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1,133 results for “Copepods”
Figure 2 in A new genus of monstrilloid copepods (Crustacea) with anteriorly pointing ovigerous spines and related adaptations for subthoracic brooding
Figure 2. Maemonstrilla hyottoko sp. nov., female paratypes (SO lab), Sesoko Island, 13.viii.1989, SEM. A, cephalothorax and metasome in lateral view, left legs removed. B, metasome and urosome of same specimen, lateral view, showing ovigerous spines (os) and leg 5 (numbered). C, metasome and urosome of different specimen, ventral view, showing ovigerous spines (small arrow), widely spaced legs 1–4, and low, wide intercoxal sclerites (e.g. large arrow). D, genital compound somite of specimen in A, ventrolateral view, showing base of ovigerous spines, copulatory opening (arrow), and spur-like posteroventral process. Scale bars = 200 Mm in A; 100 Mm in B, C; 20 Mm in D.
Figure 4 in An extraordinary shift in life habit within a genus of cyclopid copepods in Lake Tanganyika
Figure 4. Eucyclops bathanalicola sp. nov. paratype female. A, antenna; B, vestigial maxilliped; C, left leg 3 and intercoxal sclerite, anterior; D, Left leg 4 and intercoxal sclerite, anterior. Scale bars: A, 100 µm, B–D, 50 µm.
Figure 1 in An extraordinary shift in life habit within a genus of cyclopid copepods in Lake Tanganyika
Figure 1. Position of Eucyclops bathanalicola sp. nov. within the mantle cavity of its host, Bathanalia straeleni. Scale bar, 1 mm. Abbreviations: ct, ctenidium; dg, digestive gland; f, foot; hgl, hypobranchial gland; int, intestine; kd, kidney; os, osphradium; ov, ovary; ovi, pallial oviduct; per, pericardium; sto, stomach; t, cephalic tentacle.
Dataset for: 'Patterns in the Plankton – Spatial distribution and long-term variability of copepods on the Agulhas Bank'
<p>This dataset contains environmental data (in situ temperature and chlorophyll <em>a</em>) and integrated biomass (mg C m<sup>-2</sup>) data for a number of copepod taxa, as well as total copepod biomass and abundance, on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa, as predicted by a Generalized Additive Model (GAM), during late austral spring (October-December) from 1988 to 2011. Mean environmental and copepod biomass parameters for each area and year are also provided. Relevant information on sampling and statistical analysis of spatial distributions has been extracted from the paper. Please see paper for full details and figures, including supplementary data; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105265">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105265</a>. Please see the Word document Huggett_et_al_2023_README.docx for a list of the data files and descriptions of the contents.</p>
Variance components of sex determination in the copepod Tigriopus californicus estimated from a pedigree analysis
<p>Extensive theory exists regarding population sex ratio evolution that predicts equal sex ratio (when parental investment is equal). In most animals, sex chromosomes determine the sex of offspring, and this fixed genotype for sex has made theory difficult to test since genotypic variance for the trait (sex) is lacking. It has long been argued that the genotype has become fixed in most animals due to the strong selection for equal sex ratios. The marine copepod <em>Tigriopus californicus</em> has no sex chromosomes, multiple genes affecting female brood sex ratio and a brood sex ratio that responds to selection. The species thus provides an opportune system in which to test established sex ratio theory. In this paper, we further our exploration of polygenic sex determination in <em>T. californicus</em> using an incomplete diallel crossing design for analysis of the variance components of sex determination in the species. Our data confirm the presence of extra-binomial variance for sex, further confirming that sex is not determined through simple Mendelian trait inheritance. In addition, our crosses and backcrosses of isofemale lines selected for biased brood sex ratios show intermediate phenotypic means, as expected if sex is a threshold trait determined by an underlying "liability" trait controlled by many genes of small effects. Furthermore, crosses between families from the same selection line had similar increases in phenotypic variance as crosses between families from different selection lines, suggesting families from artificial selection lines responded to selection pressure through different underlying genetic bases. Finally, we estimate heritability of an individual to be male or female on the observed binary scale as 0.09 (95% CI: 0.034-0.14). This work furthers our accumulating evidence for polygenic sex determination in <em>T. californicus</em> laying the foundation for this as a model species in future studies of sex ratio evolution theory.</p>
Copepod life history evolution under high and low food regimes
<p>Copepods play a critical role in the carbon cycle of the planet – they mediate the sequestration of carbon into the deep ocean, and are the trophic link between phytoplankton and marine foodwebs. Global change stressors that decrease copepod productivity create the potential for catastrophic positive feedback loops. Accordingly, a growing list of studies examine the evolutionary capacity of copepods to adapt to the two primary stressors associated with global change: warmer temperatures and lower pH. But the evolutionary capacity of copepods to adapt to changing food regimes, the third major stressor associated with global change, remains unknown. We used experimental evolution to explore how a 10-fold difference in food availability affects life history evolution in the copepod, <em>Tisbe</em> sp. over two years, and spanning 30+ generations. Different food regimes evoked evolutionary responses across the entire copepod life history: we observed evolution in body size, size-fecundity relationships, and offspring investment strategies. Our results suggest that changes to food regimes reshape life histories and that cryptic evolution in traits such as body size is likely. We demonstrate that evolution in response to changes in ocean productivity will alter consumer life histories, and may distort trophic links in marine foodchains. Evolution in response to changing phytoplankton productivity may alter the efficacy of the global carbon pump in ways that have not been anticipated until now.</p>
Linking the metabolic rate of individuals to species ecology and life history in key Arctic copepods
<p>This folder contains data and code for the manuscript "Linking the metabolic rate of individuals to species ecology <br> and life history in key Arctic copepods"</p> <p>The first script to run is the "rolling regression and adding covariates to MR data.R", this will read in all the<br> files with oxygen measurements, dry weight, and species and life stage information. The code will fit and predict <br> estimates for each individual, calculate O2 from calibration data, subtract background respiration, run the rolling regression,<br> and add the covariates DW, species and life stage to the metabolic rate data, and write the resulting data fame to a .txt file.</p> <p>The second script "lme4 Analysis and figures 5 6 7.R" will read in the data from the first script. <br> Here the AMR RMR and aerobic scope is estimated by Density Estimation via Model-Based Clustering. <br> The resulting data is fitted with a mixed model 'lmer'. <br> The remaining part of the script make the predictions that are presented in the text of the manuscript<br> and that are shown in figure 5, 6, and 7.</p> <p>Further information is annotated in the scripts</p>
Niche conservation in copepods between ocean basins
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Food deprivation exposes sex-specific trade-offs between stress tolerance and lifespan in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
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Variance components of sex determination in the copepod Tigriopus californicus estimated from a pedigree analysis
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Copepod life history evolution under high and low food regimes
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Data from: Evolutionary rescue of freshwater copepods during historical lake acidification
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Developmental temperature, more than long-term evolution, defines thermal tolerance in an Estuarine Copepod
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Adaptation potential of the copepod Eurytemora affinis to a future warmer Baltic Sea
<p>To predict effects of global change on zooplankton populations, it is important to understand how present species adapt to temperature and how they respond to stressors interacting with temperature. Here we ask if the calanoid copepod <i>Eurytemora affinis</i> from the Baltic Sea can adapt to future climate warming. Populations were sampled at sites with different temperatures. Full sibling families were reared in the lab and used in two common garden experiments (1) populations crossed over 3 temperature treatments 12, 17 and 22.5°C and (2) populations crossed over temperature in interaction with salinity and algae of different food quality.<br> Genetic correlations of the full siblings' development time were not different from zero between 12°C and the two higher temperatures 17 °C and 22.5°C, but positively correlated between 17 °C and 22.5°C. Hence, a population at 12 °C is unlikely to adapt to warmer temperature, while a population at ≥ 17 °C can adapt to an even higher temperature, i.e. 22.5 °C. In agreement with the genetic correlations, the population from the warmest site of origin had comparably shorter development time at high temperature than the populations from colder sites, that is, a co-gradient variation. The population with the shortest development time at 22.5°C had in comparison lower survival on low quality food, illustrating a cost of short development time. Our results suggest that populations from warmer environments can at present indirectly adapt to a future warmer Baltic Sea, whereas populations from colder areas show reduced adaptation potential to high temperatures, simply because they experience an environment that is too cold.</p>
Figure 7 in Spatiotemporal distribution of planktonic copepod communities in Tokyo Bay where Oithona davisae Ferrari and Orsi dominated in mid-1980s
Figure 7. Horizontal distribution of 12 indicator species of copepod communities in Tokyo Bay.
Data from: Seasonal variability drives differences in the structure of the calanoid copepod community in two contrasting regions of the Gulf of Mexico
<p>Calanoid copepods (CC) are key contributors to the biological carbon pump and pelagic trophic dynamics. The deep-water regions of Perdido and the Bay of Campeche in the western and southern Gulf of Mexico (GM), respectively, differ in hydrography and productivity, leading to potential differences in copepod biomass and community structure. Zooplankton (0-200 m) were collected from the shelf edge to the deep-water region during the winter and summer autumn 2016. Calanoids contributed 38-60% of total zooplankton biomass and 55-70% of overall copepod abundance. The Bay of Campeche had the highest total zooplankton biovolume (287±120 ml 1000 m<sup>-3</sup>) and total mean copepod abundance (CC and non-calanoids ~146,000 ind. 1000 m<sup>-3</sup>) during summer-autumn, likely resulting from cross-shelf nutrient transport fueling local productivity. Adult females dominated calanoid numerical abundance (43-50%), thus suggesting a high reproductive potential. Cluster analysis showed differences between seasons (~40% dissimilarity) but not regions. Environmental conditions explained 22% of the variability in community composition; the winter assemblage was significantly related to oxygen concentrations, whereas the summer-autumn community was related to warmer conditions and higher integrated chlorophyll-<em>a</em> concentrations. The CC community responded to seasonal changes more than regionally related hydrographic differences, with likely implications for organic matter cycling and export.</p>
The influence of predator community composition on photoprotective traits of copepods
<p>Trait expression of natural populations often jointly depends on prevailing abiotic environmental conditions and predation risk. Copepods, for example, can vary their expression of compounds that confer protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR), such as astaxanthin and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), in relation to predation risk. Despite ample evidence that copepods accumulate less astaxanthin in the presence of predators, little is known about how the community composition of planktivorous fish can affect the overall expression of photoprotective compounds. Here, we investigate how the (co-)occurrence of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) affect the photoprotective phenotype of the copepod Leptodiaptomus minutus in lake ecosystems in southern Greenland. We found that average astaxanthin and MAA contents were lowest in lakes with stickleback, but we found no evidence that these photoprotective compounds were affected by the presence of charr. Furthermore, variance in astaxanthin among individual copepods was greatest in the presence of stickleback and the astaxanthin content of copepods was negatively correlated with increasing stickleback density. Overall, we show that the presence and density of stickleback jointly affect the content of photoprotective compounds by copepods, illustrating how the community composition of predators in an ecosystem can determine the expression of prey traits that are also influenced by abiotic stressors. --</p>
Sublethal reproductive costs associated with experimental heat waves in the copepod, Tigriopus californicus
<p>Physiological stress may induce sublethal effects on fitness by limiting energy availability and shifting energy allocation, which can incur reproductive costs. Sublethal reproductive costs may affect vital rates, linking stress events such as heat waves to population demography. Here, we test the hypothesis that heat wave intensity and consecutive days of exposure to heat wave temperatures impact survival and individual reproductive success. We subjected groups of the marine harpacticoid copepod, <i>Tigriopus californicus,</i> to six heat wave regimes that differed in maximum exposure temperature, 26°C or 32°C, and number of consecutive exposure days (1, 2, or 7), and predicted that survival and reproductive costs would increase with heat wave intensity and duration. We measured individual survival and offspring production during the heat waves and for two weeks following the last day of each experimental heat wave. Despite similar survivorship between the two maximum temperature treatments, sublethal effects of heat wave intensity were observed. Consistent with our predictions, individuals that experienced the higher maximum temperature 32°C heat waves produced fewer offspring overall than those that experienced the 26°C heat wave. Furthermore, the number of naupliar larvae (nauplii) per clutch was lower in the 32°C group for egg clutches produced immediately after the final day of exposure. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing thermal stress can lead to sublethal costs, even with no discernible effects on mortality. Heat waves may not always have lethal effects on individuals, especially for individuals that are adapted to routine exposures to high temperatures, such as those occupying the high intertidal. Costs, however, associated with stress and/or reduced performance due to non-linearities, can affect short-term demographic rates. The effect of these short-term sublethal perturbations is needed to fully understand the potential for population rescue and evolution in the face of rapid climate change.</p>
Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands
<p>The effects of parasitic copepods on free-living hosts are infrequently documented, and the copepod Pharodes tortugensis has remained virtually unstudied since described. For the first time, we document its host range in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the prevalence and intensity of infections on wild hosts, and its impacts on host morphology and performance. Infections were observed on four benthic gobies in the BVI (<em>Coryphopterus glaucofraenum</em>, <em>C. venezuelae</em>, <em>C. dicrus</em> and <em>C. eidolon</em>) but not on other host species previously reported from other parts of the western Atlantic. Infected gobies were widespread in the BVI (detected at 33 of 52 sites, prevalence from 1–25%) but extremely rare elsewhere in the Caribbean (detected at 2 of 16 sites, prevalence <0.006%). As is typical of macroparasite infections, <em>P. tortugensis</em> was over-dispersed in BVI host populations (mean intensity = 4.7, range = 1–17). Infections were most common in juvenile and female hosts, and rarely found in larger male hosts. The copepods attach in the branchial chamber of the goby; female copepods show high attachment fidelity to the ventral surface of the chamber, while male copepods attached most often to the first two gill arches and in the branchial chamber adjacent to the female. Infections caused substantial damage to the host's branchial chamber and gill filaments. Parasitized gobies also had larger livers and smaller gonads than unparasitized individuals of similar length. The changes in organ mass of infected gobies were not sizeable enough to affect total body mass, and host condition (the body-length vs. body-mass relationship) was similar for gobies with and without infections. Parasitized gobies were, however, significantly smaller in body mass at a given age, reflecting slower overall growth. Effects of <em>P. tortugensis</em> on individual hosts were broadly similar to those of other parasitic copepods that infect fish gills and, for unknown reasons, the BVI appears to be a persistent hotspot of infections on these goby hosts.</p>
Environmental data from: Feeding strategy and dietary preference shape the microbiome of epipelagic copepods in a warm nutrient-impoverished ecosystem
<p><span>Copepods provide a rich organic microenvironment allowing the settlement and proliferation of microorganisms, forming dynamic microbial hotspots in the oceans. Such symbiotic associations in the plankton were previously hypothesized to be especially developed in warm oligotrophic seas, as they may serve as alternative sources of nutrients in biologically-poor waters. Aiming to better understand how copepod microbiomes are shaped in an oligotrophic sea, we characterized microbiota associated with three dominant coastal epipelagic copepod species in the ultra-oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean Sea using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene</span><span>. Our results show that copepod-associated microbial communities were host-specific rather than determined by seasonal environmental changes. In the filter-feeding copepod with a tendency to herbivory, <em>Temora stylifera</em>, microbial diversity was low and relatively stable throughout the year. In contrast, omnivorous copepods, the ambush-feeding <em>Oithona nana</em>, and the mixed-feeding <em>Centropages ponticus</em> harbored more diverse microbiomes dominated by transient taxa. We suggest that filter-feeding strategy and narrow food spectrum can limit copepod-microbe interactions, while the ambush and mixed feeding strategies combined with omnivory confer higher microbial diversity. Filter feeders may reduce the recruitment of opportunistic microbes by maintaining high fidelity associations, as indicated by the large number of core taxa in <em>T. stylifera</em>. We underline the importance of the copepod-microbe associations in nutrient-impoverished ecosystems, based on predicted enrichment of nitrogen metabolism in the core micro</span>biome<span>, mostly during summer when the shallow coastal waters are nitrogen-depleted. </span></p>
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