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F I G U R E 3 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 3 Images of the proximal and distal sides of the right and left otoliths from black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789). Scale bar and the plane at which the length and width of the otolith were measured are shown.

F I G U R E 3 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus

F I G U R E 3 Relationships between fast-start performance, body size (standard length), acclimation temperature, and test temperature in adult mummichogs. Graphs are arranged by performance variable in rows and by test temperature (24, 30, and 36 C) in columns. Colors indicate acclimation temperatures (blue is 24 C, purple is 30 C, and red is 36 C). Lines are the fitted performance–size relationships based on parameter estimates from best-fit mixed-effects models or model-averaged parameter estimates from supported models (see Table 1 and Table S3.). Effects of size on performance are apparent as nonzero slopes within individual graphs; effects of test temperature are evident as variation in average intercepts across test temperature graphs (i.e., comparing average intercepts for acclimation temperature–specific lines across columns within each row of graphs); effects of acclimation temperature are seen as differences in intercepts between acclimation temperature–specific lines within graphs; and interactions between size and temperature are apparent as variations in average slopes (i.e., averaged over acclimation-specific slopes) across test temperature graphs and as differences in acclimation temperature–specific slopes within graphs.

F I G U R E 1 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus

F I G U R E 1 Morphological scaling in mummichog ranging from YOY to larger adults. Morphological variables are body dimensions (top row) and median fin areas (bottom row), and standard length is a measure of the overall body size. All data were log transformed. Sample sizes for fin areas were reduced because individuals with damaged fins were not measured. Estimates for scaling coefficients (i.e., the slope of the scaling relationship, b1) ± 1 S.E. are given for each morphological variable. Isometric expectations for scaling coefficients are 1.0 for body dimensions and 2.0 for fin areas; only the caudal fin area deviates significantly from isometry.

F I G U R E 1 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 1 Three specimens of black fish (Centrolophus niger) caught during the International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas in 2021. Specimens were photographed prior to freezing. Photograph by James Kennedy.

F I G U R E 8 Total length v in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 8 Total length v. (a) total weight, (b) fork length, and (c) standard length for black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) from the current and previous studies. The origin of the previous data is indicated in the legend. (a) Nonlinear and (b, c) linear regression models are shown. Note that total weight corresponds to frozen weight for measurements in the current study, whereas for previous studies, corresponds to the weight given in the respective study.

F I G U R E 4 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes

F I G U R E 4 Visual representation of trends in ecomorph number based on phosphorus concentration (μg L 1). Data from Landry et al. (2007) and Siwertsson et al. (2010). Graph plotted in R using the ggplot2 package (Wickham, 2016).

F I G U R E 1 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes

F I G U R E 1 Conceptual diagram of the different components examined in this paper and how they may relate to origins and maintenance of sympatric divergent ecomorphs. Created with BioRender.com.

F I G U R E 1 The relationship between 10 in Characteristics of papers that affect citations in the Journal of Fish Biology

F I G U R E 1 The relationship between 10 of the most influential variables extracted from papers published in the Journal of Fish Biology (between January 2010 and March 2021) and paper impact (high, medium, low) (±95% confidence interval). Papers were categorized as high impact if they fell into the top quartile of normalized citation counts and low impact if they fell into the bottom quartile of normalized citation counts; all other papers were classified as medium impact.

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F I G U R E 1 in Sharks checking in to the sponge hotel: First internal use of sponges of the genus Agelas and family Irciniidae by banded sand catsharks Atelomycterus fasciatus

F I G U R E 1 Location of Gascoyne Marine Park (MP) (orange boundary), Ningaloo MP (white boundary), Dampier MP (blue boundary), Montebello MP (yellow boundary), and Eighty Mile Beach MP (black boundary) off Western Australia.

F I G U R E 5 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes

F I G U R E 5 Visual representation of trends in ecomorph number based on the number of fish species present in a lake, other than the diversifying species pairs/groups. Data from Siwertsson et al. (2010), Vamosi (2003), and Öhlund et al. (2020). Graph plotted in R using the ggplot2 package (Wickham, 2016).

F I G U R E 5 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea

F I G U R E 5 Rose diagrams depicting (a) the hour of the day and (b) the direction of currents () when Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts were initially detected at a unique acoustic receiver on monitoring line B. The green and blue arrows show the mean hour (a) and mean current direction (b) when post-smolts were initially detected respectively (Lilly et al., 2022). The orange and yellow bands (a) show the variation in sunrise and sunset times for the total period over which any post-smolts were detected on monitoring line B (ie. April 21st–June 20th).

F I G U R E 4 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea

F I G U R E 4 Heatmaps displaying the number of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts detected at each acoustic receiver on monitoring lines A and B (Figure 1) during the period of this study. The black stars show the location of each river (n = 11) where Atlantic salmon post-smolts originated. Rivers are grouped by coastal region where they entered the Irish Sea (Figure 1, (a) Region 1: Rivers Derwent, Nith, Bladnoch; (b) Region 2: Rivers Endrick, Gryffe; (c) Region 3: Rivers Bann, Bush, Carey, Glendun; (d) Region 4: Rivers Roe, Faughan).

F I G U R E 2 A in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea

F I G U R E 2 A boxplot plot displaying the dates (mm-dd) when Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts (n = 582) were last detected in their natal river/estuary (Rivers Endrick, Gryffe, Roe, Faughan) or coastal embayment (River Burrishoole) and entered the coastal zones of the Irish Sea or the west coast of Ireland (River Burrishoole; Figure 1: Clew Bay) and were detected on monitoring lines A and B (excluding the River Burrishoole Figure 1). In the boxplots, the centre line represents the median, the box encompasses the 25 to 75% quartiles, the bars are the values within 1.5 interquartile units and the dots represent outliers. It should be noted that the dates when smolts were tagged (represented by the dashed black line) differed in each river system. The thick black lines divide rivers into their coastal regions (see methods).

F I G U R E 1 in Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) in the Caribbean Sea: A recurrent visitor, or are the artisanal fisheries exploiting deeper waters?

F I G U R E 1 Confirmed georeferenced records (indicated by black dots) and fishing polygon boundaries (represented by dashed black lines) for the bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) across the western Atlantic (a). A detailed view of the Caribbean Sea region is provided, highlighting the capture locations of bramble sharks, including our specimen (marked by a black star) (b). Key phenotypic diagnostic characteristics are depicted, showcasing the absence of an anal fin, two closely positioned unpinned dorsal fins near the caudal region, and a flat head and snout (c). An image of the specimen's open mouth, revealing its teeth (d). Additionally, a close-up photograph of an extracted tooth (e). Notations for countries: Colombia (Col), the Dominican Republic (D.R.), Mexico (Mex), Nicaragua (Nic), and Venezuela (Ven).

F I G U R E 3 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes

F I G U R E 3 Visual representation of trends in ecomorph number based on bathymetric traits. (a) Lake surface area (km2). Data from Bolnick and Lau (2008), Gordeeva et al. (2015), Lucek et al. (2016), Öhlund et al. (2020), Siwertsson et al. (2010), and Vamosi (2003). (b) Lake maximum depth (m). Data from Gordeeva et al. (2015), Landry et al. (2007), Öhlund et al. (2020), and Siwertsson et al. (2010). Box plots indicate median and interquartile range. Note that the y-axes in graphs consist of untransformed data but are plotted on logarithmic scales due to the large range in reported values for these variables. Graphs plotted in R using the ggplot2 package (Wickham, 2016).

F I G U R E 1 Map displaying the 14 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea

F I G U R E 1 Map displaying the 14 capture sites in 12 rivers where Atlantic salmon smolts (n = 1008) were captured for tagging in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland for this study. In addition, 60 hatchery origin smolts were tagged and released in the River Burrishoole. The coastal region each river belongs to is referenced in brackets next to the river name. Where Region one (1) refers to the Solway Firth (Rivers Derwent, Nith, Bladnoch); Region two (2) refers to the Clyde Estuary (Rivers Endrick and Gryffe); Region three (3) refers to the Bush Coastal region (rivers Bann, Bush, Carey and Glendun); Region four (4), refers to Lough Foyle (rivers Roe and Faughan); Region five (5), refers to Clew Bay (River Burrishoole). Tagged fish release sites are represented by stars, and acoustic receivers (n = 183) are represented by gray dots. Marine monitoring lines (A and B) in the Irish Sea are labeled in alphabetical order from south to north. Twenty-two acoustic receivers were initially deployed at monitoring line A. One hundred and eight acoustic receivers were deployed at monitoring line B and are labeled in numerical order from the furthest west receiver (R1) on the monitoring line to the furthest east (R108). Refer to Figure S2 for the locations of acoustic receivers that were not retrieved from marine monitoring line A (n = 2) and B (n = 9).

F I G U R E 2 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 2 The four-step model workflow for quantitatively estimating length-at-age and life history of juvenile Atlantic salmon in response to climate change. Step 1 describes the collation of necessary data and construction of the water temperature model. Step 2 details the data preparation and construction of the length-at-age model for juvenile Atlantic salmon. Step 3 shows the coupling of the ISIMIP phase 3B projections to the water temperature model, and the subsequent coupling with the length-at-age model. Step 4 shows the post-processing of length-at-age projections to estimate smoltification probability and proportion of 1-, 2- and 3-year-old smolts. Shapes are according to ISO 5807 standard.

F I G U R E A 1 Oocytes. Figure A1 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)

F I G U R E A 1 Oocytes. Figure A1: Oocytes of female Electrona risso per reproductive phase (see Table 1), photographed with reflected light. Photography by K. Wieben.

F I G U R E 1 in Evidence of successful recruitment of non-native pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Iceland

F I G U R E 1 Distribution of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Iceland. (a) Location of rivers in Iceland with reported catches of adult O. gorbuscha in 2000, 2005, and annually from 2015 according to Bárðarson et al. (2022), and (b) locations of fishing surveys in 2022 to catch smolts of O. gorbuscha in three rivers of southwest Iceland

F I G U R E 5 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)

F I G U R E 5 Maturity ogives (solid lines) for females of (a) Electrona risso, (b) Melamphaes polylepis, and (c) Scopelogadus mizolepis. Vertical slashes are single observations, and open circles illustrate the proportions of mature individuals per 2-mm size class. Dotted lines are 95% C.I., and dashed lines and filled black dots indicate the length at which 50% of the individuals are mature (L). R2 values are 50 McFadden's R2.