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527 results for “Mesozoic.”
Data from: Fossil evidence of the avian vocal organ from the Mesozoic
From complex songs to simple honks, birds produce sounds using a unique vocal organ called the syrinx1, 2. Located close to the heart at the tracheobronchial junction, vocal folds or membranes attached to modified mineralized rings vibrate to produce sound1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Syringeal components were not thought to commonly enter the fossil record6, and the few reported fossilized parts of the syrinx are geologically young8, 9, 10, 11 (from the Pleistocene and Holocene (approximately 2.5 million years ago to the present)). The only known older syrinx is an Eocene specimen that was not described or illustrated12. Data on the relationship between soft tissue structures and syringeal three-dimensional geometry are also exceptionally limited5. Here we describe the first remains, to our knowledge, of a fossil syrinx from the Mesozoic Era, which are preserved in three dimensions in a specimen from the Late Cretaceous (approximately 66 to 69 million years ago) of Antarctica. With both cranial and postcranial remains, the new Vegavis iaai specimen is the most complete to be recovered from a part of the radiation of living birds (Aves). Enhanced-contrast X-ray computed tomography (CT) of syrinx structure in twelve extant non-passerine birds, as well as CT imaging of the Vegavis and Eocene syrinxes, informs both the reconstruction of ancestral states in birds and properties of the vocal organ in the extinct species. Fused rings in Vegavis form a well-mineralized pessulus, a derived neognath bird feature, proposed to anchor enlarged vocal folds or labia5. Left-right bronchial asymmetry, as seen in Vegavis, is only known in extant birds with two sets of vocal fold sound sources. The new data show the fossilization potential of the avian vocal organ and beg the question why these remains have not been found in other dinosaurs. The lack of other Mesozoic tracheobronchial remains, and the poorly mineralized condition in archosaurian taxa without a syrinx, may indicate that a complex syrinx was a late arising feature in the evolution of birds, well after the origin of flight and respiratory innovations.
FIG. 4 in Historical perspective: 140 years of Mesozoic radiolarian taxonomy
FIG. 4. — Pie diagram showing distribution of new radiolarian species across the Mesozoic Periods.
FIG. 1 in Historical perspective: 140 years of Mesozoic radiolarian taxonomy
FIG. 1. — New species of Mesozoic radiolarians published between 1867 and 2008.
FIG. 9 in Historical perspective: 140 years of Mesozoic radiolarian taxonomy
FIG. 9. — Pie diagram showing the distribution of nomina dubia.
The coevolution of rostral keratin cover and toothrow distribution in Mesozoic dinosaurs
<p><span>Teeth evolved early in vertebrate evolution, and their morphology reflects important specializations in diet and ecology among species. The toothless jaws (edentulism) in extant birds likely </span><span><span>co</span></span><span><span>evolved</span> <span>with beak keratin, which functionally replaced teeth. However, extinct dinosaurs lost teeth multiple times independently and exhibited great variation in toothrow distribution and beak-like keratin structures. Here, we use facial jawbone surface texture as a proxy for </span><span>rostral keratin covering and phylogenetic comparative models to test for the influence of facial keratin on toothrow distribution in Mesozoic dinosaurs. We find that the evolution of </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin covering explains partial toothrow reduction but not jaw </span><span>toothlessness</span><span>. Toothrow reduction preceded the evolution of </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin cover in theropods. Non-theropod dinosaurs evolved continuous toothrows despite </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin cover (e.g., some ornithischians and sauropodomorphs). We also show that </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin cover did not significantly increase the evolutionary rate of tooth loss, which further delineates the antagonistic relationship between these structures. Our results suggest that the evolution of </span><span>rostral</span><span> keratin had a limited effect on suppressing tooth development</span><span>.</span><span> <span>Independent changes in jaw development may have facilitated further tooth loss.</span></span> <span>Furthermore, the evolution of strong chemical digestion, a gizzard, and a dietary shift to omnivory or herbivory </span><span>likely </span><span>alleviated</span> <span>selective pressure</span><span>s</span><span> for tooth development.</span><span><span> </span></span></span></p>
Figs 13–17 in The longest-nosed Mesozoic Fulgoroidea (Homoptera): a new family from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
Figs 13–17. Dorytocus ornithorhynchus sp. n., paratype instar II nymph: 13 – dorsal
Figs 1–7 in The longest-nosed Mesozoic Fulgoroidea (Homoptera): a new family from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
Figs 1–7. Dorytocus ornithorhynchus sp. n., holotype instar V nymph: 1 – dorsal view; 2
Figs 8–12 in The longest-nosed Mesozoic Fulgoroidea (Homoptera): a new family from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
Figs 8–12. Dorytocus ornithorhynchus sp. n., paratype instar III nymph: 8 – dorsal view;
Data from: Quantitative plant taphonomy: the cosmopolitan Mesozoic fern Weichselia reticulata as a case study
<p>A quantitative approach to plant taphonomy focusing on preservation type and fragment size is tested by comparing 3338 <em>Weichselia reticulata </em>fragments from 25 Lower Cretaceous localities of different ages and depositional environments. Moreover, palaeobiological insights are also obtained from the taphonomic analyses. In the case of the specimens of <em>Weichselia reticulata</em> included in this work, charred remains are the most frequent preservation type. They are the smallest and most homogeneous in size, probably due to the fragmentation of the fronds while burning and to the fact that burnt fragments are more fragile and break easily during the initial abrasion and attrition produced by transport. The sizes of charred fragments vary depending on the depositional environment, suggesting that biostratinomic processes, and not fire temperature, are the main cause for size differences, and providing valuable insight into the distance the remains might have traveled from production to final deposition. The taphonomic analyses suggest that <em>Weichselia reticulata</em> is allochthonous in all the localities analysed, and that its habitat would have been prone to fire and not far from freshwater systems. This case study shows promising results that can be implemented on different plant groups and chronostratigraphic ages, allowing for the proposal of a taphonomic model.</p>
Fig. 5 in Paleocene of Menat Formation, France, reveals an extraordinary diversity of orthopterans and the last known survivor of a Mesozoic Elcanidae
Fig. 5. Habitus of Caelifera genus and sp. indet. A, MNHN.F.A71197 from Paleocene of Menat, France.
Mid-crustal low-velocity zones beneath Southeastern Coastal China revealed by multimodal ambient noise tomography: insights into Mesozoic Magmatic Activities
<p><span>It contains Rayleigh dispersion data </span><span>and</span><span> a three</span><span>-</span><span>dimensional crustal shear</span><span>-</span><span>wave velocity model of the Southeastern Coastal China </span><span>(</span><span>SCC</span><span>)</span><span>.</span></p>
Supplementary material for "Quantitative morphological analysis of skulls of pterosaurs and early birds highlight a functional shift during the Mesozoic" by Gauweiler J. et al.
<p>This data repository contains additional information and supplemental material for the publication "Quantitative morphological analysis of skulls of pterosaurs and early birds highlight a functional shift during the Mesozoic". For information on the authors, see the original publication.</p> <p>The folder "Prehistoric_Ornithodira_BMPs.zip" contains outline images in .bmp format of all skulls used for the analysis.</p> <p>The file "Groups.csv" contains the grouping variables for all data points.</p> <p>The file "PC_Scores.csv" contaisn the principal component scores of the SHAPE analysis for all individuals used in the analysis.</p> <p>The file "Pterosaur_Avian_Script.R" contaisn the R code used for statistical analysis and plotting of the data.</p>
Mesozoic origin and out-of-India radiation of ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae)
<p>The Indian subcontinent has an origin geologically different from Eurasia, but many terrestrial animal and plant species on it have congeneric or sister species in other parts of Asia, especially in the Southeast. This faunal and floral similarity between India and Southeast Asia is explained by either of the two biogeographic scenarios, 'into-India' or 'out-of-India.' Phylogenies based on complete mitochondrial genome and five nuclear genes were undertaken for ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae) to examine which of these two biogeographic scenarios fits better. We found that <i>Oryzias setnai</i>, the only adrianichthyid distributed in and endemic to the Western Ghats, a mountain range running parallel to the western coast of the Indian subcontinent, is sister to all other adrianichthyids from eastern India and Southeast–East Asia. Divergence time estimates and ancestral area reconstructions reveal that this western Indian species diverged in the late Mesozoic during the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent. These findings indicate that adrianichthyids dispersed eastward 'out of India' after the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia, and subsequently diversified in Southeast–East Asia. A review of geographic distributions of 'out-of-India' taxa reveals that they may have largely fuelled or modified the biodiversity of Eurasia.</p>
FIG. 22 in Revision of Mesozoic decapod crustaceans from Madagascar
FIG. 22. — Reconstruction of Linuparus bererensis Secrétan, 1964 by F. Fogliazza, dorsal view.
FIG. 1 in Revision of Mesozoic decapod crustaceans from Madagascar
FIG. 1. — Major sedimentary basins of Madagascar.
Supplementary data to the article "The first larva of the cucujiform superfamily Cleroidea from the Mesozoic and its ecological implications (Coleoptera)"
<p>The supplementery data to the article "The first larva of the cucujiform superfamily Cleroidea from the Mesozoic and its ecological implications (Coleoptera)" contain the 8 bit TIFF image stack obtained at the Imaging Beamline P05 (IBL) operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon at the storage ring PETRA III (Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron-DESY, Hamburg, Germany) using synchrotron radiation based micro-computed tomography (SRμCT). The scan of the holotype specimen of <em>Cretorhadalus constantini</em> Kolibáč & Prokop, 2023 was used for the segmentation and volume renders. </p>
Ptatin2D : dataset for run simulations presented in the article Slab pull driven South China Sea opening implies a Mesozoic Proto South China Sea
<p>Overview of pTatin2D</p> <p>pTatin2D is a software package designed for studying long time-scale processes relevant to geodynamics. The original motivation for this development was to provide the community with an open-source toolkit capable of studying high-resolution, two-dimensional models of lithospheric deformation.</p> <p>Functionality</p> <ul> <li>mixed finite elements (Q2-P1_disc) for the Stokes problem</li> <li>material points for tracking Lagrangian state and history variables</li> <li>energy equation solved with Q1 elements + SUPG</li> <li>ALE formulations (with a variety of remeshing solutions)</li> <li>extensible rheology components (currently supports: iso-viscous, Frank-Kamenetskii, Arrhenius, power-law, von Mises, Drucker Prager)</li> <li>full support for spatio-temporal Dirichlet and non-zero Neumann boundary conditions</li> <li>coupling with landscape evolution models</li> <li>full support for Newton and Picard non-linear solvers</li> <li>massively parallel implementation</li> </ul> <p>pTatin2D leverages functionality from <a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc">PETSc</a></p> <p>Requirements</p> <ul> <li>PETSc (only support for version 3.2)</li> </ul>
A subantarctic reigitheriid and the evolution of crushing teeth in these enigmatic Mesozoic mammals
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Data from: Quantitative plant taphonomy: the cosmopolitan Mesozoic fern Weichselia reticulata as a case study
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Predicting body length and assessing the shape of tail-propelled Mesozoic marine reptiles
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