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Fig. 1 in Frugivorous flies (Diptera: Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae), their host plants, and associated parasitoids in the extreme north of Amapá State, Brazil
Fig. 1. Fruit sampling sites in extreme north of Amapá State, Brazil (May 2011–Jul 2013).
A Comprehensive Assessment of Demographic, Environmental and Host Genetic Associations with Gut Microbiome Diversity in Healthy Individuals (GWAS)
<p>GWAS summary statistics accompanying manuscript "A Comprehensive Assessment of Demographic, Environmental and Host Genetic Associations with Gut Microbiome Diversity in Healthy Individuals".</p>
Supplementary tables S1-S5. Comparison of two different host plant genera responding to grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 infection
<p>Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is one of the most important viruses of grapevine but, despite this, there remain several gaps in our understanding of its biology. Because of its narrow host range -limited to <em>Vitis</em> species - and because the virus is restricted to the phloem, most GLRaV-3 research has concentrated on epidemiology and the development of detection assays. The recent discovery that GLRaV-3 can infect <em>Nicotiana</em> <em>benthamiana, </em>a plant model organism, makes new opportunities available for research in this field. We used RNA-seq to compare both <em>V. vinifera </em>and <em>N. benthamiana</em> host responses to GLRaV-3 infection. This is the first analysis of gene expression profiles beyond <em>Vitis </em>to mealybug-transmitted GLRaV-3.</p>
Figure 4 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association
Figure 4. Cuclotogaster heterographus, male, original.
Figure 3 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association
Figure 3. Cuclotogaster heterographus, female, original.
Figure 5 in Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) species found on birds in Turkey, with new records and a new host association
Figure 5. Cuclotogaster heterographus, male genitalia, original.
Fig. 1 in Association of bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) and bats: Richness and host specificity in Western Mexico
Fig. 1. Location of the streblid collection sites between 2012 and 2022.
Data from: Host association influences variation at salivary protein genes in the bat ectoparasite Cimex adjunctus
Parasite-host relationships create strong selection pressures that can lead to adaptation and increasing specialization of parasites to their hosts. Even in relatively loose host-parasite relationships, such as between generalist ectoparasites and their hosts, we may observe some degree of specialization of parasite populations to one of the multiple potential hosts. Salivary proteins are used by blood-feeding ectoparasites to prevent hemostasis in the host and maximize energy intake. We investigated the influence of association with specific host species on allele frequencies of salivary protein genes in Cimex adjunctus, a generalist blood-feeding ectoparasite of bats in North America. We analysed two salivary protein genes: an apyrase, which hydrolyses ATP at the feeding site and thus inhibits platelet aggregation, and a nitrophorin, which brings nitrous oxide to the feeding site, inhibiting platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. We observed more variation at both salivary protein genes among parasite populations associated with different host species than among populations from different spatial locations associated with the same host species. The variation in salivary protein genes among populations on different host species was also greater than expected under a neutral scenario of genetic drift and gene flow. Finally, host species was an important predictor of allelic divergence in genotypes of individual C. adjunctus at both salivary protein genes. Our results suggest differing selection pressures on these two salivary protein genes in C. adjunctus depending on the host species.
Data from: The socially parasitic ant Polyergus mexicanus has host-associated genetic population structure and related neighboring nests
<p>The genetic structure of populations can be both a cause and a consequence of ecological interactions. For parasites, genetic structure may be a consequence of preferences for host species or of mating behavior. Conversely, genetic structure can determine where conspecific interactions among parasites lay on a spectrum from cooperation to conflict. We used microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic structure of a population of the socially parasitic dulotic (aka "slave-making") ant (<i>Polyergus mexicanus</i>), which is known for its host-specificity and conspecific aggression. First, we assessed whether the pattern of host species use by the parasite has influenced parasite population structure. We found that host species use was correlated with subpopulation structure, but this correlation was imperfect: some subpopulations used one host species exclusively, while others used several. Second, we examined the viscosity of the parasite population by measuring the relatedness of pairs of neighboring parasitic ant nests at varying distances from each other. Although natural history observations of local dispersal by queens suggested the potential for viscosity, there was no strong correlation between relatedness and distance between nests. However, 35% of nests had a closely related neighboring nest, indicating that kinship could potentially affect the nature of some interactions between nests of this social parasite. Our findings confirm that ecological forces like host species selection can shape the genetic structure of parasite populations, and that such genetic structure has the potential to influence parasite-parasite interactions in social parasites via inclusive fitness.</p>
Figure 1 in Geographical distributions and host associations of larval parasitoids of frugivorous Drosophilidae in Japan
Figure 1. Collection localities.
Fig. 2 in Report on the host associations of the genus Macrosiagon (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) in Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Fig. 2. Seasonality of Macrosiagon nasuta (Thunberg, 1784) (host: Rhynchium haemorrhoidale).
Fig. 1 in Report on the host associations of the genus Macrosiagon (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae) in Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Fig. 1. Case of the trap nest in the field. (Photo P. Hoehn).
Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection
<p>Within-host parasite interactions can be mediated by the host and changes in host phenotypes often serve as indicators of the presence or intensity of parasite interactions.</p> <p>Parasites like helminths induce a range of physiological, morphological, and immunological changes in hosts that can drive bottom-up (resource-mediated) or top-down (immune-mediated) interactions with co-infecting parasites. Although top-down and bottom-up interactions are typically studied in isolation, the diverse phenotypic changes induced by parasite infection may serve as a useful tool for understanding if, and when, these processes act in concert.</p> <p>Using an anthelmintic treatment study of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), we tracked changes in host immunological and morphological phenotypes during helminth-coccidia co-infection to investigate their role in driving independent and combinatorial bottom-up and top-down parasite interactions. We also examined repercussions for host fitness.</p> <p>Clearance of a blood-sucking helminth, Haemonchus, from the host gastrointestinal tract induced a systemic Th2 immune phenotype, while clearance of a tissue-feeding helminth, Cooperia, induced a systemic Th1 phenotype. Furthermore, the Haemonchus-associated systemic Th2 immune phenotype drove simultaneous top-down and bottom-up effects that increased coccidia shedding by changing the immunological and morphological landscapes of the intestine.</p> <p>Higher coccidia shedding was associated with lower host body condition, a lower chance of pregnancy, and older age at first pregnancy, suggesting that coccidia infection imposed significant condition and reproductive costs on the host.</p> <p>Our findings suggest that top-down and bottom-up interactions may commonly co-occur and that tracking key host phenotypes that change in response to infection can help uncover complex pathways by which parasites interact.</p>
Genomic evidence for contrasting patterns of host‐associated genetic differentiation across shared host‐plant species in leaf‐ and bud‐galling sawflies
<p>Resource specialization and host-associated genetic differentiation (HAD) are frequently invoked as an explanation for the high diversity of plant-feeding insects and other organisms with a parasitic lifestyle. While genetic studies have demonstrated numerous examples of HAD in insect herbivores, the general rarity of comparative studies means that we still lack an understanding of how deterministic HAD is, and whether patterns of host shifts can be predicted over evolutionary time scales. We applied genome-wide SNP data obtained through low-coverage genome resequencing to define species limits and to compare host-plant use in population samples of leaf- and bud-galling sawflies collected from seven shared willow (<em>Salix</em>) host species. To infer the repeatability of long-term cophylogenetic patterns, we also contrasted the phylogenies of the two galler groups with each other as well as with the phylogeny of their <em>Salix</em> hosts estimated based on RADseq data. We found clear evidence for host specialization and HAD in both of the focal galler groups, but also that leaf gallers are more specialized to single host species than are most bud gallers. In contrast to bud gallers, leaf gallers also exhibit statistically significant cophylogenetic signal with their <em>Salix</em> hosts. The observed discordant patterns of resource specialization and long-term host use in two related galler groups that have radiated in parallel across a shared resource base indicate a general lack of evolutionary repeatability and suggest that short- and long-term host use and ecological diversification in plant-feeding insects are dominated by stochasticity and/or lineage-specific effects.</p>
The association of host and vector characteristics with Ctenocephalides felis pathogen and endosymbiont infection
<p>Surveillance of the flea species and flea-borne pathogens infecting cats is important for both human and animal health. Multiple zoonotic <em>Bartonella</em> and <em>Rickettsia</em> species are known to infect the most common flea-infesting cats and dogs worldwide: <em>Ctenocephalides</em> <em>felis</em>, the cat flea. The ability of other flea species to transmit pathogens is relatively unexplored. We aimed to determine cat host and flea factors independently associated with flea infection with <em>Bartonella</em> and <em>Rickettsia</em> species. We also compared the presence and prevalence of cat host and flea pathogen infection by geographic location. To accomplish these aims, we performed qPCR for the detection of <em>Bartonella</em>, hemotropic <em>Mycoplasma</em>, <em>Rickettsia</em>, and <em>Wolbachia</em> DNA using paired cat and flea samples obtained from free-roaming cats presenting for spay or neuter across multiple geographic locations in the United States. A logistic regression model was employed to identify the effect of cat (sex, body weight, geographic location, and <em>Bartonella</em>, hemotropic <em>Mycoplasma</em>, and <em>Rickettsia</em> spp. infection) and flea (clade, pathogen infection, and <em>Wolbachia</em> infection) factors on <em>C. felis Bartonella clarridgeiae</em> infection. From 189 free-roaming cats, we collected 84 fleas from four flea species: <em>Ctenocephalides</em> <em>felis</em> (78/84, 92%), <em>Cediopsylla</em> <em>simplex</em> (4/84, 5%), <em>Orchopeas</em> <em>howardi</em> (1/84), and <em>Nosopsyllus</em> <em>fasciatus</em> (1/84). <em>Ctenocephalides</em> <em>felis</em> were phylogenetically assigned to Clades 1, 4, and 6 by <em>cox1</em> gene amplification. <em>Rickettsia</em> <em>asembonensis</em> (52/84, 62%) and <em>B. clarridgeiae</em> (16/84, 19%) were the most common pathogenic bacteria detected in fleas. Our model identified host cat sex and body weight as independently associated with <em>B. clarridgeiae</em> infection in fleas. When controlling for cat sex, body weight, and number of fleas collected from each cat, flea infection with <em>B. clarridgeiae</em> was not associated with geographic location, flea infection with Rickettsia spp. or Wolbachia spp., or cat infection with <em>B. clarridgeiae</em>. <em>Rickettsia asembonensis</em>, <em>Rickettsia</em> <em>felis</em> (7/84, 8%), and <em>Bartonella</em> <em>henselae</em> (7/84, 8%) were only found in fleas from specific clades: <em>R. felis</em> was detected only in Clades 1 and 6, while <em>B. henselae</em> and <em>R. asembonensis</em> were detected only in Clade 4. <em>Wolbachia</em> spp. also displayed clade specificity with strains other than <em>Wolbachia</em> wCfeT only infecting fleas from Clade 6. There was poor flea and host agreement for <em>Bartonella</em> spp. infection; however, there was agreement in the <em>Bartonella</em> species detected in cats and fleas by geographic location. These findings reinforce the importance of considering reservoir host attributes and vector phylogenetic diversity in epidemiological studies of flea-borne pathogens. Furthermore, while flea pathogen infection was not indicative of infection in a specific host cat, it may provide insight into the pathogens present in specific geographic areas. Widespread sampling from across the United States is necessary to identify the geographic, host, and vector factors driving flea-borne pathogen presence and transmission.</p>
Data from: Gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with host genetics in the Norwegian Lundehund
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>A group of diseases have been shown to correlate with a phenomenon called microbiome dysbiosis, where the bacterial species composition of the gut becomes abnormal. The gut microbiome of an animal is influenced by many factors including diet, exposures to bacteria during post-gestational growth, lifestyle, and disease status. Studies also show that host genetics can affect microbiome composition. We sought to test whether host genetic background is associated with gut microbiome composition in the Norwegian Lundehund dog, a highly inbred breed with an effective population size of 13 individuals. The Lundehund has a high rate of a protein-losing enteropathy in the small intestine that is often reported as Lundehund syndrome, which negatively affects longevity and life-quality. An outcrossing project with the Buhund, Norrbottenspets and Icelandic sheepdog was recently established to reintroduce genetic diversity to the Lundehund and improve its health. To assess whether there was an association between host genetic diversity and the microbiome composition, we sampled the fecal microbiomes of 75 dogs of the parental (Lundehund), F1 (Lundehund x Buhund), and F2 (F1 x Lundehund) generations. We found significant variation in microbiome composition from the parental Lundehund generation compared to the outcross progeny. The variation observed in purebred Lundehunds corresponded to dysbiosis as seen by a highly variable microbiome composition with an elevated Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and an increase in the prevalence of <em>Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus </em>complex, a known pathobiont that can cause several diseases. We tracked several other environmental factors including diet, the presence of a cat in the household, living on a farm and the use of probiotics, but we did not find evidence of an effect of these on microbiome composition and alpha diversity. In conclusion, we found an association between host genetics and gut microbiome composition, which in turn may be associated with the high incidence of Lundehund syndrome in the purebred parental dogs.</span></p>
Data from: Widespread amphibian Perkinsea infections associated with Ranidae hosts, cooler months, and Ranavirus co-infection
<p>Amphibians suffer from large-scale population declines globally, and emerging infectious diseases contribute heavily to these declines. Amphibian Perkinsea (Pr) is a worldwide anuran pathogen associated with mass mortality events, yet little is known about its epidemiological patterns, especially in comparison to the body of literature on amphibian chytridiomycosis and ranavirosis. </p> <p>Here, we establish Pr infection patterns in natural anuran populations and identify important covariates including climate, host attributes, and co-infection with Ranavirus (Rv). </p> <p>We used quantitative (q)PCR to determine the presence and intensity of Pr and Rv across 1234 individuals sampled throughout central Florida in 2017-2019. We then implemented random forest ensemble learning models to predict infection with both pathogens based on physiological and environmental characteristics. </p> <p>Perkinsea infected 32% of all sampled anurans, and Pr prevalence was significantly elevated in Ranidae frogs, cooler months, metamorphosed individuals, and frogs co-infected with Rv, while Pr intensity was significantly higher in ranid frogs and individuals collected dead. Ranavirus prevalence was 17% overall and was significantly higher in Ranidae frogs, metamorphosed individuals, locations with higher average temperatures, and individuals co-infected with Pr. Perkinsea prevalence was significantly higher than Rv prevalence across months, regions, life stages, and species. Among locations, Pr prevalence was negatively associated with crayfish prevalence and positively associated with relative abundance of microhylids, but Rv prevalence did not associate with any tested co-variates. Co-infections were significantly more common than single infections for both pathogens, and we propose that Pr infections may propel Rv infections because seasonal Rv infection peaks followed Pr infection peaks and random forest models found Pr intensity was a leading factor explaining Rv infections. </p> <p>Our study elucidates epidemiological patterns of Pr in Florida and suggests that Pr may be under-recognized as a cause of anuran declines, especially in the context of pathogen co-infection.</p>
Delimiting the cryptic diversity and host preferences of Sycophila parasitoid wasps associated with oak galls using phylogenomic data
<p>Cryptic species diversity is a major challenge for the species-rich community of parasitoids attacking oak gall wasps due to a high degree of sexual dimorphism, morphological plasticity, small size, and poorly known biology. As such, we know very little about the number of species present, nor the evolutionary forces responsible for generating this diversity. One hypothesis is that trait diversity in the gall wasps, including the morphology of the galls they induce, has evolved in response to selection imposed by the parasitoid community, with reciprocal selection driving diversification of the parasitoids. Using a rare, continental-scale data set of <em>Sycophila</em> parasitoid wasps reared from 44 species of cynipid galls from 18 species of oak across the US, we combined mitochondrial DNA barcodes, Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs), morphological, and natural history data to delimit putative species. Using these results, we generate the first large-scale assessment of ecological specialization and host association in this species-rich group, with implications for evolutionary ecology and biocontrol. We find most <em>Sycophila</em> target specific subsets of available cynipid host galls with similar morphologies, and generally attack larger galls. Our results suggest that parasitoid wasps such as <em>Sycophila</em> have adaptations allowing them to exploit particular host trait combinations, while hosts with contrasting traits are resistant to attack. These findings support the tritrophic niche concept for the structuring of plant-herbivore-parasitoid communities.</p>
Association of Host Genetics With Vaccine Efficacy and Study of Immune Correlates of Risk From a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02827162. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Helminth-associated changes in host immune phenotype connect top-down and bottom-up interactions during co-infection
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