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Fig. 5. A–E. Morphotype 9. A. P2−LV in Early ontogeny of Jurassic bakevelliids and their bearing on bivalve evolution

Fig. 5. A–E. Morphotype 9. A. P2−LV, arrows indicate pd−outlet, BGR X10868−7; A1, entire valve, × 175; A2, close up of dorsal−posterior segment with pd−outlet, × 500; A3, close up of the two rows of gear wheel type, secondary denticles, typical of the LV, × 1250. B. P2, external; note that the valve was mounted before the significance of the pd−outlet was known; left or right cannot be established, therefore, BGR X10865−7, × 175. C. P2−RV, arrows indicate pd−outlet, BGR X10868−1; C1, entire valve, × 175; C2, close up of "gothic window frame" secondary denticles, × 1250. D. Articulated P2 valves viewed from back, left and right cannot be distinguished, BGR X10868−5, × 175. E. P2−RV, arrow indicates pd−outlet, BGR X10865−5; E1, close up of posterior valve margin, × 500; E2, entire valve from back, × 175. F. Pinnid (?Atrina sp.), recent, Mediterranean, P2−RV, BGR X10848−8; F1, close up of posterior valve margin, note interruption (black arrows) of interlocking margin type, × 400; F2, entire valve, arrow shows postion of pd−outlet, × 100; F3, close up of hinge, arrow indicates detached position of resilium, growing anteriorly, × 400.

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Fig. 2. Morphotype 3. A. P2 in Early ontogeny of Jurassic bakevelliids and their bearing on bivalve evolution

Fig. 2. Morphotype 3. A. P2−RV, arrow indicates slight shell deflection in postero−dorsal margin, which corresponds to growth track of pd−outlet, BGR X10864−3, × 100. B, G. P2−RV, BGR X10864−5. B. Arrow indicates position of pd−outlet, × 100. G. Close up of posterior−dorsal shell margin with outlet, × 500. C. P2, articulated shell, RV on top, dorsal view, note equivalve condition, BGR X10861−3, × 100. D. P2−RV, BGR X10861−8, × 100. E. P2−LV, BGR X10849−8; E1, arrow indicates growth track and position of pd−outlet, × 100; E2, dorsal view, × 100; E3, close up of hinge area, arrow indicates leading edge of ligament, × 250. F. LV nepioconch with P2, BGR X10860−1. F1, dorsal view, position of ligament pits indicated (1−3), × 40; F2, ventral view of ligament area, 1st ligament pit broken, × 40; F, close up of P2, × 100. G. RV nepioconch with P2, BGR X10862−2. G, ventral view, × 40; G, dorsal view onto P2, × 40.

Fig. 3 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony

Fig. 3. Correlation between the shell thickness and shell diameter; by linear bivariate modelling using Ordinary Least Squares Regression in PAST3 (Hammer et al. 2001). A. The data show that the shell of Coelodiscus minutus is generally very thin and shows a linear increase with shell diameter; this linear increase is generally typical of shelled molluscs and is also present in modern holoplanktonic gastropods. B. The log-transformed data of the original measurements confirm the linear increase with shell diameter. Abbreviations: N, number of bootstrap replicates; n, number of measured specimens; R2, coefficient of correlation; p, permutation test on correlation (R2), using 9999 replicates.

Fig. 2 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony

Fig. 2. Occurrence and morphology of the holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus (Schübler in Zieten, 1833), Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 36a, superabundance in the limestone concretions. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56f, lowspired shell, wider than high. C. BSPG 2008 XXIX 42a, elevated but somewhat depressed spire. D. BSPG 2008 XXIX 26a, abrupt transition from protoconch to teleoconch. E. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56c, fine spiral lirae separated by wide interspaces. F. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56a, opisthocyrt growth lines with the backmost point situated in adapical direction. G. BSPG 2008 XXIX 24a, growth abnormality represented by loss of ornamentation. H. BSPG 2008 XXIX 42c, growth abnormality represented by a swell of the shell. I. BSPG 2008 XXIX 62c, small specimen with well-preserved sculpture ensuring an attribution to C. minutus.

Fig. 3 in A new coral with simplified morphology from the oldest known Hettangian (Early Jurassic) reef in southern France

Fig. 3. Hettangian (Early Jurassic) zardinophyllid coral Cryptosepta gen. nov. from Ucel, Ardèche, France. A. Holotype (sample S6; MHNG 2013-34), global view of the colony. Corallites can be observed on both faces of the sample (A1, A2). B. Holotype (sample S6c; MHNG 2013-37), transverse and longitudinal corallite sections (B1); transverse section, juvenile stage (B2), characterised by a thick wall and only one septum (white arrow). C. Corallite sample MG156c; MHNG 2013-40), transverse and longitudinal sections (C1); transverse section, adult stage (C2), characterised by a fine wall and relatively high number of septa. The septa are long and fine as well as short and thick.

Fig. 2 in A new coral with simplified morphology from the oldest known Hettangian (Early Jurassic) reef in southern France

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic distribution of pachythecal corals and related genera inspired from Stolarski and Russo (2001) and modified. As an approximation, a vertical bar indicates a full stage when such corals were identified in the stage. When a single stage lacks such corals between two stages with such corals, the black bar was elongated. By approximation, Štramberk limestone was considered Tithonian. This figure shows only the Triassic– Jurassic range of Pachythecaliines but most of Jurassic genera occur also in the Cretaceous.

Fig. 5 in A new coral with simplified morphology from the oldest known Hettangian (Early Jurassic) reef in southern France

Fig. 5. Scheme illustrating the diagnostic parameters that characterise Cryptosepta nuda gen. et sp. nov.

Fig. 4 in A new coral with simplified morphology from the oldest known Hettangian (Early Jurassic) reef in southern France

Fig. 4. Hettangian (Early Jurassic) zardinophyllid coral Cryptosepta gen. nov. from Ucel, Ardèche, France. A. Corallite (sample MG156b; MHNG 2013- 39), longitudinal section showing the septa deeply hidden in the corallite. B. Holotype (sample S6b; MHNG 2013-36), longitudinal section (B 1), showing lateral budding with the parental (p) and daughter corallite (d), tabula (arrow) with septa developed on its upper surface; transverse section (B 2), young stage of lateral budding with the parental (p) and daughter corallite (d). C. Corallite (sample MG156d; MHNG 2013-41), transverse section, advanced lateral budding stage with the parental (p) and daughter corallite (d). D. Holotype (sample S6a; MHNG 2013-35), longitudinal section (D 1), rejuvenescence indicated through calicinal aperture retraction (white arrow), which facilitated new septa (grey arrows); transverse section in detail (D 2), septa morphologies: short and thick, which form a "tooth" shape (a) or thinner and curved (b), fine layer (fi) covering the internal part of the theca (ip). E. Holotype sample S6c; MHNG 2013-37), transverse section in detail, fine external epithecal layer (arrow) separated from the massive thecal structure.

Fig. 1 in A new coral with simplified morphology from the oldest known Hettangian (Early Jurassic) reef in southern France

Fig. 1. Geographic location for Elmi's reef (A, modified from Elmi et al. 1993) and position of the locality near Ucel, Ardèche (B), samples corresponding to the new genus Cryptosepta indicated by black arrow (modified from Kiessling et al. 2009).

Fig. 4 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony

Fig. 4. Fossil content beside the Coelodiscus minutus shells, Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 69h, articulated bivalve prodissoconchs of the order Pterioida. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 1d, valve of the epifaunal bivalve Meleagrinella substriata (Münster in Goldfuss, 1831). C. BSPG 2008 XXIX 2b, valve of the epifaunal bivalve Oxytoma sp.

Fig. 6 in A new coral with simplified morphology from the oldest known Hettangian (Early Jurassic) reef in southern France

Fig. 6. Pachythecal structure of the walls of the Hettangian (Early Jurassic) zardinophyllid corallite Cryptosepta gen. nov. (sample S6a; MHNG 2013- 35) from Ucel, Ardèche, France. A. A relatively well-preserved wall that reveals structures in some places (arrow) that may correspond to the original fibre-like structures. B. The fibre-like structures in detail.

Fig. 1 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony

Fig. 1. The lithology of the limestone concretion, Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 11a, ammonite floatstone with grain-supported matrix consisting of the holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus (Schübler in Zieten, 1833) and fecal pellets, cemented by sparry calcite. Each of the small bright dots represents a juvenile specimen of C. minutus. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 5a, surface of the ammonite floatstone with superabundant specimens of C. minutus.

Fig. 1 in Vertebral fusion in two Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China

Fig. 1. Location and stratigraphic context of the specimens. A. Location (dinosaur silhouette) of the Dalishu bonebed locality in Yunnan Province, China. B. Stratigraphic section of Lower Jurassic strata in the Lufeng Basin. Based on Xing et al. (2013).

Fig. 5. The 4 in Vertebral fusion in two Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China

Fig. 5. The 4th and 5th caudal vertebrae of Sauropoda gen. et sp. indet. (ZLJ 0033) from Dalishu bonebed, Lower Jurassic, in right lateral (A), left lateral (B), dorsal (E), and ventral (F) views; anterior (C, G) and posterior (D, H) views of 4th and 5th caudal vertebrae, respectively. Red line in F shows location of the chevron articulation; red line in G shows boundary between proliferation and centrum.

Fig. 2. The 7 in Vertebral fusion in two Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China

Fig. 2. The 7th and 8th cervical vertebrae of spondyloarthropathy dinosaur Lufengosaurus huenei Young, 1941 (ZLJ T001) from Dalishu bonebed, Lower Jurassic, in right lateral (A), left lateral (B), posterior (C), dorsal (D), ventral (E), and anterior (F) views.

Fig. 3 in Vertebral fusion in two Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China

Fig. 3. Details of the rugose surfaces of the posterior neural-spine faces of the 7th (A) and 8th (B) cervical vertebra of spondyloarthropathy dinosaur Lufengosaurus huenei Young, 1941 (ZLJ T001) from Dalishu bonebed, Lower Jurassic.

Fig. 3 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 3. Measurements for analysing the ventral breakage of ammonoid shells. Lines A, B, and C are the reference lines: A, from the coiling centre to aperture; B, apertural marginal line of damage; C, adapical marginal line of damage. Shaded area indicates body chamber. The length and depth of the breakage were also measured.

Fig. 6 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 6. Position of ventral breakage in the shells of seven early Toarcian ammonoid genera. Specimens whose position of the aperture is uncertain are excluded. Arrows indicate the average of the estimated position of last septum. The living orientation of the shells is based on Westermann 1996). A. Dactylioceras. B. Fontanelliceras. C. Fuciniceras. D. Protogrammoceras. E. Paltarpites. F. Harpoceras. G. Cleviceras.

Fig. 5 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 5. Example of ventral breakage in the early Toarcian ammonoid from the Toyora area, preserved in the cast (A) and mould (B) of Protogrammoceras onoi Hirano, 1971, UMUT MM 31437, loc. 18 (for detailed locality information see Fig. 2). The white brackets indicate the position and extent of the breakage. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 9. Frequency of occurrence of lethal ventral damage on ammonoid shells. Error bars represent 95% binomial confidence intervals. A. Lower Taxon Frequency for the specimens of 7 genera from the Toyora area (see also Table 1). B. Assemblage Frequency for the selected Mesozoic ammonoid samples from different ages and/or regions. * The number is based on near-complete shells.