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Fig. 1 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 1. Geographic range of the western whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris sensu lato, in the continental southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Rectangle (SE Arizona and SW New Mexico) outlines the contact region (detailed in figs. 3–5) where C. t. punctilinealis interbreeds with C. t. marmoratus. Numbers designate collecting sites (appendix 2) for specimens additional to those obtained within the contact region (fig. 3; appendix 1).

Fig. 7 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 7. Habitats at collecting sites in the northern transect, Animas Valley, north of Lordsburg (table 2; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), 22 August 1990. Top. Site 3, midpoint of the northern hybrid zone, looking E from NM Hwy 464. Bottom. Site 4, looking NW from NM Hwy 464; mesquite grassland.

Fig. 6 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 6. Habitats at collecting sites in the northern transect, Animas Valley, north of Lordsburg (table 2; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), 22 August 1990. Top. Site 1, looking E from NM Hwy 464; riparian thornscrub. Bottom. Site 2, looking W from NM Hwy 464.

Fig. 11 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 11. Habitats near the northern transect (tables 2, 3; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), Animas Valley, NW of Lordsburg along NM Hwy 70, 2 September 1990. Top. Grassland about halfway between sites 10 and 13, at 27.9 km (by road) NW Lordsburg, looking N. Bottom. Site 14, looking WSW.

Fig. 4 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 4. The northern hybrid zone, with collecting sites numbered (enlarged from fig. 3). Transect sites are numbers within squares (1–7), but the midpoint (50:50 point of gene exchange) is within a diamond (site 3). Associated sites are numbers in circles (table 2; appendix 1).

Fig. 9 in Hybridization Among Western Whiptail Lizards (Cnemidophorus Tigris) In Southwestern New Mexico: Population Genetics, Morphology, And Ecology In Three Contact Zones

Fig. 9. Habitats at collecting sites in the northern transect and near an associated site, Animas Valley north of Lordsburg (tables 2, 3; figs. 3, 4; appendix 1), 22 August 1990. Top. Site 7, looking W from NM Hwy 464. Bottom. Abrupt ecotone of mesquite grassland and creosote desertscrub (in near background), 5.8 km (by road) W of site 3, looking NW. Site 8 is 0.3 km off the left side of the photo.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Figure 2. Bayesian posterior probability 50 in Population genetic structure and demographic history of the Chinese endemic Mongoloniscus sinensis (Dollfus, 1901) (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

Figure 2. Bayesian posterior probability 50% majority-rule consensus tree of the M. sinensis haplotypes. Out-group was Ligia occidentalis; the map showed mitochondrial haplotype clades of Porcellio gigliotose and Trachelipus semiproiectus. The numbers above joints are the bootstrap support values of MP value, ML value, and the posterior probabilities of the BI tree, respectively (MP/ML/BI).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Figure 1 in Population genetic structure and demographic history of the Chinese endemic Mongoloniscus sinensis (Dollfus, 1901) (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

Figure 1. Locations of sampled populations and geographical distribution of Mongoloniscus sinensis mtDNA clades. Mountain ranges are in green letters as follows: H—Heng Mountain, TH—Taihang Mountain, WT—Wutai Mountain, LL—Lvliang Mountain, TY–Taiyue Mountain, ZT—Zhongtiao Mountain.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Figure 3 in Population genetic structure and demographic history of the Chinese endemic Mongoloniscus sinensis (Dollfus, 1901) (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

Figure 3. Parsimonious network of M. sinensis haplotypes. Each circle represents a haplotype, with the area of the circle proportional to its frequency. The evolutionary clades C1 - C6 are shown in different colors, and median vector (mvl-mv3) is indicated in red.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Figure 4 in Genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of Dugesia japonica in Taihang Mountains

Figure 4. Median-joining haplotype network based on mitochondrial gene COI. The four ellipses represent four clades in Figure 3, respectively. Each circle represents a haplotype, the area of the circle is proportional to the frequency of haplotypes, and black dots represent hypothetical unobserved haplotypes. Different populations are shown in different colors.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Figure 3 in Genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of Dugesia japonica in Taihang Mountains

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogentic trees based on mitochondrial gene COI. Dugesia ryukyuensis (Genbank accession no. AB618488) serves as the outgroup. The broken lines denote inconsistent branches. Bootstrap percentages (BP,>50 only) of ML analysis and posterior probabilities (PP,>0.50 only) of Bayesian inference are shown above and below the branch, respectively. HG—haplogroup.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Fig. 2 in Microsatellite variation and population genetic structure of a neotropical endangered Bryconinae species Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877: implications for its conservation and sustainable management

Fig. 2. UPGMA clustering of the Nei's genetic distance (1972) of the Brycon insignis sampling locations based on six microsatellite loci. Bootstrap values above 50% are shown above branches indicating percentage support in 5000 permutations. Power Company Hatchery (PCH), São João River (SJR), Paraíba do Sul River (PSR), Imbé River (IMR), Muriaé River (MUR) and Itabapoana River (ITR).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2008View details →

Fig. 3 in A multi-approach analysis of the genetic diversity in populations of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei: Characidae) from Northeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Giemsa-stained karyotypes of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus (2n = 50, FN = 96) from sites A (a), B (b) and C (c). In (d), a somatic metaphase after silver nitrate staining in a specimen from Contas River, showing four positive signals (arrows). The bar equals 5µm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2008View details →

Fig. 2 in A multi-approach analysis of the genetic diversity in populations of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei: Characidae) from Northeastern Brazil

Fig. 2. Partial view of collection sites of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus in the State of Bahia, Brazil: (a) Contas River, upstream Pedra Dam, Porto Alegre County – site A, (b) Contas River, downstream Pedra Dam, city of Jequié – site B, and (c) Mineiro stream, Recôncavo Sul Basin, city of Itamari – site C. In (d), view of Pedra Dam reservoir in Middle Contas River, city of Jequié.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2008View details →

Fig. 1 in A multi-approach analysis of the genetic diversity in populations of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei: Characidae) from Northeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. Map of the studied area in the State of Bahia, Brazil, showing the hydrographic system and collection sites of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus: (a) site A - Contas River, upstream of Pedra Dam, Porto Alegre County (b) site B - Contas River, downstream of Pedra Dam, city of Jequié (Contas River Basin), (c) site C - Mineiro stream, city of Itamari (Recôncavo Sul Basin) and (*) location of Pedra Dam in Contas River. A specimen of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus is illustrated in detail (total length = 6.65 cm).

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data and code for: Plastic and quantitative genetic divergence mirror environmental gradients among wild, fragmented populations of Impatiens capensis

Premise of the study: Habitat fragmentation generates molecular genetic divergence among isolated populations but few studies have assessed phenotypic divergence and fitness in populations where the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation are known. Phenotypic divergence could reflect plasticity, local adaptation, and/or genetic drift. Methods: We examined patterns and potential drivers of phenotypic divergence among 12 populations of jewelweed (Impatiens capensis Meerb.) that show strong molecular genetic signals of isolation and drift among fragmented habitats. We measured morphological and reproductive traits in both maternal plants within natural populations and their self-fertilized progeny grown together in a common garden. We also quantified environmental divergence between home sites and the common garden. Key results: Populations with less molecular genetic variation expressed less maternal phenotypic variation. Progeny in the common garden converged in phenotypes relative to their wild mothers but retained among-population differences in morphology, survival, and reproduction. Among-population phenotypic variance was 3-10x greater in home sites than in the common garden for 6 of 7 morphological traits measured. Patterns of phenotypic divergence paralleled environmental gradients in ways suggestive of adaptation. Progeny resembled their mothers less as the environmental distance between their home site and the common garden increased. Conclusions: Despite strong molecular signatures of isolation and drift, phenotypic differences among these Impatiens populations appear to reflect both adaptive quantitative genetic divergence and plasticity. Quantifying the extent of local adaptation and plasticity and how these covary with molecular and phenotypic variation help us predict when populations may lose their adaptive capacity.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data for: Inferring population connectivity in Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) using landscape genetics

Assessing the environmental factors that influence the ability of a threatened species to move through the landscape can be used to identify conservation actions that connect isolated populations. However, direct observations of species' movement are often limited making the development of alternate approaches necessary. Here we use landscape genetic analyses to assess the impact of landscape features on the movement of individuals between local populations of a threatened snake, the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus). We linked connectivity data with habitat information from two landscapes of similar size: a large region of unfragmented habitat and a previously studied fragmented landscape consisting of isolated patches of habitat. We used this analysis to identify features of the landscape where modification or acquisition would enhance population connectivity in the fragmented region. We found evidence that current connectivity is impacted by both contemporary landcover features, especially roads, and inherent landscape features such as elevation. Next, we derived estimates of expected movement ability using a recently developed pedigree-based approach and Least Cost Paths through the unfragmented landscape. We then used our pedigree and resistance map to estimate resistance polygons of the potential extent for S. catenatus movement in the fragmented landscape. These polygons identify possible sites for future corridors connecting currently isolated populations in this landscape by linking the impact of future habitat modification or land acquisition to dispersal ability in this species. Overall, our study shows how modeling landscape resistance across differently fragmentated landscapes can identify habitat features that affect contemporary movement in threatened species in fragmented landscapes and how this information can be used to guide mitigation actions whose goal is to connect isolated populations.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Genetic evidence for widespread population size expansion in North American boreal birds prior to the Last Glacial Maximum

Pleistocene climate cycles are well known to have shaped contemporary species distributions and genetic diversity. Northward range expansions in response to deglaciation following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~21,000 years ago) have been surmised to lead to population size expansions in terrestrial taxa and changes in seasonal migratory behaviour. Recent findings, however, suggest that some northern temperate populations may have been more stable than expected through the LGM. We modelled the demographic history of twenty co-distributed boreal-breeding bird species of North America from full mitochondrial gene sets and species-specific molecular rates. We used these demographic reconstructions to test how species with different migratory strategies were affected by glacial cycles. Our results suggest that effective population sizes increased in response to deglaciation during the middle Wisconsin period (~45,000 years ago) whereas genetic diversity was maintained throughout the LGM despite shifts in geographic range. We conclude that earlier glacial cycles prior to the LGM have most strongly shaped contemporary genetic diversity in these high-latitude species. We did not find differences in historic population dynamics between species differing in migratory behaviour, contributing to growing evidence that major switches in migratory strategy during the Last Glacial Maximum are unnecessary to explain contemporary migratory patterns.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Whole genome demographic models indicate divergent effective population size histories shape contemporary genetic diversity gradients in a montane bumble bee

Understanding historical range shifts and population size variation provides important context for interpreting contemporary genetic diversity. Methods to predict changes in species distributions and model changes in effective population size (Ne) using whole genomes make it feasible to examine how temporal dynamics influence diversity across populations. We investigate Ne variation and climate-associated range shifts to examine the origins of a previously observed latitudinal heterozygosity gradient in the bumble bee Bombus vancouverensis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus Latreille) in western North America. We analyze whole genomes from a latitude-elevation cline using sequentially Markovian coalescent models of Ne through time to test whether relatively low diversity in southern high-elevation populations is a result of long-term differences in Ne. We use Maxent models of the species range over the last 130,000 years to evaluate range shifts and stability. Ne fluctuates with climate across populations, but more genetically diverse northern populations have maintained greater Ne over the late Pleistocene and experienced larger expansions with climatically favorable time periods. Northern populations also experienced larger bottlenecks during the last glacial period which matched the loss of range area near these sites, however, bottlenecks were not sufficient to erode diversity maintained during periods of large Ne. A genome sampled from an island population indicated a severe postglacial bottleneck, indicating that large recent post-glacial declines are detectable if they have occurred. Genetic diversity was not related to niche stability or glacial-period bottleneck size. Instead, spatial expansions and increased connectivity during favorable climates likely maintain diversity in the north while restriction to high elevations maintains relatively low diversity despite greater stability in southern regions. Results suggest genetic diversity gradients reflect long-term differences in Ne dynamics and also emphasize the unique effects of isolation on insular habitats for bumble bees. Patterns are discussed in the context of conservation under climate change.