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704 results for “Interference”
Pollen interference between rare and common species
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Data for: Differences in interference processing and frontal brain function with climate trauma from California’s deadliest wildfire
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Aquarius Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Ancillary Dataset V1.0
Aquarius ancillary Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) product used in ADPS mission processing contains monthly-averaged Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) data for ascending/descending passes as detected by the Aquarius radiometers and scatterometer. The data is available for ascending (northward) and descending (southward) passes of the satellite only and ascending/descending passes combined.The values stored in this product are the percentage of radiometer and scatterometer measurements identified as corrupted by interference by the RFI detection algorithms [1,2] within each data point, averaged over one month. An additional RFI flag [3] is used to identify locations where the measured brightness temperature over land exceeds the expected limits of surface emissivity. This flag is not used to remove samples from further processing, but, in generating the radiometer RFI data, 100% RFI is assigned to points where this flag is raised. This product can be used to reproduce the RFI maps available on the Aquarius website at University of Maine (https://aquarius.umaine.edu/cgi/gal_radiometer.htm for the radiometer, and https://aquarius.umaine.edu/cgi/gal_scatterometer.htm for the scatterometer), by plotting the variables Rad_RFI_percent_AscDes_AllBeams and Scat_RFI_percent_AscDes_AllBeams on the latitude/longitude grid. Additionally, the user can generate maps by using only a particular beam or only ascending passes, for example. All combinations of beams and ascending/descending passes are possible.This product contains information about RFI, but it is also relevant for the retrieved Sea Surface Salinity (SSS). Over the ocean, the RFI percentage in this product corresponds to the amount of raw measurements discarded due to RFI contamination before SSS retrieval. Therefore, maps of the RFI percentage can give the user an indication of where RFI is more likely to have affected the quality of SSS retrievals, for a particular month, or for a series of months.
Data and Codes for "Interference of chiral Andreev edge states"
<p>Source data, analysis codes and simulation codes for "Interference of chiral Andreev edge states"</p>
Interference between LMS and FS at 300GHz
<p>Desired-to-undesired ratio (D/U) defined by the ratio of the short distance LMS signal power and the FS signal power, detected by an LMS receiver, as a function of a beam direction difference.</p> <p>Carrier frequency: 300GHz (both for LMS and FS)</p> <p>Antenna gain: 50dBi (FS), 30dBi (LMS)</p> <p>Transmission power: 20dBm (FS), 10dBm(LMS)</p> <p>Distance: 300m (FS), 1m(LMS)</p> <p>This data can be obtained by using the following ITU-R recommendations.</p> <p>[1] Report ITU-R F.2416, Technical and operational characteristics and applications of the point-to-point fixed service applications operating in the frequency band 275-450 GHz</p> <p>[2] Report ITU-R SM.2450-0 Sharing and compatibility studies between land-mobile, fixed and passive services in the frequency range 275-450 GHz.</p> <p>[3] Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11, Attenuation by atmospheric gases and related effects</p> <p>[4] Recommendation ITU-R P.835-5, Reference Standard Atmospheres</p> <p>[5] Recommendation ITU-R F.699-8, Reference radiation patterns for fixed wireless system antennas for use in coordination studies and interference assessment in the frequency range from 100 MHz to 86 GHz</p> <p>[6] Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3, Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Sexual selection in complex communities: integrating interspecific reproductive interference in structured populations
The social structure of populations plays a key role in shaping variation in sexual selection. In nature, sexual selection occurs in communities of interacting species, however heterospecifics are rarely included in characterisations of social structure. Heterospecifics can influence the reproductive outcomes of intrasexual competition by interfering with intraspecific sexual interactions (interspecific reproductive interference; IRI). We outline the need for studies of sexual selection to incorporate heterospecifics as part of the social environment. We use simulations to show that classic predictions for the effect of social structure on sexual selection are altered by an interaction between social structure and IRI. This interaction has wide-ranging implications for patterns of sexual conflict and kin-selected reproductive strategies in socially structured populations. Our work bridges the gap between sexual selection research on social structure and IRI, and highlights future directions to study sexual selection in interacting communities.
Data from: Does mining waste concentration in the soil interfere with leaf selection by Acromyrmex subterraneus (Formicidae)
<p>Revegetation programs are proposed to recover the soil and biodiversity of disturbed sites, this being the case of the Rio Doce basin, Brazil. This region was hugely affected by a mining waste dam disruption, whose leakage on the soil altered its chemical and physical characteristics, and consequently the physiology and performance of plants. The expected alterations of the plants can make them more attractive for leaf-cutting ants, as lower water content induces an increase of non-structural carbohydrates. In this context, we evaluated whether <em>Acromyrmex subterraneus</em> workers differentiate among plants grown on soil with different mining waste concentrations. Leaf discs from plants grown in soil containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of mining waste were simultaneously offered to ant colonies in a foraging arena. The number of transported discs from each mining waste concentration was recorded until all discs of any concentration had been transported. Leaf selection assays were repeated after 30 days due to the novelty effect phenomenon. Leaf thickness, water, starch and total soluble carbohydrate contents were determined. Leaf discs from plants grown in soil with 100% of mining waste concentration were preferentially selected in both selection assays. Leaf thickness and water content were significantly lower in plants from the aforementioned treatment, while starch and total soluble carbohydrates were higher. Results suggest that seedlings implanted in sites with high mining waste concentration are under high predation risk. Revegetation programs must measure the impact of leaf-cutting ants as both herbivorous and soil ecosystem engineers, for the best management of these insects.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Wing Interference Patterns in patterned wings of Culicoides Latreille, 1809 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)-exploring potential identification tool
FIGURE 1. Scheme of wing venation of biting midge from genus Culicoides.
Data from: Reduced crossover interference and increased ZMM-independent recombination in the absence of Tel1/ATM
Meiotic recombination involves the repair of double-strand break (DSB) precursors as crossovers (COs) or noncrossovers (NCOs). The proper number and distribution of COs is critical for successful chromosome segregation and formation of viable gametes. In budding yeast the majority of COs occurs through a pathway dependent on the ZMM proteins (Zip2-Zip3-Zip4-Spo16, Msh4-Msh5, Mer3), which form foci at CO-committed sites. Here we show that the DNA-damage-response kinase Tel1/ATM limits ZMM-independent recombination. By whole-genome mapping of recombination products, we find that lack of Tel1 results in higher recombination and reduced CO interference. Yet the number of Zip3 foci in tel1Δ cells is similar to wild type, and these foci show normal interference. Analysis of recombination in a tel1Δ zip3Δ double mutant indicates that COs are less dependent on Zip3 in the absence of Tel1. Together these results reveal that in the absence of Tel1, a significant proportion of COs occurs through a non-ZMM-dependent pathway, contributing to a CO landscape with poor interference. We also see a significant change in the distribution of all detectable recombination products in the absence of Tel1, Sgs1, Zip3, or Msh4, providing evidence for altered DSB distribution. These results support the previous finding that DSB interference depends on Tel1, and further suggest an additional level of DSB interference created through local repression of DSBs around CO-designated sites.
Data from: Analysis of inbreeding depression in mixed-mating plants provides evidence for selective interference and stable mixed mating
Hermaphroditic individuals can produce both selfed and outcrossed progeny, termed mixed mating. General theory predicts that mixed-mating populations should evolve quickly toward high rates of selfing, driven by rapid purging of genetic load and loss of inbreeding depression (ID), but the substantial number of mixed-mating species observed in nature calls this prediction into question. Greater average ID reported for selfing than for outcrossing populations is consistent with purging and suggests that mixed-mating taxa in evolutionary transition will have intermediate ID. We compared the magnitude of ID from published estimates for highly selfing (r > 0.8), mixed-mating (0.2 < r > 0.8), and highly outcrossing (r < 0.2) plant populations across 58 species. We found that mixed-mating and outcrossing taxa have equally high average lifetime ID (d = 0.58 and 0.54, respectively) and similar ID at each of four life-cycle stages. These results are not consistent with evolution toward selfing in most mixed-mating taxa. We suggest that prevention of purging by selective interference could explain stable mixed mating in many natural populations. We identify critical gaps in the empirical data on inbreeding depression and outline key approaches to filling them.
Data from: PCR duplication: a one-step cloning-free method to generate duplicated chromosomal loci and interference-free expression reporters in yeast
Here, we report on a novel PCR targeting-based strategy called 'PCR duplication' that enables targeted duplications of genomic regions in the yeast genome using a simple PCR-based approach. To demonstrate its application we first duplicated the promoter of the FAR1 gene in yeast and simultaneously inserted a GFP downstream of it. This created a reporter for promoter activity while leaving the FAR1 gene fully intact. In another experiment, we used PCR duplication to increase the dosage of a gene in a discrete manner, from 1× to 2x. Using TUB4, the gene encoding for the yeast γ-tubulin, we validated that this led to corresponding increases in the levels of mRNA and protein. PCR duplication is an easy one-step procedure that can be adapted in different ways to permit rapid, disturbance-free investigation of various genomic regulatory elements without the need for ex vivo cloning.
Data from: Balancing selection for aflatoxin in Aspergillus flavus is maintained through interference competition with, and fungivory by insects
The role of microbial secondary metabolites in the ecology of the organisms that produce them remains poorly understood. Variation in aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus is maintained by balancing selection, but the ecological function and impact on fungal fitness of this compound are unknown. We hypothesize that balancing selection for aflatoxin production in A. flavus is driven by interaction with insects. To test this, we competed naturally occurring aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic fungal isolates against Drosophila larvae on medium containing 0–1750 ppb aflatoxin, using quantitative PCR to quantify A. flavus DNA as a proxy for fungal fitness. The addition of aflatoxin across this range resulted in a 26-fold increase in fungal fitness. With no added toxin, aflatoxigenic isolates caused higher mortality of Drosophila larvae and had slightly higher fitness than non-aflatoxigenic isolates. Additionally, aflatoxin production increased an average of 1.5-fold in the presence of a single larva and nearly threefold when the fungus was mechanically damaged. We argue that the role of aflatoxin in protection from fungivory is inextricably linked to its role in interference competition. Our results, to our knowledge, provide the first clear evidence of a fitness advantage conferred to A. flavus by aflatoxin when interacting with insects.
Data from: The evolution of between-species reproductive interference capability under different within-species mating regimes
Sexual selection sometimes favors male traits that benefit their bearers, but harm their mates. The harmful effects of male traits may also extend to females of other species via heterospecific mating interactions. This could affect the coexistence of closely related species during secondary contact. We examined the evolution of the interspecific interfering capability of a beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) with a congener (C. maculatus) using C. chinensis males reared under conditions of monogamy and polygamy for 17 generations. After experimental evolution, C. chinensis males reared under polygamous conditions imposed greater impacts on offspring production by C. maculatus females than did C. chinensis males reared under monogamous conditions. However, the mechanism by which differential mating regimes altered the effect of C. chinensis males on C. maculatus females was unclear, because we did not find evidence for the expected genital evolution in C. chinensis, despite their body size divergence. Our findings suggest that traits that originally evolved through sexual selection in two allopatric species could influence the coexistence of these species or the likelihood of reinforcement during secondary contact.
Data from: Hill-Robertson interference maintained by red queen dynamics favours the evolution of sex
Although it is well established theoretically that selective interference among mutations (Hill-Robertson interference) favours meiotic recombination, genome-wide mean rates of mutation and strengths of selection appear too low to support this as the mechanism favouring recombination in nature. A possible solution to this discrepancy between theory and observation is that selection is at least intermittently very strong due to the antagonistic coevolution between a host and its parasites. The Red Queen theory posits that such coevolution generates fitness epistasis among loci, which generates negative linkage disequilibrium among beneficial mutations, which in turn favours recombination. This theory has received only limited support. However, Red Queen dynamics without epistasis may provide the ecological conditions that maintain strong and frequent selective interference in finite populations that indirectly selects for recombination. This hypothesis is developed here through the simulation of Red Queen dynamics. This approach required the development of a method to calculate the exact frequencies of multi-locus haplotypes after recombination. Simulations show that recombination is favoured by the moderately weak selection of many loci involved in the interaction between a host and its parasites, which results in substitution rates that are compatible with empirical estimates. The model also reproduces the previously reported rapid increase in the rate of outcrossing in Caenorhabditis elegans coevolving with a bacterial pathogen.
Data from: A shift from exploitation to interference competition with increasing density affects population and community dynamics
Intraspecific competition influences population and community dynamics and occurs via two mechanisms. Exploitative competition is an indirect effect that occurs through use of a shared resource and depends on resource availability. Interference competition occurs by obstructing access to a resource and may not depend on resource availability. Our study tested whether the strength of interference competition changes with protozoa population density. We grew experimental microcosms of protozoa and bacteria under different combinations of protozoan density and basal resource availability. We then solved a dynamic predator–prey model for parameters of the functional response using population growth rates measured in our experiment. As population density increased, competition shifted from exploitation to interference, and competition was less dependent on resource levels. Surprisingly, the effect of resources was weakest when competition was the most intense. We found that at low population densities, competition was largely exploitative and resource availability had a large effect on population growth rates, but the effect of resources was much weaker at high densities. This shift in competitive mechanism could have implications for interspecific competition, trophic interactions, community diversity, and natural selection. We also tested whether this shift in the mechanism of competition with protozoa density affected the structure of the bacterial prey community. We found that both resources and protozoa density affected the structure of the bacterial prey community, suggesting that competitive mechanism may also affect trophic interactions.
Data from: Reproductive interference explains persistence of aggression between species
Interspecific territoriality occurs when individuals of different species fight over space, and may arise spontaneously when populations of closely related territorial species first come into contact. But defence of space is costly, and unless the benefits of excluding heterospecifics exceed the costs, natural selection should favour divergence in competitor recognition until the species no longer interact aggressively. Ordinarily males of different species do not compete for mates, but when males cannot distinguish females of sympatric species, females may effectively become a shared resource. We model how reproductive interference caused by undiscriminating males can prevent interspecific divergence, or even cause convergence, in traits used to recognize competitors. We then test the model in a genus of visually orienting insects and show that, as predicted by the model, differences between species pairs in the level of reproductive interference, which is causally related to species differences in female coloration, are strongly predictive of the current level of interspecific aggression. Interspecific reproductive interference is very common and we discuss how it may account for the persistence of interspecific aggression in many taxonomic groups.
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity of mate recognition systems prevents sexual interference between two sympatric leaf beetle species
Maladaptive sexual interactions among heterospecific individuals (sexual interference) can prevent the coexistence of animal species. Thus, the avoidance of sexual interference by divergence of mate recognition systems is crucial for a stable coexistence in sympatry. Mate recognition systems are thought to be under tight genetic control. However, we demonstrate that mate recognition systems of two closely related sympatric leaf beetle species show a high level of host-induced phenotypic plasticity. Mate choice in the mustard leaf beetles, Phaedon cochleariae and P. armoraciae, is mediated by cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Divergent host plant use causes a divergence of CHC phenotypes, whereas similar host use leads to their convergence. Consequently, both species exhibit significant behavioral isolation when they feed on alternative host species, but mate randomly when using a common host. Thus, sexual interference between these syntopic leaf beetles is prevented by host-induced phenotypic plasticity rather than by genotypic divergence of mate recognition systems.
Data from: Calling louder and longer: how bats use biosonar under severe acoustic interference from other bats
Active-sensing systems such as echolocation provide animals with distinct advantages in dark environments. For social animals, however, like many bat species, active sensing can present problems as well: when many individuals emit bio-sonar calls simultaneously, detecting and recognizing the faint echoes generated by one's own calls amid the general cacophony of the group becomes challenging. This problem is often termed 'jamming' and bats have been hypothesized to solve it by shifting the spectral content of their calls to decrease the overlap with the jamming signals. We tested bats' response in situations of extreme interference, mimicking a high density of bats. We played-back bat echolocation calls from multiple speakers, to jam flying Pipistrellus kuhlii bats, simulating a naturally occurring situation of many bats flying in proximity. We examined behavioural and echolocation parameters during search phase and target approach. Under severe interference, bats emitted calls of higher intensity and longer duration, and called more often. Slight spectral shifts were observed but they did not decrease the spectral overlap with jamming signals. We also found that pre-existing inter-individual spectral differences could allow self-call recognition. Results suggest that the bats' response aimed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and not to avoid spectral overlap.
Data from: Heterostyly promotes disassortative pollination and reduces sexual interference in Darwin's primroses: evidence from experimental studies
Different strategies to reduce selfing and promote outcrossing have evolved in hermaphroditic flowers. Heterostyly, a complex floral polymorphism that occurs in at least 27 families of angiosperms, is hypothesized to achieve both goals by optimizing cross-pollination (via disassortative pollen transfer) and restricting gamete wastage to autogamy (via the reduction of sexual interference between male and female organs). In heterostylous flowers, the reciprocal positioning of sexual organs in different morphs and the pollen incompatibility-system within flower or between flowers of the same morph are thought to optimize both male and female functions, reducing the conflicts inherent to the occurrence of both sexual organs in the same reproductive unit. Specific elements of the disassortative-pollination and sexual-interference hypotheses have been tested individually before. However, despite the long-standing interest in heterostyly – ever since Darwin's seminal work on primroses – the predictions derived from these two hypotheses have never been experimentally and systematically examined in the same system. Using distylous primroses (Primula elatior, P. vulgaris) we compare pollen transfer (i) between reciprocal and non-reciprocal flowers; (ii) from anthers onto different parts of the pollinator's body; (iii) within flower and between flowers of the same morph. We further test whether (iv) anther-stigma distance correlates with self-pollen transfer; (v) seed-set differs after pollinations with compatible, incompatible, and both pollen types. Reciprocal herkogamy promotes differential placement of pollen onto different parts of the pollinator's body, thus effecting transfer of more pollen to reciprocal than non-reciprocal stigmas and realizing the key predictions of the disassortative-pollination hypothesis. However, short-styled flowers transfer pollen more disassortatively than long-styled flowers in both species, whereas long-styled flowers export more pollen to non-reciprocal than reciprocal stigmas in P. vulgaris, thus compromising male function in this species. Furthermore, larger distance between sexual organs lowers self- and intra-morph pollination and the pollen incompatibility-system decreases seed production after self-pollination, thus diminishing sexual interference. Our results help us understand how the morphological and physiological components of heterostyly contribute to optimizing pollen transfer and minimizing self- and intra-morph pollination, thus promoting more efficient outcrossing in species with this floral polymorphism.
Analysis of extensively tested pan assay interference compounds
<p>A set of 270 PAINS (Pan Assay Interference Compounds) were detected as substructures in extensively assayed PubChem compounds. For each PAINS substructure, the total number of compounds are reported that were tested in at least 100 primary assays or at least 50 confirmatory assays. In addition, the number of active compounds, mean hit rates, and number of consistently inactive compounds are reported separately for primary and confirmatory assays.</p>
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