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468 results for “Daphnia”
FIGURE 2 in Redescription of Daphnia turbinata Sars, 1903 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Daphniidae)
FIGURE 2. Optical photos of Daphnia (Daphnia) turbinata Sars, parthenogenetic (A–E) and ephippial (F–H) females from Khargal Nuur (Lake) (A–D) and Zhaakhan Nuur (Lake) (E–H), Mongolia. A–B, adult parthenogenetic female. C, juvenile female. D–E, head of adult parthenogenetic female. F, ephippial female. G, ephippium. H, dorsal portion of ephippium. Scale bars: 1 mm for A–C, F–G; 0.1 mm for D–E, H. Scale bars: 1 mm for A–C, F–G; 0.1 mm for D–E, H.
FIGURE 3 in Redescription of Daphnia turbinata Sars, 1903 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Daphniidae)
FIGURE 3. Daphnia (Daphnia) turbinata Sars, female from Zhaakhan Nuur, Mongolia. A–B, parthenogenetic female, general view. C–D, ephippial female, general view. E, head. F, rostrum. G, valve ventral margin, posterior portion. H, postero-ventral valve margin. I, postero-ventral and postero-dorsal margin in region of caudal spine base. J, postabdomen and abdomen, general view. K, armature of anal margin. L, postabdominal claw. M, antenna II. N, apical seta of antenna II. Scale bars: 1 mm for A–E, J; 0.1 mm for F–I, L–N; 0.01 mm for K.
FIGURE 5 in Redescription of Daphnia turbinata Sars, 1903 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Daphniidae)
FIGURE 5. Daphnia (Daphnia) turbinata Sars, adult male from Zhaakhan Nuur, Mongolia. A, general view. B, head. C, labrum. D–E, anterior portion of valve ventral margin. F-G, ventral margin, posterior portion. H, posteriormost portion of ventral margin, inner side. I, postabdomen and abdomen, general view. J, distal portion of postabdomen and abdomen with postabdominal claw. K, antenna I. L, antenna II. Scale bars 1 mm for A–B, J; 0.1 mm for C–L.
FIGURE 4 in Redescription of Daphnia turbinata Sars, 1903 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Daphniidae)
FIGURE 4. Daphnia (Daphnia) turbinata Sars, thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Zhaakhan Nuur, Mongolia. A, limb I. B, limb II. C, limb III. D–E, inner-distal portion of limb III. F, limb IV. G, inner-distal portion of limb IV. H, limb V. Scale bars 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Redescription of Daphnia turbinata Sars, 1903 (Crustacea: Cladocera: Daphniidae)
FIGURE 1. Map of North East Asia. Empty circles: all samples analysed. Red circles: localities where populations of D. turbinata are found.Initial map was made based on free spatial GIS data from http://www.naturalearthdata.com as the layers.
Data for "Differential effects of Daphnia genotype composition on spatial environmental heterogeneity in experimental metacommunities"
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Data from: Rapid evolution of thermal plasticity in mountain lake Daphnia populations
Populations at risk of extinction due to climate change may be rescued by adaptive evolution or plasticity. Selective agents, such as introduced predators, may enhance or constrain plastic or adaptive responses to temperature. We tested responses of Daphnia to temperature by collecting populations from lakes across an elevational gradient in the presence and absence of fish predators (long-term selection). We subsequently grew these populations at two elevations in field mesocosms over two years (short-term selection), followed by a common-garden experiment at two temperatures in the lab to measure life-history traits. Both long-term and short-term selection affected traits, suggesting that genetic variation of plasticity within populations enabled individuals to rapidly evolve plasticity in response to high temperature. We found that short-term selection by high temperature increased plasticity for growth rate in all populations. Fecundity was higher in populations from fishless lakes and body size showed greater plasticity in populations from warm lakes (long-term selection). Neither body size nor fecundity were affected by short-term thermal selection. These results demonstrate that plasticity is an important component of the life-history response of Daphnia, and that genetic variation within populations enabled rapid evolution of plasticity in response to selection by temperature.
Data from: Genetic architecture of resistance in Daphnia hosts against two species of host-specific parasites
Understanding the genetic architecture of host resistance is key for understanding the evolution of host–parasite interactions. Evolutionary models often assume simple genetics based on few loci and strong epistasis. It is unknown, however, whether these assumptions apply to natural populations. Using a quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach, we explore the genetic architecture of resistance in the crustacean Daphnia magna to two of its natural parasites: the horizontally transmitted bacterium Pasteuria ramosa and the horizontally and vertically transmitted microsporidium Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis. These two systems have become models for studies on the evolution of host–parasite interactions. In the QTL panel used here, Daphnia's resistance to P. ramosa is controlled by a single major QTL (which explains 50% of the observed variation). Resistance to H. tvaerminnensis horizontal infections shows a signature of a quantitative trait based in multiple loci with weak epistatic interactions (together explaining 38% variation). Resistance to H. tvaerminnensis vertical infections, however, shows only one QTL (explaining 13.5% variance) that colocalizes with one of the QTLs for horizontal infections. QTLs for resistance to Pasteuria and Hamiltosporidium do not colocalize. We conclude that the genetics of resistance in D. magna are drastically different for these two parasites. Furthermore, we infer that based on these and earlier results, the mechanisms of coevolution differ strongly for the two host–parasite systems. Only the Pasteuria–Daphnia system is expected to follow the negative frequency-dependent selection (Red Queen) model. How coevolution works in the Hamiltosporidium–Daphnia system remains unclear.
Chaoborus induced defences in Daphnia pulex (raw images)
<p>Raw images of Daphnia pulex exposed to control conditions or predator cues from Chaoborus larvae (<a href="/api/files/e95ff93a-55d1-46c8-b548-83c68b3fb4d7/DAPCHA_raw_images_Daphnia.tar.gz?versionId=0c3fee60-e92d-4a62-97b5-c2e571040c75">DAPCHA_raw_images_Daphnia.tar.gz</a>)</p> <p>Raw images of microstage meters; each image is associated with one respective Daphnia image to allow for size estimation of animals (see above) (<a href="/api/files/e95ff93a-55d1-46c8-b548-83c68b3fb4d7/DAPCHA_raw_images_MicrostageMeter.tar.gz?versionId=a0408c06-f030-4252-913f-231bd7928838">DAPCHA_raw_images_MicrostageMeter.tar.gz</a>) </p> <p> </p> <p>File names are coded as below:</p> <p>*_BARCODEid_PONDid_CLONEid_MICROSCOPEstation_DATE.TIME</p>
FIGURE 1 in Latitudinal patterns in the diversity of two subgenera of the genus Daphnia O.F. Müller (Crustacea: Cladocera: Daphniidae)
FIGURE 1. Latitudinal pattern in the distribution of the species of subgenera Daphnia s.str. (1) and Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) (2): A, In sub-zones. B, Totally in five main zones. C, As suggested by a hypothesis of origin of two subgenera during Gondwanian-Lauratian breakup.
Figure 3 in A dark shell hiding great variability: a molecular insight into the evolution and conservation of melanic Daphnia populations in the Alps
Figure 3. Map of the Alps showing European Daphnia pulicaria populations (1–12) and haplotypes (A1–A10) considered in this study. Different colours and patterns identify haplotypes found in more than one population or together with other haplotypes. See Table 1 for details of populations.
Figure 1 in A dark shell hiding great variability: a molecular insight into the evolution and conservation of melanic Daphnia populations in the Alps
Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of European Daphnia pulicaria, including melanic populations specifically sampled in alpine lakes in the Western Italian Alps for this study. Within the enlarged box, the dashed grey line delimits river catchments where melanic populations were found (Orco and Dora di Savaranche). On the right, one melanic specimen from lake Nivolet. Abbreviations: GPNP, Gran Paradiso National Park. Abbreviations: SJM, Svalbard; RUS, Russia; ISL, Island; NOR, Norway; SWE, Sweden; GBR, Great Britain; DEU, Germany; POL, Poland; CZE, Czech Republic; CHE, Switzerland; ESP, Spain; HUN, Hungary; MNE, Montenegro; ALB, Albania; MKD, Macedonia; TRI, Trebecchi Inferiore; TRS, Trebecchi Superiore; NIV, Nivolet; LIL, Lillet.
Figure 3 in Congruent patterns of lineage diversity in two species complexes of planktonic crustaceans, Daphnia longispina (Cladocera) and Eucyclops serrulatus (Copepoda), in East European mountain lakes
Figure 3. Relationship of eight clades of the Eucyclops serrulatus complex, assessed by Bayesian inference of phylogeny, and haplotype variation of the 12S rRNA gene within clade I. The phylogenetic tree was based on the 1299-bp-long alignment consisting of fragments of mitochondrial genes for 12S rRNA and cytochrome b, and the nuclear gene for 18S rRNA. The scale bar represents genetic distance; numbers at nodes indicate branch support (as posterior probabilities). Haplotype network representing the variation within clade I is based on 43 sequences of the 383-bp-long 12S rDNA fragment. Individuals from the three main mountain regions are indicated by different shading (as in Figs 1, 2) in both tree and network: the Carpathians in dark grey (N = 24), Macedonian-Thracian massif in white (N = 9), and Dinaric Alps in light grey (N = 26). Mountain range abbreviations: Bje, Bjelasica; Dur, Durmitor; Pir, Pirin; Pro, Prokletije; Ret, Retezat; Ril, Rila; Sar, Šar Planina; Tat, Tatra Mountains; Tre, Treskavica; Zel, Zelengora. Countries are indicated by two-letter codes (see Table 1).
Figure 2 in Congruent patterns of lineage diversity in two species complexes of planktonic crustaceans, Daphnia longispina (Cladocera) and Eucyclops serrulatus (Copepoda), in East European mountain lakes
Figure 2. Sequence variation of the 528-bp-long fragment of the 12S rRNA gene within the Daphnia longispina complex from lakes of the studied East European mountain ranges. This is shown in a maximum likelihood tree (A) consisting only of sequences from the studied region (each haplotype represented once per lake), and in a parsimony network (B) of haplotypes of D. longispina s.s., amongst which 63 reference sequences from other European localities were also included. Three main mountain regions from this study are differentiated by shading: the Carpathians in dark grey, Macedonian-Thracian massif in white, and Dinaric Alps in light grey. Haplotypes from other localities, only included in the network, are enclosed by dashed lines. Mountain range abbreviations: Bje, Bjelasica; Dur, Durmitor; Pir, Pirin; Pro, Prokletije; Ret, Retezat; Ril, Rila; Tat, Tatra Mountains; Tre, Treskavica; Zel, Zelengora. Countries are indicated by two-letter codes (see Table 1).
Figure 1 in Congruent patterns of lineage diversity in two species complexes of planktonic crustaceans, Daphnia longispina (Cladocera) and Eucyclops serrulatus (Copepoda), in East European mountain lakes
Figure 1. Map of the sampled Eastern European mountain ranges (Bje, Bjelasica; Dur, Durmitor; Pir, Pirin; Pro, Prokletije; Ret, Retezat; Ril, Rila; Sar, Šar Planina; Tat, Tatra Mountains; Tre, Treskavica; Zel, Zelengora). The main mountain regions are differentiated by shading: the Carpathians in dark grey, Macedonian-Thracian massif in white, and Dinaric Alps in light grey. Countries are indicated by two-letter codes (see Table 1).
Genomic regions associated with adaptation to predation in Daphnia often include members of expanded gene families
<p>Predation has been a major driver of the evolution of prey species, which consequently develop antipredator adaptations. However, little is known about the genetic basis underpinning the adaptation of prey to intensive predation. Here, we describe a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly (approx. 145 Mb, scaffold N50 11.45 Mb) of <em>Daphnia mitsukuri</em>, a primary forage for many fish species. Transcriptional profiling of <em>D. mitsukuri</em> exposed to fish kairomone revealed that this cladoceran responds to predation risk through regulating activities of Wnt signalling, cuticle pattern formation, cell cycle regulation and anti-apoptosis pathways. Genes differentially expressed in response to predation risk are more likely to be members of expanded families. Our results suggest that expansions of multiple gene families associated with chemoreception and vision allow<em> Daphnia</em> to enhance detection of predation risk, and that expansions of those associated with detoxification and cuticle formation allow <em>Daphnia</em> to mount an efficient response to perceived predation risk. This study increases our understanding of the molecular basis of prey defences, being important evolutionary adaptations playing a stabilizing role in community dynamics.</p>
UV radiation affects anti-predatory defense traits in Daphnia pulex
In aquatic environments prey perceive predator threats by chemical cues called kairomones, which can induce changes in their morphology, life histories and behavior. Predator-induced defenses have allowed for prey, such as Daphnia pulex, to avert capture by common invertebrate predators, such as Chaoborus sp. larvae. However, the influence of additional stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), on the Daphnia-Chaoborus interaction is not settled as UVR may for instance deactivate the kairomone. In laboratory experiments, we investigated the combined effect of kairomones and UVR at ecologically relevant levels on induced morphological defenses of two D. pulex clones. We found that kairomones were not deactivated by UVR exposure. Instead, UVR exposure suppressed induced morphological defense traits of D. pulex juveniles under predation threat by generally decreasing the number of neckteeth and especially by decreasing the size of the pedestal beneath the neckteeth. UVR exposure also decreased the body length, body width, and tail spine length of juveniles, likely additionally increasing the vulnerability to Chaoborus predation. Our results suggest potential detrimental effects on fitness and survival of D. pulex subject to UVR-stress, with consequences on community composition and food web structure in clear and shallow water bodies.
Data for: Experimental test of the influence of light availability on the evolution of eye size and behavior in Daphnia
<p>There exists extensive variation in eye size. Much work has provided a connection between light availability and differences in eye size across taxa. Experimental tests of the role of the light environment on the evolution of eye size are lacking. Here we performed a selection experiment that examined the influence of light availability on shifts in eye size and the connection between eye size and phototactic (anti-predator) behavior in <em>Daphnia</em>. We set up replicate experimental populations of <em>Daphnia</em>, repeatedly evaluated phenotypic shifts in eye size during the ~50-day experiment and performed a common garden experiment at the end of the experiment to test for evolutionary shifts in eye size and behavior. Our phenotypic analyses showed that eye size rapidly diverged between the light treatments; relative eye size was consistently larger in the low versus high light treatments. Selection on eye size was also modified by variation in density as increases in <em>Daphnia</em> density favored a larger eye. However, we did not observe differences in eye size between the light treatments following two generations of common garden rearing at the end of the experiment. We instead observed strong shifts in anti-predator behavior. <em>Daphnia</em> from the low light treatment exhibited decreased phototactic responses to light. Our results show that decreased light relaxes selection on anti-predator behavior. Such trends provide new insights into selection on eye size and behavior. </p>
Data for: Experimental test of the influence of light availability on the evolution of eye size and behavior in Daphnia
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Data from: Initial genetic diversity enhances population establishment and alters genetic structuring of a newly established Daphnia metapopulation
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