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Ferns Cemetery Grave Marker 3

A grave marker in Ferns Cemetery, St. Edan's Church, Ireland. The headstone marks the resting place of two people. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Supplemental Data for: Lineage diversification and rampant hybridization among subspecies explain taxonomic confusion in the endemic Hawaiian fern Polypodium pellucidum

Premise: Polypodium pellucidum, a fern endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, encompasses a broad spectrum of morphological and ecological variation, suggesting a complex history involving divergence and hybridization. In contrast to angiosperm systems, spore dispersal in ferns presents a unique opportunity to study how highly dispersible organisms diversify in the dynamic landscape of the archipelago. Key Results: We infer P. pellucidum is monophyletic, dispersing to the Hawaiian archipelago 11.53 to 7.77 Mya, with diversification into extant clades 5.66 to 4.73 Mya. We identify four non-hybrid clades with unique morphologies, ecological niches, and distributions. Additionally, we elucidate several intraspecific hybrid combinations and evidence for undiscovered or extinct 'ghost' lineages contributing to extant hybrids populations. Conclusions: We provide a roadmap for revising the taxonomy of P. pellucidum to account for cryptic lineages and intraspecific hybrids. Geologic succession of the Hawaiian Islands through cycles of volcanism, vegetative succession, and erosion has determined the available habitats and distribution of ecologically specific divergent clades within P. pellucidum, with intraspecific hybrids arising as a result of ecological and or geological transitions, often persisting after the local extinction of their progenitors. This research contributes to our understanding of the evolution of Hawaii's diverse fern flora and allows for better conservation efforts that are often complicated by the presence of cryptic taxa and hybridization.

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Fig. 7 in Typification and nomenclature of the ferns described in N.L. Burman's Flora Indica

Fig. 7. – Lectotype of Polypodium simplex Burm. f. in G-PREL.

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Fig. 5 in Typification and nomenclature of the ferns described in N.L. Burman's Flora Indica

Fig. 5. – Lectotype of Polypodium glabrum Burm. f. in G-PREL.

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Fig. 4 in Typification and nomenclature of the ferns described in N.L. Burman's Flora Indica

Fig. 4. – Lectotype of Polypodium adianthoides Burm. f. in G-PREL.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Lectotypification of the N.L. Burman's fern name Adiantum denticulatum

Fig. 1. – Lectotype of Adiantum denticulatum Burm. f. in G-PREL.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 6 in Typification and nomenclature of the western Indian Ocean islands ferns and lycophytes described in Linnaeus filius's Supplementum plantarum

Fig. 6. – Lectotype of Adiantum furcatum L. f. in LINN-HS). [© Linnean Society of London]

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 4 in Typification and nomenclature of the western Indian Ocean islands ferns and lycophytes described in Linnaeus filius's Supplementum plantarum

Fig. 4. – Lectotype of Acrostichum punctatum L. f. in LINN-HS. [© Linnean Society of London]

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Antheridiogen controls spatial dynamics of sex‐expression in naturally occurring gametophytes of the tree fern Cyathea multiflora

Background and aims: Antheridiogen systems are an important and widespread mechanism by which sex expression is controlled and genetic diversity maintained in fern gametophyte populations. However, antheridiogens have rarely been studied outside of the laboratory and little is known about their function in natural populations. Combining predictions based on field and laboratory study, we document the sexual structure of tree fern gametophyte populations and test the effects of antheridiogen in situ. Key results: In all populations, sex ratios indirectly indicate antheridiogen activity. No hermaphroditic gametophytes were identified in any population. Female gametophytes are randomly distributed in each population while male gametophytes tend to cluster. In two of the populations, male sex expression is spatially dependent on females, providing direct evidence of antheridiogen function in situ. Conclusions: This study provides the first documentation of spatial sex expression in natural gametophyte populations of an antheridiogen-producing tree fern species. The profound impact of antheridiogen on gametophyte sex expression in field settings suggests this system is intimately tied to mating systems, fitness, and genetic diversity in Cyathea multiflora.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Target capture methods offer insight into the evolution of rapidly diverged taxa and resolve allopolyploid homeologs in the fern genus Polypodium s.s.

Like many fern lineages comprising reticulate species complexes, Polypodium s.s. (Polypodiacaeae) has a history shaped by rapid diversification, hybridization, and polyploidy that poses substantial challenges for phylogenetic inference with plastid and single-locus nuclear loci. Using target capture probes for 408 nuclear loci developed by the GOFlag project and a custom bioinformatic pipeline, SORTER, we constructed multi-locus nuclear datasets for diploid temperate and Mesoamerican species of Polypodium and five allotetraploid species belonging to the well-studied Polypodium vulgare complex. SORTER employs a clustering approach to separate putatively paralogous copies of targeted loci into orthologous matrices and haplotype phasing to infer allopolyploid haplotypes across loci, resulting in datasets amenable to both concatenated maximum likelihood and multi-species coalescent phylogenetic analyses. By comparing phylogenies derived from maximum likelihood and multi- species coalescent analyses of unphased and phased datasets, as well as evaluating discordance among gene trees and species trees, we recover support for incomplete lineage sorting within Polypodium s.s., novel relationships among diploid taxa of the Polypodium vulgare complex and its Mesoamerican sister clade, and the placement of several Polypodium species within other genera. Additionally, we were able to infer well-supported phylogenies that identified the hypothesized progenitors of the allotetraploid species, indicating that SORTER is an effective and accurate tool for reconstructing homeolog haplotypes of allopolyploids in fern taxa and other non-model organisms from target capture data.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Figure 7 in A New Species of Teratomyza, the First Fern Fly from New Guinea (Diptera, Teratomyzidae)

Figure 7. Teratomyza ismayi sp. nov., right prothoracic leg of male, lateral view.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Figure 4 in A New Species of Teratomyza, the First Fern Fly from New Guinea (Diptera, Teratomyzidae)

Figure 4. Teratomyza ismayi, inner claw of left prothoracic tarsus of male.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Figure 3 in A New Species of Teratomyza, the First Fern Fly from New Guinea (Diptera, Teratomyzidae)

Figure 3. Teratomyza ismayi, outer claw of left prothoracic tarsus of male.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: Quantitative plant taphonomy: the cosmopolitan Mesozoic fern Weichselia reticulata as a case study

A quantitative approach to plant taphonomy focusing on preservation type and fragment size is tested by comparing 3338 Weichselia reticulata fragments from 25 Lower Cretaceous localities of different ages and depositional environments. Moreover, palaeobiological insights are also obtained from the taphonomic analyses. In the case of the specimens of Weichselia reticulata included in this work, charred remains are the most frequent preservation type. They are the smallest and most homogeneous in size, probably due to the fragmentation of the fronds while burning and to the fact that burnt fragments are more fragile and break easily during the initial abrasion and attrition produced by transport. The sizes of charred fragments vary depending on the depositional environment, suggesting that biostratinomic processes, and not fire temperature, are the main cause for size differences, and providing valuable insight into the distance the remains might have traveled from production to final deposition. The taphonomic analyses suggest that Weichselia reticulata is allochthonous in all the localities analysed, and that its habitat would have been prone to fire and not far from freshwater systems. This case study shows promising results that can be implemented on different plant groups and chronostratigraphic ages, allowing for the proposal of a taphonomic model.

Ferns Kiln

This is a partially unexcavated Kiln from Cutting Four that was unearthed during the Discovering Saint Aiden's Monastary IAFS field school project. This is the first excavated pottery kiln in Co. Wexford, Ireland. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Ferns Cemetery Grave Marker 2

A grave marker in Ferns Cemetery, St. Edan's Church, Ireland. As grave markers age, they deteriorate and break. It's stone being reclaimed by the earth once more. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Ferns Cutting Four

Cutting Four from the Discovering Saint Aiden's Monastary IAFS field school project. This cutting includes the first excavated kiln in Co. Wexford, Ireland. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 1. Collecting sites of Calicotis used in the present studies.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Fig. 12 in Figs. 23-34 in The Newly Recorded Fern-spore Feeding Moths in the Genus , Meyrick 1889 (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) from Taiwan, with Notes on Life History of Three Species.

Fig. 12. Total body mass as a function of post-settlement age in C. venezuelae.