Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 12 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 12. Left: Paleogeographic map with the location of hominin-related sites in the study area. Numbers correspond to site description in Table 1. Arrows show migration pathways out of Africa and into Europe. Right: Stratigraphy, archaeology and paleomagnetic dating of the oldest hominin findings in Dmanisi, Georgia (from Ferring et al., 2011).

Fig. 5 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 5. Plio-Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain. GPTS with Systems and Stages are after Hilgen et al. (2012), oxygen isotope curve with numbered Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) is after Lisiecki and Raymo (2005). M=Mammoth (C2An.2r), K=Kaena (C2An.1r), R= Reunion (C2r.1n), O=Olduvai (C2n), C.M.= Cobb Mountain (C1r.2n), J=Jaramillo (C1r.1n). Ages of the Cobb Mountain Subchron are after Channell (2017). On the right side are the time scales for the Caspian Basin, Black Sea Basin and the terrestrial domain (mammal (MN/MQ) zonation and regional (MNR/MQR) biochronological units).

Fig. 2 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 2. Present-day drainage area of the Pontocaspian domain. Yellow circles denote the locations of the stratotype sections of the main Quaternary stages of the Caspian Basin and Black Sea Basin: 1) Akchaghylian on Krasnovodsk peninsula (Turkmenistan), 2) Apsheronian on Apsheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan), 3) Bakunian in Baku (Azerbaijan), 4) Kuyalnikian (Ukraine), 5) Gurian (Georgia), 6) Chaudian on Cape Chauda (Crimea) and 7) Uzunlarian (Crimea). White circles denote the locations of key sections: 1) Pyrnuar (N38.93, E56.26), 2) Malyi Balkhan (N39.27, E54.97), 3) Yuzhny Urundzhik (N39.27, E54.50), 4) Ushak (N40.45, E53.37), 5) Lokbatan (N40.33, E49.75) and Jeirankechmez (N40.24, E47.09), 6) Duzdag (N40.70, E46.92) and Bozdag (N40.80, E46.84), 7) Pantashara (N41.23, E46.36) and 8) Kvabebi (N41.48, E45.68) and Kushkuna (N41.25, E45.44).

Fig. 3. Paleogeographic maps for the Plio-Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. A in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 3. Paleogeographic maps for the Plio-Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. A) Middle Pliocene; B) Late Pliocene; C) Early Pleistocene; D) Middle Pleistocene. Based on Vinogradov, 1961, 1969 and Abdurakhmanov et al. (2002).

Fig. 4 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 4. Distribution of the main ostracod species, foraminifera and charophyta in the Caspian Basin during the Plio-Pleistocene, based on literature data. 1) Cyprideis torosa; 2) Ilyocypris gibba; 3) I. bradyi; 4) Cyprinotus salinus; 5) Eucypris sp.; 6) Pseudocandona compressa (juvenile); 7) Limnocythere aralensis; 8) Zonocypris membranae; 9) Darwinula stevensoni;10) Limnocythere alveolata; 11) L. luculenta; 12) L. tschaplyinae; 13) Typhlocypris gracilis; 14) Loxoconcha eichwaldi (different stages of evolution); 15) Candona candida; 16) C. combibo; 17) Eucythere naphtatscholana; 18a) Amnicythere andrussovi; 18b) A. palimpsesta; 18c) A. normalis; 18d) A. saljanica; 19) Amnicythere nata; 20) Leptocythere gubkini; 21) A.multituberculata; 22) Euxinocythere praebosqueti; 23) A. cymbula; 24) Loxoconcha babazananica; 25) L. petasa; 26) Camptocypria acronasuta; 27) Caspiocypris filona; 28) Tyrrhenocythere bailovi; 29) Xestoleberis chanakovi; 30) T. amnicola donetziensis; 31) T. azerbaidjanica; 32) T. papillosa; 33) Camptocypria acronasuta; 34) Bacunella dorsoarcuata; 35) Loxoconcha gibboides; 36) L. lepida; 37) Euxinocythere bosqueti; 38) Cytherissa bogatschovi; 39) Euxinocythere bacuana; 40) A. quinquetuberculata; 41) Loxoconcha endocarpus

Fig. 16 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 16. Dramatic water level changes in the Pontocaspian domain. Left: Monthly mean Caspian Sea level (CSL) changes observed by tide gauges (1940–1997) and satellite altimetry (1997 to 2015) from Chen et al. (2017). Right: Recent shrinking of the Aral Lake, comparison of satallite images from 1987 (USGS) and 2008 (NASA).

Fig. 15. The 87 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 15. The 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O data from the Black Sea (blue) and Caspian Sea (red) for different time slices (A - D). Different symbols represent different archives; ostracods (boxes), mollusc (triangles), speleothem (circles). The 87Sr/86Sr of the global ocean is obtained from McArthur et al. (2012), for the Black Sea is obtained from Major et al. (2006) and Wegwerth et al. (2014), for the Caspian Sea obtained from Page (2004) and Van Baak (2015). The global benthic δ18O is obtained from Lisiecki and Raymo (2005), for the Black Sea is obtained from Bahr et al. (2006), Major et al. (2006) and the δ18O of the Sofular Cave is obtained from Badertscher et al. (2011).

Fig. 9 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 9. Stratigraphic framework for middle-late Quaternary marine and Pontocaspian intervals in the Marmara Basin and surroundings. The Sofular isotope record is from Badertscher et al. (2011). Blue: Pontocaspian intervals, Red: marine intervals. IL = Iznik Lake. Gateways: (I) Bosphorus, (II) Dardanelles, (III) Sapanca corridor and (IV) Iznik corridor.

Fig. 11 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 11. Dmanisi fauna, selected specimens. Top row from left to right: Homotherium crenatidens, skull, Dm.5/154.A1/87; Megantereon whitei, skull, D1341; Panthera onca georgica, mandible dex., D2027, holotype; Lynx issiodorensis, skull, D3497; Pachycrocuta brevirostris, juvenile mandible dex., Dm.65/ 63.B1x.153; Canis etruscus, skull with mandible, D3420. Second row from left to right: Mammuthus meridionalis taribanensis, articulated hind leg fragment, Dm.64/68.B1x.338; Stephanorhinus etruscus, skull, D3270; Equus stenonis, skull, D353. Third row from left to right: Palaeotragus priasovicus, metatarsus fragment dex., D1757; Cervalces cf. gallicus, antler fragment dex., D1949; Arvernoceros insolitus, antler dex., D2747, holotype; Praemegaceros obscurus, antler fragment dex., D430; Pseudodama nestii, antler sin., D1495. Fourth row from left to right: Bison (Eobison) georgicus, skull fragment, D354, holotype; Gallogoral meneghini sickenbergii, skull, Dm.4/ 154.B1.79; Capra dalii, horn core dex., D75, holotype; Pontoceros surprine, skull fragment D5552, holotype.

Fig. 1 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 1. Ancient map of the Pontocaspian region after Kircher (1678), who in his "Mundus Subterraneus" already envisaged that the Caspian Basin must have been connected to the open ocean to explain its relatively high salinity (> 10 ‰) today. The Caspian Sea is in fact an isolated long-lived lake since at least 2.6 Ma. Kircher considered a subterraneous channel to the Persian Gulf for the marine connection. The location of this marine connection is still enigmatic today.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Figure 7-11. Syndesus ambericus Woodruff, n in A new fossil species of stag beetle from Dominican Republic amber, with Australasian connections (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

Figure 7-11. Syndesus ambericus Woodruff, n. sp. 7) Antennal club (note 7 lamellae in club). 8) Lateral view, habitus; note fractures in 2009. 9) Enlargement of elytral punctures, right side. 10) Enlargement of pronotum; note dense, coarse punctures. 11) "Minute black scavenger fly" (Scatopsidae), located 5mm away from the Syndesus ambericus holotype. 12) Right lateral view of head and pronotum; note mandibles and palpi.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Figure 1-6. Syndesus spp. 1, 2, 5, 6 in A new fossil species of stag beetle from Dominican Republic amber, with Australasian connections (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

Figure 1-6. Syndesus spp. 1, 2, 5, 6: Syndesus cornutus (Fab.). 1) Left lateral view of head and pronotum (note prominent mandibles and palpi). 2) Enlargement of eye and antenna (note 7 lamellae in club). 5) Habitus, lateral. 6) Habitus, dorsal. 3-4: Syndesus ambericus Woodruff, n. sp. 3) Amber fossil; habitus lateral in 1983. 4) Enlargement of right mandible (note 3 "teeth").

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2007View details →

Figure 1 in Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection

Figure 1. Euclavella claviformis (QM G308883): (A) colony; (B) developmental sequence of embryos in the distal part of the oviduct forming a collar around the top of the oesophageal neck. Hypsistozoa distomoides (QM G308880): (C) colony; (D) zooid; (E) zooid (with denticles on the atrial lip); (F) larva (left side with ectotrophic membranes pulled away from the trunk); (G) larva (with ectotrophic membranes intact); (H) larva (right side with ectotrophic membranes pulled away from the trunk). Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C–G, 0.2 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2007View details →

Figure 2 in Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection

Figure 2. Hypsistozoa distomoides (QM G308880) postero-dorsal vertical section of larval trunk (semidiagramatic): e, endodermal tube; nc, nerve cord; o, section through oesophagus; ec, ectotrophic membrane; s, stomach wall; oe, oesophagus; h, haemocoele; le, larval ectoderm; n, notochord; r, rectum. Scale bar, 0.1 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2007View details →

Figure 3 in Taxonomic affinities of three stalked colonial species of the Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from the central coast of New South Wales and indications of a trans-Tasman connection

Figure 3. In situ colour images: (A) Euclavella claviformis; (B) Hypsistozoa distomoides colony lying flat on the sea floor at low slack tide; (C) Sigillina cyanea from high-energy location, showing tip of colony worn by abrasion on sea floor sediments. The possibly commensal nudibranch Nembrotha sp. is associated with the colony.

Fig. 2 in Exploring potential range connectivity of sun bear (Carnivora: Ursidae: Ursinae)

Fig. 2. Frequency plots of land type values from the Terrestrial Ecosystem Environment Observation by Satellites (TREES; Stigbig et al., 2003). TREES land type values were calculated to 20,000 random points generated equally between non-habitat, marginal, sub-optimal, and core habitat. Land type was reclassified into 12 categories; 1–8 are categories in which bear use has been previously detected (1–3 = evergreen; 4 = deciduous, woodland; 5 = mangrove; 6 = swamp, woodland; 7–8 = mosaic of woodland, secondary, evergreen and cropland), and 9–12 are considered non-habitat (9 = cropland, shrub; 10 = cropland, bare land; 11 = rock, limestone; 12 = water). To correct for errors on the TREES map due to deforestation since 2000, % tree cover in 2014 was extracted for each random point, and points with no tree cover in 2014 reclassified as falling in non-viable habitat. TREES land classification values within non-habitat were more often classified as areas considered as non-viable bear habitat (i.e., cropland, shrub, bare land, rock). Second to non-habitat, marginal habitat had the highest proportion of points within non-viable bear habitat categories. In sub-optimal and core habitat, land classification tended to be areas of potential bear habitat (i.e., evergreen, deciduous forest, and other forms of mosaic forest).

Fig. 1 in Exploring potential range connectivity of sun bear (Carnivora: Ursidae: Ursinae)

Fig. 1. Density plots of Human Influence Index values within areas classified as habitat and non-habitat within sun bear range. Human Influence Index values (Sanderson et al., 2002) were calculated to 30,000 random points generated equally within areas of non-habitat and habitat. Human Influence Index values were on average 13.8 points higher in areas classified as non-habitat (t = –95.2, df = 29658, p <0.001, x – within non-habitat = 36.7, SD = 13.1, x – within habitat = 23, SD = 11.8) supporting our assumption that habitat is different from non-habitat.

Fig. 3 in Exploring potential range connectivity of sun bear (Carnivora: Ursidae: Ursinae)

Fig. 3. Sun bear landscape fragmentation and connectivity in Southeast Asia, India and Bangladesh. A) Core and sub-optimal contiguous range is assumed to positively impact bear movement (i.e., connectivity), although dependent on associated levels of human influence and roads. Visual analysis identified seven potential subpopulations of sun bears; i) northern Mainland, ii) Central Myanmar, iii) Central SE Asia, iv) South-central SE Asia, v) Thai-Malay peninsula, vi) Sumatra, vii) Borneo (divided by dashed lines). Within these potential subpopulations there were many 'At Risk' areas where sun bears may be vulnerable to becoming isolated due to potential barriers to movement including habitat fragmentation, high human influence and roads (identified by red ovals and numbers 1–16 correspond with the IDs listed in Table 2). B) High Human Influence and road network are assumed to be significant barriers to bear movement across the sun bear landscape.

Fig. S4 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. S4. Inbreeding coefficients of each individual. White bars represent individuals from the Northeast and grey bars represent individuals from the Central Catchment Nature Reserve. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval.

Fig. S3 in Evidence of genetic connectivity between fragmented pig populations in a tropical urban city-state

Fig. S3. Mean inbreeding coefficients of the populations of pigs found in the Northeast and the CCNR (Central Catchment Nature Reserve). Error bars represent 95% confidence interval.