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Fig. 3 in Habitat associations and impacts on a juvenile fish host by a temperate gnathiid isopod

Fig. 3. Box plots of gnathiid density (per trap) by trap type. Points represent outliers (>1.5x and <3x of the interquartile range beyond the end of the box; the maximum number of gnathiids collected in a light-baited sample (763) is not shown).

Fig. 2 in Habitat associations and impacts on a juvenile fish host by a temperate gnathiid isopod

Fig. 2. Photograph of a juvenile (left) and adult male (right) Gnathia tridens collected during sampling. Adult male specimen was used for species identification (adult male photo and species identification was completed by Nico J. Smit at North-West University).

Fig. 5 in Habitat associations and impacts on a juvenile fish host by a temperate gnathiid isopod

Fig. 5. Box plots of significant burst swimming performance metrics by fish size class and gnathiid treatment level. Points represent outliers (>1.5x and <3x of the interquartile range beyond the ends of boxes).

Fig. 1 in Habitat associations and impacts on a juvenile fish host by a temperate gnathiid isopod

Fig. 1. Design schematic and photograph of in situ emergence trap used for sampling. A Control trap is illustrated. "Light-baited" and "Fish-baited" traps used the same design but contained a single submersible light (for light-baited) or a 60–90 mm giant kelpfish (for fish-baited) within the 1 L plastic bottle at the top of the traps.

Fig. 7 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 7. Number of Mothocya parvostis collected at tidal levels: low tide, 1/3 tide, 2/3 tide, and high tide during the three days of sampling.

Fig. 6 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 6. Temporal variation in water temperature from October 2020 to December 2021. The gap in data is due to faulty logging equipment.

Fig. 8 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 8. Number of Mothocya parvostis collected on each sampling date (solid line) and tidal levels (broken line) from November 15 (new moon) to December 15 (new moon).

Fig. 5 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 5. Number of cymothoid juveniles collected in each month from October 2020 to December 2021. Dot bars (red) indicate Mothocya parvostis and diagonal right pattern bars (blue) indicate Ceratothoa verrucosa. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 4. Number of cymothoid mancae collected in each month from October 2020 to December 2021. Dot bars (red) indicate Mothocya parvostis, diagonal right pattern bars (blue) indicate Ceratothoa verrucosa, diagonal left pattern bars (green) indicate Ceratothoa carinata. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 3. Dorsal views of cymothoid free-swimming stages collected by the light trap. (a) and (d): Mothocya parvostis, (b) and (e): Ceratothoa verrucosa, (c): Ceratothoa carinata. (a)–(c): mancae, (d) and (e): juveniles. Scale bars indicate (a)–(c): 1 mm, (d) and (e): 3 mm.

Fig. 2 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 2. Map showing location of the Seto Inland Sea and sampling site, where light trap sampling was performed.

Fig. 1 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 1. The quatrefoil light trap using in this study. (a): front view, (b): bottom view without net, (c): Light traps in use underwater. A: 15 W LED fishing light, B: Net to collect organisms in trap (0.5 mm mesh).

Fig. 2 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the experimental system used to test the host selection behavior of the isopods in the single-host treatments. A: Tachaea chinensis at 20-min acclimation. B: T. chinensis after release.

Fig. 3 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the experimental system used to test the host selection behavior of the isopods in the common vs un-common host treatments. A: Tachaea chinensis at 20-min acclimation. B: T. chinensis after release.

Fig. 7 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 7. Average predation proportion of Tachaea chinensis in each freshwater decapod's species treatment. Fishers exact test, *P <0.05, **P <0.01.

Fig. 9 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 9. Attachments of Tachaea chinensis on various freshwater decapods during this study. The arrows indicate the position of the isopod on the host. (a) T. chinensis on the left-side of the carapace of Palaemon paucidens; (b) T. chinensis on the right-side of the carapace of Procambarus clarkii; (c) T. chinensis attached on the right-side of the carapace of Neocaridina spp.; and (d) T. chinensis initially clinging on the abdomen of Macrobrachium nipponense.

Fig. 5 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 5. Selection percentage of Tachaea chinensis in the single-host treatments. Each treatment was repeated 10 times (one isopod per treatment); *: P <0.05, ***: P <0.001, ****: P <0.0001 (Binomial test of significance).

Fig. 1 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 1. Eight different host options were used to investigate the host selection of Tachaea. chinensis isopods. (a) Palaemon paucidens; (b) Palaemon sinensis; (c) Neocaridina spp.; (d) Macrobrachium nipponense; (e) Procambarus clarkii; (f) Rhodeus ocellatus; (g) Oryzias latipes and (h) Artificial P. paucidens.

Fig. 4 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 4. The experimental system used to test the potential predation of Tachaea chinensis by freshwater host species.

Fig. 10 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species

Fig. 10. Prey handling procedure of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (carapace length: 19 mm). (1) the crayfish P. clarkii approaching an 8 mm body length Tachaea chinensis; (2)–(5) P. clarkii catching and manipulating the prey using its pair of chelipeds; (6)–(8) the crayfish began consuming the prey by placing it directly into its mandibles.