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2,322 results for “Circulation”
2007-2016 Surface Circulation over the Mid Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf derived from a Decade of High Frequency Radar Observations
<p>A decade (2007-2016) of hourly 6 km resolution maps of the surface currents across the Mid Atlantic Bight (MAB) generated by a regional-scale High Frequency Radar network are used to reveal new insights into the spatial patterns of the long term annual and seasonal mean surface flows. Across the 10 year time series, temporal means, inter- and intra-annual variability are used to quantify the variability of spatial surface current patterns from season to season and year to year. The 10-year annual mean surface flows are weaker and mostly cross shelf near the coast, increasing in speed and rotating to more alongshore directions near the shelf break, and increasing in speed and rotating to flow off-shelf in the southern MAB. The annual mean surface current pattern is relatively stable year to year compared to the hourly variations within a year. The ten-year seasonal means exhibit similar current patterns, with winter and summer more cross-shore while spring and fall transitions are more alongshore. Fall and winter mean current speeds are larger and correspond to a time when the mean winds are stronger and cross-shore. Summer mean currents are weakest and correspond to a time when the mean wind opposes the alongshore flow. Again, intra-annual variability is much greater than interannual, with the fall season exhibiting the most interannual variability in the surface current patterns. The extreme fall seasons of 2009 and 2011 are related to extremes in the wind and river discharge events caused by different persistent synoptic meteorological conditions, resulting in more or less rapid fall transitions from stratified summer to well-mixed winter conditions.</p>
Time Course of Recovery for Performance Attributes and Circulating Markers of Muscle Damage Following a Rugby Union Match in Amateur Athletes
<p>Supplemental file 1 - Raw data associated with article titled "Time Course of Recovery for Performance Attributes and Circulating Markers of Muscle Damage Following a Rugby Union Match in Amateur Athletes" in MDPI's journal <em>Sports</em></p>
Data from: Seafloor microplastic hotspots controlled by deep-sea circulation
<p>While microplastics are known to pervade the global seafloor, the processes that control their dispersal and concentration in the deep sea remain largely unknown. Here we show that thermohaline-driven currents, which build extensive seafloor sediment accumulations, can control the distribution of microplastics and create hotspots of up to 1.9 million pieces m^2. This is the highest reported value for any seafloor setting, globally. Previous studies propose that microplastics are transported to the seafloor by vertical settling from surface accumulations; instead we demonstrate that the spatial distribution and ultimate fate of microplastics is strongly controlled by near-bed thermohaline currents (bottom currents). These currents are known to supply oxygen and nutrients to deep sea benthos suggesting that deep sea biodiversity hotspots are also likely to be microplastic hotspots.</p>
Circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells facilitate invasion of thyroid cancer cells by repressing miR-486-3p
<p>Background: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have become increasingly recognized as facilitators of tumor development. However, the role of MDSCs in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) progression has not been clearly explored.</p> <p>Objective: We aimed to evaluate the levels and function of circulating MDSCs in PTC.</p> <p>Methods: The proportion of circulating polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs and mononuclearMDSCs from patients with PTC or benign thyroid nodules and healthy controls was measured using flow cytometry. For immunosuppressive activity analysis, sorted circulating MDSCs were cocultured with CD3/CD28-costimulated T lymphocytes and the proliferation of T cells was determined. PTC cell lines (TPC-1 and BC-PAP) were cocultured with PMN-MDSCs, and the effects on cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and apoptosis were evaluated. The differential expressed microribonucleic acids (RNAs) and messenger RNAs and their function were also explored in TPC-1 cells cocultured with or without PMN-MDSCs.</p> <p>Results: PMN-MDSCs were increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with PTC. Circulating PMN-MDSCs displayed strong T cell suppressive activity. PTC cells demonstrated enhanced invasive capabilities in vitro and in vivo when cocultured with sorted PMN-MDSCs. PMN-MDSCs decreased expression of miR-486-3p and activated nuclear factor kappa B2 (NF-κB2), a direct target of miR-486-3p. Rescue of miR-486-3p diminished the cell migration and invasion induced by PMN-MDSCs.</p> <p>Conclusion: Collectively, our work indicates that circulating PMN-MDSCs promote PTC progression. By suppressing miR-486-3p, PMN-MDSCs promote the activity of the NF-κB2 signaling pathway, resulting in accelerated invasion of PTC cells, which may provide new therapeutic strategies for treatment of thyroid cancer. </p>
Whole genome sequence analysis of porcine astroviruses reveals novel genetically diverse genotypes circulating in East African smallholder pig farms
<p>Supplementary materials for the porcine astrovirus study in East Africa.</p> <p><strong>Table S1</strong>: Pairwise comparison of nucleotide sequence identities of the complete (near complete, U460) genomes of the seven (7) astrovirus field strains (bold) and with sequences of other astroviruses available in GenBank </p> <p><strong>Table S2</strong>. Summary of nucleotide sequence identity matrix of the capsid protein (ORF2) among the seven (7) astroviruses field strains (bold) and the known reference strains in the GenBank using Clustal Omega</p> <p><strong>Table S3</strong>. Summary of amino acid sequence identity matrix of the capsid protein (ORF2) among the 7 astroviruses field strains (bold) and the known reference strains in the GenBank using Clustal Omega</p> <p><strong>Table S4</strong>: Estimates of evolutionary divergence between the East African PoAstVs and selected known AstV in the GenBank based on the amino acid sequences of complete ORF2 protein. The number of amino acid differences per site from between sequences is shown. Standard error estimate(s) are shown above the diagonal for our strains.</p> <p><strong>Table S5</strong>. Recommended potential linear antigenic epitopes predicted inside capsid protein (ORF2) of our field strains by SVMTriP web-based tool and corresponding antigenicity predicted by VaxiJen software</p>
Inhibition of Cdc42 activity extends lifespan and decreases circulating inflammatory cytokines in aged female C57BL/6 mice
<p>Cdc42 is a small RhoGTPase regulating multiple functions in eukaryotic cells. The activity of Cdc42 is significantly elevated in several tissues of aged mice, while the Cdc42 gain-of-activity mouse model presents with a pre-mature aging-like phenotype and with decreased lifespan. These data suggest a causal connection between elevated activity of Cdc42, aging and reduced lifespan. Here, we demonstrate that systemic treatment of aged (75-week old) female C57BL/6 mice with a Cdc42 activity specific inhibitor (CASIN) for 4 consecutive days significantly extends average and maximum lifespan. Moreover, aged CASIN-treated animals displayed a youthful level of the aging-associated cytokines IL-1b, IL-1a and INFg in serum and a significantly younger epigenetic clock as based on DNA methylation levels in blood cells. Overall, our data show that systemic administration of CASIN to reduce Cdc42 activity in aged mice extends murine lifespan.</p>
Data from: Human circulating antibody-producing B cell as a predictive measure of mucosal immunity to poliovirus
Background: The "gold standard" for assessing mucosal immunity after vaccination with poliovirus vaccines consists in measuring virus excretion in stool after challenge with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). This testing is time and resource intensive, and development of alternative methods is a priority for accelerating polio eradication. We therefore evaluated circulating antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) as a potential means to evaluate mucosal immunity to poliovirus vaccine. Methods: 199 subjects, aged 10 years, and previously immunized repeatedly with OPV, were selected. Subjects were assigned to receive either a booster dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), bivalent OPV (bOPV), or no vaccine. Using a micro-modified whole blood-based ELISPOT assay designed for field setting, circulating poliovirus type-specific IgA- and IgG-ASCs, including gut homing ?4?7+ ASCs, were enumerated on days 0 and 7 after booster immunization. In addition, serum samples collected on days 0, 28 and 56 were tested for neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. Stool specimens were collected on day 28 (day of bOPV challenge), and on days 31, 35 and 42 and processed for poliovirus isolation. Results: An IPV dose elicited blood IgA- and IgG-ASC responses in 84.8 to 94.9% of subjects, respectively. In comparison, a bOPV dose evoked corresponding blood ASC responses in 20.0 to 48.6% of subjects. A significant association was found between IgA- and IgG-ASC responses and serum neutralizing antibody titers for poliovirus type 1, 2, 3 (p<0.001). In the IPV group, ?4?7+ ASCs accounted for a substantial proportion of IgA-ASCs and the proportion of subjects with a positive ?4?7+ IgA-ASC response to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 was 62.7%, 89.8% and 45.8%, respectively. A significant association was observed between virus excretion and ?4?7+ IgA- and/or IgG-ASC responses to poliovirus type 3 among immunized children; however, only a weak association was found for type 1 poliovirus. Discussion: Our results suggest that virus-specific blood ASCs, especially for type 3 poliovirus, can serve as surrogate of mucosal immunity after vaccination. Further studies are needed to evaluate the duration of such memory responses and to assess the programmatic utility of this whole blood-based mucosal ASC testing for the polio eradication program.
Data from: Circulating cortisol and cognitive and structural brain measures in a middle-aged cohort: the Framingham Heart Study
Objective: To assess the association of early morning serum cortisol with cognitive performance and brain structural integrity in community-dwelling young and middle-aged adults without dementia. Methods: We evaluated dementia-free Framingham Study (Generation 3) participants (mean age 48.5 years; 46.8% men), who underwent cognitive testing for memory, abstract reasoning, visual perception, attention, and executive function (n= 2231), and brain MRI (n=2018) to assess total white matter, lobar gray matter, and white matter hyperintensity volumes and fractional anisotropy (FA) measures. We used linear and logistic regression to assess the relations of cortisol (categorized in tertiles, with the middle tertile as referent) to measures of cognition, MRI volumes, presence of covert brain infarcts (CBI) and cerebral microbleeds (CMB), and voxel-based microstructural white matter integrity and gray matter density, adjusting for age, sex, APOE and vascular risk factors. Results: Higher cortisol (highest tertile vs. middle tertile) was associated with worse memory and visual perception, as well as lower total cerebral brain, occipital and frontal lobar gray matter volumes. Higher cortisol was associated with multiple areas of microstructural changes (decreased regional FA), especially in the splenium of corpus callosum and the posterior corona radiata. The association of cortisol with total cerebral brain volume varied by sex (p interaction=0.048); higher cortisol was inversely associated with cerebral brain volume in women [p=0.001] but not in men [p=0.717]). There was no effect modification by the apoE4 genotype of the relations of cortisol and cognition or imaging traits. Conclusions: Higher serum cortisol was associated with lower brain volumes and impaired memory in asymptomatic younger to middle-aged adults, with the association being evident particularly in women.
Data from: Subtype diversity and reassortment potential for co-circulating avian influenza viruses at a diversity hot spot
1. Biological diversity has long been used to measure ecological health. While evidence exists from many ecosystems that declines in host biodiversity may lead to greater risk of disease emergence, the role of pathogen diversity in the emergence process remains poorly understood. Particularly, because a more diverse pool of pathogen types provides more ways in which evolutionary innovations may arise, we suggest that host–pathogen systems with high pathogen diversity are more prone to disease emergence than systems with relatively homogeneous pathogen communities. We call this prediction the diversity-emergence hypothesis. 2. To show how this hypothesis could be tested, we studied a system comprised of North American shorebirds and their associated low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. These viruses are important as a potential source of genetic innovations in influenza. A theoretical contribution of this study is an expression predicting the rate of viral subtype reassortment to be proportional to both prevalence and Simpson's Index, a formula that has been used traditionally to quantify biodiversity. We then estimated prevalence and subtype diversity in host species at Delaware Bay, a North American AIV hotspot, and used our model to extrapolate from these data. 3. We estimated that 4 to 39 virus subtypes circulated at Delaware Bay each year between 2000 and 2008, and that surveillance coverage (percentage of co-circulating subtypes collected) at Delaware Bay is only about 63·0%. Simpson's Index in the same period varied more than fourfold from 0·22 to 0·93. These measurements together with the model provide an indirect, model-based estimate of the reassortment rate. A proper test of the diversity-emergence hypothesis would require these results to be joined to independent and reliable estimates of reassortment, perhaps obtained through molecular surveillance. 4. These results suggest both that subtype diversity (and therefore reassortment) varies from year to year and that several subtypes contributing to reassortment are going undetected. The similarity between these results and more detailed studies of one host, ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres), further suggests that this species may be the primary host for influenza reassortment at Delaware Bay. 5. Biological diversity has long been quantified using Simpson's Index. Our model links this formula to a mechanistic account of reassortment in multipathogen systems in the form of subtype diversity at Delaware Bay, USA. As a theory of how pathogen diversity may influence the evolution of novel pathogens, this work is a contribution to the larger project of understanding the connections between biodiversity and disease.
Data from: Global circulation patterns of seasonal influenza viruses vary with antigenic drift
Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of emergence and circulation of new human seasonal influenza virus variants is a key scientific and public health challenge. The global circulation patterns of influenza A/H3N2 viruses are well characterized1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, but the patterns of A/H1N1 and B viruses have remained largely unexplored. Here we show that the global circulation patterns of A/H1N1 (up to 2009), B/Victoria, and B/Yamagata viruses differ substantially from those of A/H3N2 viruses, on the basis of analyses of 9,604 haemagglutinin sequences of human seasonal influenza viruses from 2000 to 2012. Whereas genetic variants of A/H3N2 viruses did not persist locally between epidemics and were reseeded from East and Southeast Asia, genetic variants of A/H1N1 and B viruses persisted across several seasons and exhibited complex global dynamics with East and Southeast Asia playing a limited role in disseminating new variants. The less frequent global movement of influenza A/H1N1 and B viruses coincided with slower rates of antigenic evolution, lower ages of infection, and smaller, less frequent epidemics compared to A/H3N2 viruses. Detailed epidemic models support differences in age of infection, combined with the less frequent travel of children, as probable drivers of the differences in the patterns of global circulation, suggesting a complex interaction between virus evolution, epidemiology, and human behaviour.
Data from: Ocean circulation model predicts high genetic structure in a long-lived pelagic developer
Understanding the movement of genes and individuals across marine seascapes is a long-standing challenge in marine ecology, and can inform our understanding of local adaptation, the persistence and movement of populations, and the spatial scale of effective management. Patterns of gene flow in the ocean are often inferred based on population genetic analyses coupled with knowledge of species' dispersive life histories. However, genetic structure is the result of time-integrated processes, and may not capture present-day connectivity between populations. Here we use a high-resolution oceanographic circulation model to predict larval dispersal along the complex coastline of western Canada that includes the transition between two well-studied zoogeographic provinces. We simulate dispersal in a benthic sea star with a 6-10 week pelagic larval phase, and test predictions of this model against previously observed genetic structure including a strong phylogeographic break within the zoogeographical transition zone. We also test predictions with new genetic sampling in a site within the phylogeographic break. We find that the coupled genetic and circulation model predicts the high degree of genetic structure observed in this species, despite its long pelagic duration. High genetic structure on this complex coastline can thus be explained through ocean circulation patterns which tend to retain passive larvae within 20 - 50 km of their parents, suggesting a necessity for close-knit design of Marine Protected Area networks.
Ebro Shelf circulation (March-August 2014)
<p>The files publicated here are the ROMS model output used to analyze the circulation at the North Ebro Shelf under NW wind-jet conditions in the article: <em>Ràfols, L., Grifoll, M., Jordà, G., Espino, M., Sairouní, A. and Bravo, M. Shelf circulation induced by an orographic wind jet. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans. Manuscript under review.</em></p> <p>The model was run for 6 months (from 1 March until 1 Setember 2014; the numbers of the files correspond to each simulated month) and was forced with atmospheric data from the WRF model implemented at the Catalan Service of Metheorology (http://meteo.cat/). The initial and boundary conditions were generated using data from the IBI-MFC model (http://marine.copernicus.eu).</p>
Data and code for the manuscript "Internal vs Forced Variability Metrics for General Circulation Models Using Information Theory"
<p>Data and code for the manuscript "Internal vs Forced Variability Metrics for General Circulation Models Using Information Theory" published in the Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans. <br>URL of the manuscript: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JC020101<br>DOI of the manuscript: https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020101</p>
Role of sea level and seaway in modulating the Hadley circulation change during the Last Glacial period
<p>These data are calculated by our model output.</p>
Data from: "Injection strategy - a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering" by Bednarz et al. (2023)
<p>Data from: "Injection strategy - a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering" by Bednarz et al. (2023), which has been accepted for publication in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.</p>
( R, S)-Equol 7-β-D-glucuronide, but not other circulating isoflavone metabolites, modulates migration and tubulogenesis in human aortic endothelial cells targeting the VEGF pathway
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data for the paper Large-Scale Tropical Circulation Intensification by Aerosol Effect on Clouds
<p>Data for the paper Large-Scale Tropical Circulation Intensification by Aerosol Effect on Clouds.</p> <p> </p> <p>Please see the README for more information. </p>
Supplementary Materials of the article:The relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins mediating gut microbiota and postherpetic neuralgia: A Mendelian Randomization study
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Forced changes in the Pacific Walker circulation over the past millennium
<p><strong>Data & code repository for <em>Forced changes in the Pacific Walker circulation over the past millennium</em></strong></p> <p>This repository contains scripts and auxiliary data necessary for recreating the figures in the paper <em>Forced changes in the Pacific Walker circulation over the past millennium</em> (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06447-0) [published in <em>Nature</em> October 2023; available online August 2023].</p> <p>The code is tested with R version 4.1.2. </p> <p><em>Note that the only difference between this and the previous version is a slight update to the reconstruction filenames</em></p> <p><em><strong>Repository Structure</strong></em></p> <ul> <li>`Falster_PWCreconstructions`: zipped folder contains our ensemble reconstruction of ΔSLP (1200-2000 CE) <ul> <li> `Falster2023_PWC_reconstruction.csv`: a csv with one column per ensemble member. Column headers state the reconstruction method, and gridded SLP product used to train the reconstruction (200 ensemble members per unique combination of reconstruction method and training index).</li> <li> `Falster2023_PWC_reconstruction.xlsx`: Excel workbook, with one tab per unique combination of reconstruction method and training index (200 ensemble members each).</li> <li>`Falster2023_PWC_reconstruction_full_ensemble_median_and_95pct_range.csv`: a csv with the median and 95% range (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles) of the full 4800-member ΔSLP reconstruction ensemble. Includes raw summary values, and summary values with a five-year running mean. For robust analysis of ΔSLP, we strongly recommend working with the full ensemble rather than these summary values. </li> </ul> </li> <li>`Falster_PWCreconstruction_code`: zipped folder contains scripts and auxiliary data necessary to generate figures in the main text <ul> <li>`scripts`: contains R scripts necessary to generate figures in the main text <ul> <li>`Figure1`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 1 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure2`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 2 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure3`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 3 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure4`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 4 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure5`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 5 in the main text</li> <li>`Figure6`: folder containing scripts to perform analysis and generate Fig. 6 in the main text</li> </ul> </li> <li>`data`: contains all auxiliary data necessary for the analysis and visualisation, including: <ul> <li>reconstructions in .rds format</li> <li>shapefiles for mapping</li> <li>processed ΔSLP and Nino 3.4 RSST timeseries from the CESM1 LME and PMIP3/4 models</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong>How to cite this repository</strong></p> <p>If using code or data from this repository, please cite the original publication, available from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06447-0. </p> <p>This repository can be cited with https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7742760.</p>
Large Grid of Non-Grey Global Circulation Models Run With SPARC/MiTgcm
<p>Data from a large grid of non-grey Global Circulation Models run with SPARC/MiTgcm. This includes: pressure-temperature profiles, spectra and phase curves. A python tool for visualising the grid data is also included.</p> <p>Detailed information on the model and grid setup used to produce this data can be found and at: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae984">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae984</a> and <a href="https://3dsim.oca.eu/fr/hot-jupiters-3d-models">https://3dsim.oca.eu/fr/hot-jupiters-3d-models</a></p> <p>In addition to the drag free models described in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae984">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae984</a> additional models with varying rayleigh drag timescales are also included.</p> <p>Pressure-temperature profile files include the following information for each pressure level, latitude and longitude: temperature (K), potential temperature (K), longitudinal wind speed U (m/s), latitudinal wind speed V (m/s), vertical Wind speed (Pa/s), vertical wind speed (m/s) and vertical gas density (kg/m^3).</p> <p>Spectra files include the following information for each phase and wavelength (Microns): flux (Fp/Fs), flux (erg/cm^2/sr/hz/s).</p> <p>Phase curve files include the flux in a number of different instrument bandpasses for each phase.</p> <p>More information on the data files, including wavelength ranges for the different phase curve bandpasses, can be found within the Data_README.txt file.</p> <p>We additionally provide a data visualiser in the form of a python script. Information about it can be found in Slider_README.txt file.</p> <p>(V1 was missing a couple of pressure-temperature profiles for models with drag, these have been added to V2.)</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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