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Data from: Male genital titillators and the intensity of post-copulatory sexual selection across bushcrickets
Animal genitalia are diverse and a growing body of evidence suggests that they evolve rapidly under post-copulatory sexual selection. This process is predicted to be more intense in polyandrous species, although there have been very few comparative studies of the relationship between the complexity of genital structures in males and measures of the degree of polyandry. In some bushcricket families, males possess sclerotized copulatory structures known as titillators, which are inserted into the female's genital chamber and moved rhythmically. Like other genital structures, bushcricket titillators are widely used as important taxonomic characters and show considerable variation across species in structure, shape, and the extent to which they are spined. Here, we examine relationships between the presence/absence of titillators, titillator complexity, and both mating frequency and the degree of polyandry in bushcrickets, using phylogenetic comparative analyses. Using published sources combined with original observations, data were obtained for the mean level of polyandry, the duration of the male and female sexual refractory periods, and the level of complexity of titillators. To analyze data, we fitted phylogenetic generalized least squares models. No significant relationships were found between titillator presence or complexity and either the level of polyandry, duration of the male's sexual refractory period, or the ratio of the female and male sexual refractory periods. The duration of the female's refractory period, however, was positively associated with titillator presence and negatively associated with titillator complexity. The data therefore partially support the hypothesis that post-copulatory sexual selection drives genital evolution in this taxon.
Data from: Selection on an antagonistic behavioral trait can drive rapid genital coevolution in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides
Male and female genital morphology varies widely across many taxa, and even among populations. Disentangling potential sources of selection on genital morphology is problematic because each sex is predicted to respond to adaptations in the other due to reproductive conflicts of interest. To test how variation in this sexual conflict trait relates to variation in genital morphology we used our previously developed artificial selection lines for high and low repeated mating rates. We selected for high and low repeated mating rates using monogamous pairings to eliminate contemporaneous female choice and male-male competition. Male and female genital shape responded rapidly to selection on repeated mating rate. High and low mating rate lines diverged from control lines after only 10 generations of selection. We also detected significant patterns of male and female genital shape coevolution among selection regimes. We argue that because our selection lines differ in sexual conflict, these results support the hypothesis that sexually antagonistic coevolution can drive the rapid divergence of genital morphology. The greatest divergence in morphology corresponded with lines in which the resolution of intrasexual conflict over mating rate was biased in favor of male interests.
Data from: Condition dependence of male and female genital structures in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Theory predicts that costly secondary sexual traits will evolve heightened condition dependence, and many studies have reported strong condition dependence of signal and weapon traits in a variety of species. However, although genital structures often play key roles in intersexual interactions and appear to be subject to sexual or sexually antagonistic selection, few studies have examined the condition dependence of genital structures, especially in both sexes simultaneously. We investigated the responses of male and female genital structures to manipulation of larval diet quality (new versus once-used mung beans) in the bruchid seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We quantified effects on mean relative size and static allometry of the male aedeagus, aedeagal spines, flap and paramere and the female reproductive tract and bursal spines. None of the male traits showed a significant effect of diet quality. In females, we found that longer bursal spines (relative to body size) were expressed on low-quality diet. Although the function of bursal spines is poorly understood, we suggest that greater bursal spine length in low-condition females may represent a sexually antagonistic adaptation. Overall, we found no evidence that genital traits in C. maculatus are expressed to a greater extent when nutrients are more abundant. This suggests that, even though some genital traits appear to function as secondary sexual traits, genital traits do not exhibit heightened condition dependence in this species. We discuss possible reasons for this finding.
FIGURES 8–15. 8, Myrsidea kathleenae male genital sac sclerite. 9, M. warwicki female metanotal margin and dorsoventral abdomen. 10–14, Male genital sac sclerite. 10, M. plumosi. 11, M. adamsae. 12, M. ochracei. 13, M. borbonici. 14, M. johnsoni. 15, M in The genus Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from bulbuls (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae), with descriptions of 16 new species
FIGURES 8–15. 8, Myrsidea kathleenae male genital sac sclerite. 9, M. warwicki female metanotal margin and dorsoventral abdomen. 10–14, Male genital sac sclerite. 10, M. plumosi. 11, M. adamsae. 12, M. ochracei. 13, M. borbonici. 14, M. johnsoni. 15, M. palmai male metanotal margin and dorsoventral abdomen.
FIGURE 5–8. E. brachycephalus, male. 5. Male terminalia, ventral view. 6. Male terminalia, dorsal view. 7. Tegmen and genital rod. 8 in First known male of Enicoscolus (Diptera: Bibionidae), with a redescription of E. brachycephalus
FIGURE 5–8. E. brachycephalus, male. 5. Male terminalia, ventral view. 6. Male terminalia, dorsal view. 7. Tegmen and genital rod. 8. Gonostyle. Abbreviations: ce, cercus; gc, gonocoxite; gs, gonostyle; gn r, genital rod; gx ap, gonocoxal apodeme; S9, sternite 9; T9, tergite 9; tg, tegmen.
FIGURES 15–21 in The female genital structures of several species of the genus Cionus Clairville, 1798 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
FIGURES 15–21. Spermatheca, lateral view; 15—Cionus merklii Stierlin, 1882; 16—C. olens (Fabricius, 1792); 17— C. olivieri Rosenhauer, 1838; 18—C. pulverosus Gyllenhal, 1838; 19—C. schultzei Reitter, 1904; 20—C. thapsi (Fabricius, 1792); 21—C. wittei Kirsch, 1881.
FIGURE 5. Genital system and details. A in A new Canariella species (Gastropoda: Helicoidea: Hygromiidae) of the new subgenus Majorata, both endemic to the Jandía Peninsula (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands)
FIGURE 5. Genital system and details. A. Canariella jandiaensis sp. nov., from Morro del Cavadero (an AIT paratype). B. C. eutropis, from Morro del Cavadero (taken from Ibáñez et al. 1995, fig. 38). a, general appearance of the whole genital system; at, atrium; ag, albumen gland; b, detail of the distal female duct; bc, bursa copulatrix; c, detail of the distal male duct; d, epiphalluspenis diagram (without scale); e, vaginal crosssection diagram; with arrangement of vaginal glands (without scale); ef, epiphallar fold; ep, epiphallus; f, detail of the evaginated penis; showing the penial papilla; fl, flagellum; o, free oviduct; p, penis; pi, pilaster; pp, penial papilla (also marked with asterisk); ps, pseudopapilla (also marked with arrow); r, retractor muscle; s, sheath; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vg, vaginal gland.
FIGURES 1–4. Myrsidea yoshizawai. 1, Entire dorsoventral male. 2, Male genital sac sclerite. 3, Male genitalia. 4 in Four new species of Myrsidea Waterston chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the Malagasy warblers (Passeriformes)
FIGURES 1–4. Myrsidea yoshizawai. 1, Entire dorsoventral male. 2, Male genital sac sclerite. 3, Male genitalia. 4, Female metanotum and dorsoventral abdomen.
FIGURES 17–26. Female genital structures. Female sternite 8, 17 in Hypera kayali sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Hyperini) from Syria, with bionomic data
FIGURES 17–26. Female genital structures. Female sternite 8, 17, Hypera (Dapalinus) kayali sp. nov.; 18, H. contaminata; 19, H. dapalis; 20, H. striata; 21, H. subvittata, all dorsal view. Female genitalia, spermatheca, 22, H. kayali sp. nov.; 23, H. contaminata; 24, H. dapalis; 25, H. striata; 26, H. subvittata, all lateral view. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 6. Tubifex tubifex, cross sections from genital region. A in A Nearctic tubificid Varichaetadrilus harmani (Loden) n. comb. in a Dutch wetland, with remarks on Tubifex tubifex (Müller) (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
FIGURE 6. Tubifex tubifex, cross sections from genital region. A, anterior portion of XI. B, median portion of XI, with penial sacs. C, posterior portion of XI, with atrial ampullae and prostates. Scale bar 50 µm.
FIGURE 3. Varichaetadrilus harmani, cross sections from genital region. A in A Nearctic tubificid Varichaetadrilus harmani (Loden) n. comb. in a Dutch wetland, with remarks on Tubifex tubifex (Müller) (Annelida: Oligochaeta)
FIGURE 3. Varichaetadrilus harmani, cross sections from genital region. A, end of IX (below) and beginning of X (above). B, X. C and D, XI. Scale bar 50 µm.
FIGURES 5–15. Homalodisca ignota Melichar, genital structures. 5–9 in Brazilian sharpshooters of the genus Homalodisca Stål, 1869 (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae): notes, new records, key to species, first description of the male of H. ignota Melichar, 1924, and a new Northeastern species
FIGURES 5–15. Homalodisca ignota Melichar, genital structures. 5–9, Male genitalia: (5) pygofer, valve, and subgenital plate, lateral view; (6) valve and subgenital plate, ventral view; (7) connective and style, dorsal view; (8) aedeagus and anal tube, lateral view; (9) aedeagus, caudal view. 10–15, Female genitalia: (10) sternite VII, ventral view; (11) base of first valvula of ovipositor, ventral view; (12) base of sternite VII and internal sternite VIII, dorsal view; (13) sternite VII, gonoplac, and pygofer, lateral view; (14) second valvula of ovipositor, lateral view; (15) tooth of median portion of second valvula of ovipositor, lateral view. Scale bars in mm. AP=aedeagal atrium process, PA=aedeagal preatrium, and SP=aedeagal shaft process.
FIGURES 7–12. Genital capsule, metasomal sternum 8 in Description of a new species of Euglossa (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) with notes on comparative biology
FIGURES 7–12. Genital capsule, metasomal sternum 8 (S8), and S7 of Euglossa rufipes sp. n. (7, 8, 9) and E. asarophora (10, 11, 12). Genitalia drawn from dorsal (left) and ventral (right) side. S7 and S8 drawn from ventral side. Notice in particular the apical process of S8 is notably broader in E. rufipes sp. n. than E. asarophora. Scale bar is 1 mm.
FIGURES 1–4. Myrsidea cinnamomei. 1, Dorsoventral male. 2, Male genitalia. 3, Male genital sac sclerites. 4 in Two new species of the genus Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from cotingas (Passeriformes: Cotingidae)
FIGURES 1–4. Myrsidea cinnamomei. 1, Dorsoventral male. 2, Male genitalia. 3, Male genital sac sclerites. 4, Female mesometanotum and dorsoventral abdomen.
FIGURES 17–24 in Apatrobus osuzuyamanus sp. nov., a new patrobine species from Japan, with a comparative study of the male genital morphology of the tribe Patrobini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
FIGURES 17–24. Homology of sclerites on the endophallus. 17–18. Diplous (Platidus) depressus (17. everted endophallus, right ventro-lateral view; 18. aedeagus with endophallus feebly everted, right lateral view); 19. D. (D.) sibiricus caligatus (aedeagus with endophallus feebly everted to show ligula, right dorso-lateral view); 20–21. Apatrobus (A.) kurosawai (20. everted endophallus, right lateral view; 21. everted endophallus, left lateral view); 22–23. A. (A.) osuzuyamanus sp. nov. (22. everted endophallus, right lateral view; 23. aedeagus wth endophallus feebly everted to show ligula, right dorso-lateral view); 24–25. Archipatrobus flavipes (24. everted endophallus, dorsal view; 25. everted endophallus, ventral view). aa. aedeagal apex; gp. gonoporal piece; lg. ligula; ss. spiny sclerites. Solid lines refer to homology of the ligula (lg), and dotted ones to that of the spiny sclerites. Scales: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 12–16 in Apatrobus osuzuyamanus sp. nov., a new patrobine species from Japan, with a comparative study of the male genital morphology of the tribe Patrobini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
FIGURES 12–16. Endophallus (12, ventral view; 13, right lateral view; 14, left lateral view) and female genitalia (15, dorsal view; 16, ventral view) of Apatrobus osuzuyamanus sp. nov. (paratypes). ad. aedeagus; bc. bursa copulatorix; bp. basal pigmentation; bs. bursal sclerite; dl. dorsal lobe; gp. gonoporal piece; la. left apical lobe; lb. left laterobasal lobe; lp. left pigmented band; ls. left subapical lobe; lg. ligula; mo. median oviduct; ra. right apical lobe; rs. right subapical lobe; sg. spermathecal gland; sp. spermatheca; ss. spiny sclerites; vg. vagina. Scales: 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 4–11 in Apatrobus osuzuyamanus sp. nov., a new patrobine species from Japan, with a comparative study of the male genital morphology of the tribe Patrobini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
FIGURES 4–11. Pronotum (4–5) and male genitalia (6–11) of Apatrobus spp. 4. A. ohtsukai, holotype male; 5. A. osuzuyamanus sp. nov., holotype male; 6–7. A. ohtsukai, holotype male (6. aedeagal apex, dorsal view; 7. aedeagal apex, ventral view); 8–10. A. osuzuyamanus sp. nov, holotype male (8. aedeagus, left lateral view; 9. aedeagal apex, dorsal view; 10. aedeagal apex, ventral view); 11. A. hikosanus (aedeagal apex, ventral view). el. elytron; gp. gonoporal piece; st. sternum. Arrows with one or two asterisks indicate the differences among species (see specific section). Scales: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 1–3 in Apatrobus osuzuyamanus sp. nov., a new patrobine species from Japan, with a comparative study of the male genital morphology of the tribe Patrobini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
FIGURES 1–3. Habitus of Apatrobus ohtsukai (1, holotype male) and A. osuzuyamanus sp. nov. (2, holotype male; 3, paratype female). Scales: 3.0 mm.
FIGURE 11. Genital system. A in Anatomy and function of the penial twin papillae system of the Helicinae (Gastropoda: Helicoidea: Helicidae) and description of two new, small Hemicycla species from the laurel forest of the Canary Islands
FIGURE 11. Genital system. A. Hemicycla fulgida sp. nov., paratype from El Bailadero. B. Hemicycla invernicata from Montaña Cabeza de Toro. C. Hemicycla consobrina from Guamasa; ri, ring zone.
FIGURES 26–36. 26–30. Myrsidea brunneinuchi. 26. Male ventral terminalia. 27. Male metasternum and sternites I–II. 28. Female sternite II. 29. Male genital sac sclerite. 30. Female metanotum and dorsal abdomen. 31–33. M. gularis. 31. Male dorsoventral terminalia. 32. Male sternite II. 33. Male genital sac sclerite. 34–36. M. conirostris. 34. Female metanotum and dorsal abdomen. 35. Male genital sac sclerite. 36 in Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from the Emberizidae (Passeriformes), with descriptions of 13 new species
FIGURES 26–36. 26–30. Myrsidea brunneinuchi. 26. Male ventral terminalia. 27. Male metasternum and sternites I–II. 28. Female sternite II. 29. Male genital sac sclerite. 30. Female metanotum and dorsal abdomen. 31–33. M. gularis. 31. Male dorsoventral terminalia. 32. Male sternite II. 33. Male genital sac sclerite. 34–36. M. conirostris. 34. Female metanotum and dorsal abdomen. 35. Male genital sac sclerite. 36. Male ventral terminalia.
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