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Fig 17 in Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters

Fig 17. Comparison of setae poroid sizes. Small letters on the x-axis indicate statistically significant differences among taxa. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g017

Fig 2 in Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters

Fig 2. Chaetoceros decipiens. LM (A and B), TEM (C, D, H-J) and SEM (E-G). A-E: Seta structure of lectotype MIC5366 (A), strains P14B3B (B) and D10 (C–E), showing the 4–6 sided seta with poroids and small spines. F: Terminal valve with fringes (arrowheads); strain D10. G: Silica warts on the basal ring of the mantle; strain D10. H: Annulus, costae and poroid pattern on intercalary valve; strain P10E5. I: Terminal valve showing rimoportula without external process (arrowhead); strain D10. J: Girdle bands; strain D10. A and B scale bars, 10 μm. C–J scale bars, 2 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g002

Fig 15 in Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters

Fig 15. Chaetoceros mitra resting spores. LM (A–C), TEM (D) and SEM (E–G); strain P10A1. A: Early stage of resting spore formation. B and C: Mature resting spores within mother cells. D: Two elongated processes with dichotomous branches distally. E–G: Resting spores in different views, showing a row of silica warts along the secondary valve edge (arrowheads in E) and a ring of puncta at the secondary valve mantle (arrowheads in G). A–C scale bars, 10 μm. D–G scale bars, 5 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g015

Fig 11 in Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters

Fig 11. Chaetoceros mannaii sp. nov. LM (A and B), SEM (C and E) and TEM (D and F); strain N1. A: Straight chain showing seta divergence and constrictions (arrows) between the mantle and the girdle. B: Oval valve face. C and D: Intercalary cells, with ear-like structures (arrowheads in D) at the bases of setae in heavily silicified frustule. E and F: Terminal valves, with ear-like structures at the seta bases (arrowheads in E) and distinct constriction above the ring (arrowheads in F). A scale bar, 20 μm. B–F scale bars, 5 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g011

Fig 14 in Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters

Fig 14. Chaetoceros mitra. LM (A), SEM (B, C, F, G) and TEM (D, E, H–J); strain P10A1. A–E: Setae showing round-oval poroids and spines, using different microscopy techniques. F: Intercalary valves showing wing-like structures (arrowhead), and furrows above the basal ring of mantle (arrows). G: Terminal valve showing rimoportula without external tube (arrowhead), furrow above the basal ring of mantle (arrows) and fringe (curved arrow). H: Intercalary valve face. I and J: Girdle bands. A scale bar, 10 μm. B, C, F–H scale bars, 5 μm. D, E, I, J scale bars, 2 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g014

Fig 10 in Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters

Fig 10. Resting spores of Chaetoceros laevisporus sp. nov. LM (A) and SEM (B). Resting spores within mother cells of a chain (A) and single, released resting spore (B); strain DY1. A scale bar, 20 μm. B scale bar, 5 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g010

Fig 9 in Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters

Fig 9. TEM of Chaetoceros laevisporus sp. nov. Strain N7. A, B: Non-overlapping (arrows in A) and overlapping ears (arrow in B) between sibling cells. C: Terminal valve with silica fringe (arrows) and constriction (arrowhead). D and E: Open girdle bands. F: Detail of girdle band with pores. G: Seta with round-oval poroids. A, B scale bars, 2 μm. C–E, G scale bars, 5 μm. F scale bar, 1 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g009

Fig 16 in Diversity in the Globally Distributed Diatom Genus Chaetoceros (Bacillariophyceae): Three New Species from Warm-Temperate Waters

Fig 16. Lectotype material of C. lorenzianus from the Grunow Collection. A: Intercalary valves with oval-hexagonal aperture and some fusion of the basal parts of the setae. B: Intercalary seta poroids visible under the LM. Scale bars are 10 μm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168887.g016

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Increases in Species Richness Lead to Decreases in Phylogenetic Diversity in Mediterranean Species Assemblages

The relationship between taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity remains underexplored. Our goal was to determine whether a causal link exists between species richness and phylogenetic diversity. We wanted to evaluate whether species richness determines the phylogenetic diversity in realized assemblages (taxonomic determinant hypothesis) or phylogenetic diversity determines the species richness (phylogenetic determinant hypothesis). We also hypothesize that this causal framework could shift in different bioclimatic regions. We sampled over 1700 plant assemblages in grasslands and shrublands across three bioclimatic regions in Navarra, Spain. Using non-recursive structural equation modelling, we found that species richness influences phylogenetic diversity, and that this causal relationship remains consistently negative and is unaffected by climate differences among regions. Specifically, greater plant richness leads to increased phylogenetic convergence, resulting in reduced phylogenetic diversity. This means that the incorporation of new species into assemblages involves adding closely related species in phylogenetic terms, regardless of the bioclimatic region.

Fig. 8 Crangonyx parhobbsi n in A new species rises from beneath Florida: molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity among the metapopulation of Crangonyx hobbsi Shoemaker, 1941 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae)

Fig. 8 Crangonyx parhobbsi n. sp.; holotype female, Madison Blue Spring, Madison County, Florida (UFID 051869), 7.25 mm: A, pereopod 4. Crangonyx parhobbsi n. sp.; paratype female, Madison Blue Spring, Madison County, Florida (UFID 051869), 7.45 mm: B, pereopod 5; C, pereopod 6; D, pereopod 7. Scale bars represent 1 mm

Fig. 1 in A new species rises from beneath Florida: molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity among the metapopulation of Crangonyx hobbsi Shoemaker, 1941 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae)

Fig. 1 Multilocus Bayesian phylogeny of selected members of the Crangonyctoidea. Posterior probability is indicated by colored diamonds (black 0.90–1.0, gray 0.89–0.80, white 0.79–0.70). Inset (upper) Crangonyx hobbsi, female, Devil's Eye Spring, Gilchrist County, Florida (YPM IZ 105321), 8.82 mm, scale bar represents

Fig. 6 Crangonyx parhobbsi n in A new species rises from beneath Florida: molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity among the metapopulation of Crangonyx hobbsi Shoemaker, 1941 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae)

Fig. 6 Crangonyx parhobbsi n. sp.; holotype female, Madison Blue Spring, Madison County, Florida (UFID 051869), 7.25 mm: A, upper lip; B, lower lip; C, maxilla 1 (outer plate spine-teeth enlarged); D, maxilla 2 (outer plate apical serrate seta enlarged); E, maxilliped (inner plate apical margin enlarged). Scale bars represent 0.5 mm

Fig. 10 Crangonyx parhobbsi n in A new species rises from beneath Florida: molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal cryptic diversity among the metapopulation of Crangonyx hobbsi Shoemaker, 1941 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae)

Fig. 10 Crangonyx parhobbsi n. sp.; allotype male, Madison Blue Spring, Madison County, Florida (UFID 051870), 5.87 mm: A, antenna 1 accessory flagellum; B, antenna 2 (single calceolus enlarged); C, gnathopod 1 (palmar margin and dactylus enlarged); D, gnathopod 2 (palmar margin and dactylus enlarged). Scale bars 0.5 mm (A), 1 mm (B–D)

FIGURE 4. Bayesian trees constructed using 16S in Species diversity and phylogeny of fleas of small terrestrial mammals in the forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar

FIGURE 4. Bayesian trees constructed using 16S (A) and 12S (B) sequences. Values at nodes correspond to the posterior probability values (P) obtained after 100 replicates. P values under 0.7 are not shown. Trees were rooted using sequences of the species Tunga trimamillata, T. penetrans, Hectopsylla cypha and H. pulex. The number of sequences we obtained for each species was given in brackets. Sequences of exotic species (available in our data) such as Xenopsylla brasiliensis and X. cheopis were added.

FIGURE 2 in Species diversity and phylogeny of fleas of small terrestrial mammals in the forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar

FIGURE 2. Flea species isolated in this study. (a) Centetipsylla madagascariensis, male. (b) C. madagascariensis, female. (c) Synopsyllus fonquerniei, male. (d) S. fonquerniei, female. (e) S. estradei, male. (f) S. estradei, female. (g) S. robici, male. (h) Paractenopsyllus vauceli, male. (i) P. vauceli, female. (j) P. petiti, male. (k) P. petiti, female. (l) P. viettei, male.

FIGURE 3 in Species diversity and phylogeny of fleas of small terrestrial mammals in the forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar

FIGURE 3. Bayesian trees constructed using COII (A) and ITS2 (B) sequences. Values at nodes correspond to the posterior probability values (P) obtained after 100 replicates. P values under 0.7 are not shown. Trees were rooted using sequences of the species Tunga penetrans, T. trimamillata and Hectopsylla cypha. The number of sequences we obtained for each species was given in brackets. Sequences of exotic species (available in our data) such as Xenopsylla cheopis, X. brasiliensis, Pulex irritans, Peromyscopsylla fallax and one endemic species isolated in other site Synopsyllus girardi were added.

FIGURE 2 in Species diversity and phylogeny of fleas of small terrestrial mammals in the forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar

FIGURE 2 (continued). Flea species isolated in this study. (m) Paractenopsyllus grandidieri, male. (n) P. grandidieri, female. (o) P. goodmani, male. (p) P. goodmani, female. (q) P. rouxi, male. (r) P. raxworthyi, male. (s) Tsaractenus rodhaini, male. (t) Dinopsyllus brachypecten, male. (u) D. brachypecten, female.

FIGURE 5 in Species diversity and phylogeny of fleas of small terrestrial mammals in the forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar

FIGURE 5. Maximum parsimonious trees using COII (A), ITS2 (B), 16S (C) and 12S (D) sequences. Values at nodes correspond to the bootstrap values (B) obtained after 100 replicates. B values under 50 are not shown. Trees were rooted using sequences of the species Tunga penetrans, T. trimamillata and Hectopsylla pulex.

FIGURES 261–266 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 261–266. Orasema yaax. ♀: 261. Habitus. 262. Head. 263. Antenna, with F2 plus pedicel, and F6–F7 inset. 264. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 265. Axillula. 266. Stigma and postmarginal vein.

FIGURES 253–258 in Complex diversity in a mainly tropical group of ant parasitoids: Revision of the Orasema stramineipes species group (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae)

FIGURES 253–258. Orasema worcesteri. ♀: 253. Habitus. 254. Head. 255. Antenna, with F2 plus pedicel, and F6–F7 inset. 256. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 257. Axillula. 258. Stigma and postmarginal vein.