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FIGURE 1A–G. Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903 in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 1A–G. Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903. Male (ICN-Ar-5581): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female (MCN 24208): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A, atrium; BE, base of the embolus; CD, copulatory ducts; dps, dorsal projection of the subtegulum; H, hood; E, embolus; FD, fertilization ducts; LB, lateral borders; MA, median apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; S, spermathecae; SD, spermatic ducts; ST, subtegulum; SR, seminal receptacles; T, tegulum. Scale bars: A–B: 3mm; C: 0.8mm; D–E: 1mm; F–G: 0.5mm.

FIGURE 8A–G. Patrera dimar n in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 8A–G. Patrera dimar n. sp. Male (ICN-Ar-10634): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female (ICN-Ar-10635): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B: 2mm; C: 1mm; D–E 0.5mm; F–G: 0.2mm.

FIGURE 2A–G in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 2A–G. Patrera ruber (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900). Male (ICN-Ar-9674): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view (Arrow: indicates the basal cymbial process). Female (ICN-Ar-5353): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view (Arrow: indicates anterolateral notch of the lateral borders); G epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B: 3mm; C: 1mm; 0.8mm D–E: 1mm; F–G: 0.5mm.

FIGURE 4A–G. Patrera anchicaya n in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 4A–G. Patrera anchicaya n. sp. Male (MCZ): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view (Arrow: indicates dorsal tibial projection); D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female: B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A: 2.16mm; B: 4.66mm; C-E: 0.83mm; F–G: 0.25mm.

FIGURE 3A–G in An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia

FIGURE 3A–G. Patrera auricoma (L. Koch, 1866). Male (BMNH 1890.7.1.1280a): A habitus, dorsal view; C left palp, retroventral view; D palp, ventral view; E palp, retrolateral view. Female (ICN-Ar-9658): B habitus, dorsal view; F epigynum, ventral view; G epigynum, dorsal view. Abbreviations: MA, median apophysis. Scale bars: A–B: 2mm; C: 1mm; D–E: 0.5mm; F–G: 0.2mm.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Data from: Combining climate, land use change and dispersal to predict the distribution of endangered species with limited vagility

Aim: Many rare species are dispersal-limited and minimal land use and climate changes can impact their colonization capacity. Most ecological niche models predict the distribution of species under future climate and land use change scenarios without incorporating specie-specific dispersal abilities. Here we investigated the effect of climate and land use change on low vagile species accounting for their dispersal capacity and defined accessible areas in the future. Location: Europe. Taxon: Saproxylic beetles. Methods: We used the current (2007-2012) occurrences of six endangered saproxylics to develop ecological niche models using current climate and land use conditions. We projected species distributions under four future climate and land use change scenarios to estimate their potential occurrences. Finally, accounting for species-specific dispersal, we limited their distributions to accessible areas in 2040-50. Results: Without accounting for dispersal abilities we found a strong and positive impact of climate change on the distribution of Cerambix cerdo, Cucujus cinnaberinus, Morimus funereus and Rosalia alpina and a positive effect of land use change on the distribution of Lucanus cervus and Osmoderma eremita. When species-specific dispersal was included, we found a strong and positive impact of land use change on the distribution of all the species. In this case climate change had a lower but positive effect on the distribution of C. cerdo, C. cinnaberinus, L. cervus and R. alpina, and a negative effect on the distribution of O. eremita. Main conclusion: We found that climate change would promote the expansion of saproxylic beetles only in the unrealistic case of unlimited dispersal. Accounting for dispersal abilities, the expansion of our species would be mainly conditioned by the effect of land use change. Thus, we encourage researchers to combine climate and land use change with dispersal when projecting species distribution under future scenarios to accurately identify areas with fundamental species-specific resources.

FIGURE 35. Distribution records for P in Review of Australian species of Plectranthias Bleeker and Selenanthias Tanaka (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae), with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 35. Distribution records for P. mcgroutheri (open circles; arrow indicates type locality), Australian specimens of P. retrofasciatus (closed circles) and P. moretonensis (triangle).

FIGURE 18. Distribution records for Plectranthias ferrugineus n in Review of Australian species of Plectranthias Bleeker and Selenanthias Tanaka (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae), with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 18. Distribution records for Plectranthias ferrugineus n. sp. (closed circles; arrow indicates type locality), P. kamii (open circles; Australian records only, excluding Christmas Island) and P. winniensis (triangles; Australian records only).

FIGS15 in Description of Marolia alicantina sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) from Spain and new distribution records of Marolia species

FIGS15: Biotop of Marolia alicantina sp. nov., Parc Natural del Carrascar de la Font Roja (photo Diana Perez).

FIGS 1–7 in Description of Marolia alicantina sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) from Spain and new distribution records of Marolia species

FIGS 1–7: 1 – holotype male of Marolia alicantina sp. nov.; 2 – paratype female of Marolia alicantina sp. nov. (length 5.9 mm); 3 – paratype male of Marolia alicantina sp. nov. (length 5.1 mm); 4 – male of Marolia grandis Peyerimhoff, 1917 (length 7 mm); 5 – male of Marolia variegata (Bosc, 1791) (length 5.7 mm); 6 – male of Marolia leseigneuri Nicolas, 1977 (length 5 mm); 7 – male of Marolia purkynei Mařan, 1933 (length 6 mm); 1–7 – habitus in dorsal view. (Fig. 1 photo Aleš Sedláček; Figs. 2–7 photo Pierre Zagatti).

FIGS 8–13 in Description of Marolia alicantina sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) from Spain and new distribution records of Marolia species

FIGS 8–13: 8, 10 – Marolia alicantina sp. nov.; 9, 11 – Marolia grandis Peyerimhoff, 1917; 12 – Marolia variegata (Bosc, 1791); 13 – Marolia leseigneuri Nicolas, 1977; 8, 9 – aedeagus, dorsal view; 10, 11 – pronotum; 12, 13 – antenna, original by Allemand & Thilliez (1991). (Figs. 8–11 photo Aleš Sedláček). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG 14 in Description of Marolia alicantina sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Melandryidae) from Spain and new distribution records of Marolia species

FIG 14: Place of finding Marolia alicantina sp. nov. with trunk window trap "PolytrapTM", Parc Natural del Carrascar de la Font Roja (photo Diana Perez).

opencc-zeroFeb 2021View details →

Species distribution, hybridization and connectivity in the genus Chionodraco: unveiling unknown icefish diversity in Antarctica

Aim The species of the genus Chionodraco (Notothenioidei) are the most abundant icefish on the continental shelf of the Weddell Sea. While previous studies indicated that only Chionodraco hamatus and Chionodraco myersi inhabit the Weddell Sea, the third Chionodraco species, Chionodraco rastrospinosus, was recently sampled in the area. Since C. rastrospinosus is supposed to be found only at the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Arc, this study aimed at confirming the species classification of C. rastrospinosus by molecular methods and identifying its putative source population. Given the documented evidence of introgression among the three species, we tested whether the newly found C. rastrospinosus shared any genetic variability with the other Chionodraco species. To explain the pattern of distribution of the Chionodraco species, we aimed at estimating the hydrodynamic connectivity between the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea. Location Antarctic Peninsula, southern Scotia Arc and the south-eastern Weddell Sea Methods We genotyped 19 microsatellites and sequenced the mitochondrial D-loop for 560 Chionodraco individuals. We simulated the dispersal of more than 3 million drifters (Lagrangian model). Results The molecular analyses support the presence of C. rastrospinosus in the Weddell Sea and its homogeneity with C. rastrospinosus from the Antarctic Peninsula. Bayesian clustering identifies three putative hybrids among C. rastrospinosus and the other congenerics. Lagrangian simulations do not support connectivity driven by the oceanographic features of the Antarctic Peninsula and Weddell Sea via passive larval dispersal only. Main conclusions This study documents, for the first time, the presence of C. rastrospinosus in the Weddell Sea unveiling more biodiversity than previously known in this region. The sympatry of the three Chionodraco species explains the occurrence of occasional, ongoing events of hybridization in the genus. Alternative possible hypotheses need to be tested in future studies about the mechanisms maintaining the interspecific connectivity in Chionodraco spp.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Influence of device accuracy and choice of algorithm for species distribution modelling of seabirds: a case study using black-browed albatrosses

Species distribution models (SDM) based on tracking data from different devices are used increasingly to explain and predict seabird distributions. However, different tracking methods provide different data resolutions, ranging from < 10m to >100km. To better understand the implications of this variation, we modeled the potential distribution of black-browed albatrosses Thalassarche melanophris from South Georgia that were simultaneously equipped with a Platform Terminal Transmitter (PTT) (high resolution) and a Global Location Sensor (GLS) logger (coarse resolution), and measured the overlap of the respective potential distribution for a total of nine different SDM algorithms. We found slightly better model fits for the PTT than for GLS data (AUC values 0.958±0.048 vs. 0.95±0.05) across all algorithms. The overlaps of the predicted distributions were higher between device types for the same algorithm, than among algorithms for either device type. Uncertainty arising from coarse-resolution location data is therefore lower than that associated with the modeling technique. Consequently, the choice of an appropriate algorithm appears to be more important than device type when applying SDMs to seabird tracking data. Despite their low accuracy, GLS data appear to be effective for analyzing the habitat preferences and distribution patterns of pelagic species.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

Data from: Description of a new species of Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 (Nematoda, Hedruridae) from freshwater turtles in Argentina, with information on its life cycle and a review of the genus's host and geographic distribution

Hedruris dratini n. sp. (Nematoda, Hedruridae) is described from freshwater turtles in Argentina and information about its life cycle provided. The new species differs from the remaining species of the genus by possessing an excretory pore, and the nerve ring and deirids being positioned at equal distance from the anterior end. Additionally, H. dratini n. sp. has mammilated eggs and males possess nine pairs of caudal papillae. The first life cycle within the genus including an amphipod as intermediate host and a reptile as a definitive host is presented. Furthermore, the host and geographic distribution of species of the genus Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 are analyzed. Although the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and parasitizes a great diversity of hosts, the majority of its species follow a Gondwanian distribution and its preferred hosts are amphibians.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: On the use of climate covariates in aquatic species distribution models: are we at risk of throwing the baby out?

Species distribution models (SDMs) in river ecosystems can incorporate climate information by using air temperature and precipitation as surrogate measures of instream conditions or by using independent models of water temperature and hydrology to link climate to instream habitat. The latter approach is preferable but constrained by the logistical burden of developing water temperature and hydrology models. We therefore assessed whether regional scale, freshwater SDM predictions are fundamentally different when climate data versus instream temperature and hydrology are used as covariates. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) SDMs were built for 15 freshwater fishes using one of two covariate sets: (1) air temperature and precipitation (climate variables) in combination with physical habitat variables; or (2) water temperature, hydrology (instream variables) and physical habitat. Three procedures were then used to compare results from climate vs. instream models. First, equivalence tests assessed average pairwise differences (site-specific comparisons throughout each species' range) among climate and instream models. Second, 'congruence' tests determined how often the same stream segments were assigned high habitat suitability by climate and instream models. Third, Schoener's D and Warren's I niche overlap statistics quantified range-wide similarity in predicted habitat suitability values from climate vs. instream models. Equivalence tests revealed small, pairwise differences in habitat suitability between climate and instream models (mean pairwise differences in MaxEnt raw scores for all species < 3×10-4). Congruence tests showed a strong tendency for climate and instream models to predict high habitat suitability at the same stream segments (median congruence = 68%). D and I statistics reflected a high margin of overlap among climate and instream models (median D = 0.78, median I = 0.96). Overall, we found little support for the hypothesis that SDM predictions are fundamentally different when climate versus instream covariates are used to model fish species' distributions at the scale of the Columbia Basin.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: The importance of factors controlling species abundance and distribution varies in native and non-native species.

How variation in factors controlling species abundance and distribution between native and non-native ranges compares to that within ranges remains poorly understood. We used a globally distributed ruderal, Centaurea solstitialis (Centaurea), to explore the possibility that the importance of those factors exhibits great variation between and within ranges. To test our hypothesis, we established seed addition experiments with soil disturbance (turnover and control) and biocide (fungicides, insecticide, and control) treatments in two regions within native (the Caucasus and south-western Turkey) and non-native (the western United States – US – and central Argentina) distributions. Also, we estimated the rate of vegetation recovery after disturbance (resilience) and related it to Centaurea density in experimental plots. Disturbance strongly increased Centaurea density in all regions. Density was similar between the native Caucasus and non-native Argentina and much greater in those regions than in the native Turkey and non-native US in biocide-free plots. Fungicides had positive effects on density in the US and negative ones in the Caucasus and Argentina, resulting in no differences between those three regions and greater density in the US than Turkey. Insecticide applications promoted Centaurea density in Turkey and Argentina, but inter-regional comparisons of density in treated plots were comparable to those in biocide-free plots. Overall, plants were smaller and less fecund in Turkey than the other regions, except the US. The greatest fungal attack was documented in Turkey, and herbivory was stronger there and in Argentina than in the Caucasus and US. The resilience of the local community explained a large proportion of variation in Centaurea density. These results support our hypothesis, and reveal that the speed at which competition is re-gained after disturbance may influence global variation in Centaurea abundance. Because many ruderals exhibit native and non-native distributions, our results are likely to be generalized to other systems.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Tree-growth is more sensitive than species distributions to recent changes in climate and acidic deposition in the northeastern United States

Tree-growth responses to environmental change could provide early detection of shifts in forest composition and help facilitate ecosystem management and conservation. We studied forest tree responses to recent trends in climate and acidic deposition using analyses of tree rings and long-term climate, deposition and forest plot data along an elevational climatic gradient in the northeastern United States. We analyzed how (a) individual growth of dominant species (Picea rubens, Abies balsamea), and (b) spatial distributions of all species, changed with elevation over time due to changing environment. We observed a mean 220 m upslope shift of temperature envelopes since the 1960s, consistent with regional climate warming, but found no evidence of synchronous upslope shifts in species abundance. Species' ranges were stable although some leaned upslope or downslope, suggesting species-specific migration lags or controls on species' ranges. Compared to species distributions, the growth of dominant species was more responsive to environmental change. Although the basal area of P. rubens declined within its range since the 1960s, its growth has increased recently with increasing precipitation pH and to a lesser extent with warming climate. Abies balsamea has gradually increased in both basal area and density since the 1960s, with its growth responding to precipitation pH but not climate. Historically, P. rubens grew better at lower and A. balsamea at higher elevations, but these elevation effects appeared to be mediated primarily by moisture, and have disappeared over time. Synthesis and applications. Mean tree-growth responses to changing climate (temperature, moisture) and precipitation chemistry were more consistent and more clearly detectable than shifts in tree species' ranges, suggesting that monitoring tree growth across climatically-controlled species' ranges (e.g. along elevational or latitudinal gradients) may provide a powerful tool for early detection of potential future changes in forest composition in a changing environment.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Understanding co-occurrence by modelling species simultaneously with a Joint Species Distribution Model (JSDM)

A primary goal of ecology is to understand the fundamental processes underlying the geographic distributions of species. Two major strands of ecology – habitat modelling and community ecology – approach this problem differently. Habitat modellers often use species distribution models (SDMs) to quantify the relationship between species' and their environments without considering potential biotic interactions. Community ecologists, on the other hand, tend to focus on biotic interactions and, in observational studies, use co‐occurrence patterns to identify ecological processes. Here, we describe a joint species distribution model (JSDM) that integrates these distinct observational approaches by incorporating species co‐occurrence data into a SDM. JSDMs estimate distributions of multiple species simultaneously and allow decomposition of species co‐occurrence patterns into components describing shared environmental responses and residual patterns of co‐occurrence. We provide a general description of the model, a tutorial and code for fitting the model in R. We demonstrate this modelling approach using two case studies: frogs and eucalypt trees in Victoria, Australia. Overall, shared environmental correlations were stronger than residual correlations for both frogs and eucalypts, but there were cases of strong residual correlation. Frog species generally had positive residual correlations, possibly due to the fact these species occurred in similar habitats that were not fully described by the environmental variables included in the JSDM. Eucalypt species that interbreed had similar environmental responses but had negative residual co‐occurrence. One explanation is that interbreeding species may not form stable assemblages despite having similar environmental affinities. Environmental and residual correlations estimated from JSDMs can help indicate whether co‐occurrence is driven by shared environmental responses or other ecological or evolutionary process (e.g. biotic interactions), or if important predictor variables are missing. JSDMs take into account the fact that distributions of species might be related to each other and thus overcome a major limitation of modelling species distributions independently.