacus for dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of skull.
FIGURE 4 in A new endemic species of the subgenus Mus (Rodentia, Mammalia) on the Island of Cyprus
FIGURE 4: Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the holotype (n° 2005988) and paratype 1 (n° 2005989) of Mus cypriacus.
FIGURE 1 in A new endemic species of the subgenus Mus (Rodentia, Mammalia) on the Island of Cyprus
FIGURE 1: Location of the sampling localities for the genetic (black dot) and morphological (empty square) studies.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.