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FIGURE 1 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 1. General location, indicating Central Otago in New Zealand and the three 'regions' that were studied.

FIGURE 3 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 3. The Cromwell Region, showing shelter locations (blue dots) to the east of Lake Dunstan and within the Cromwell Gorge. Groups of closely spaced shelters are surrounded by an ellipse. Groups of closely spaced shelters are surrounded by an ellipse. Lines indicate the 'sectors'.

FIGURE 6 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 6. Examples of the dried vegetation zone in Cromwell Region shelters. A. Shelter-41. Surface view of an extracted mass of chewed twigs and leaf fragments. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. B. Shelter-40. Cross section showing a brown zone of dry vegetation (arrowed) below a grey zone of lithic rubble and capped by a zone within which sheep and rabbit coprolites are prominent. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. C. Shelter-46. Lens of twigs and leaf material below ballpoint pen (140 mm) and trowel, exposed in the face of a relict 'piedmont' of sediment. D. Shelter-71. A relatively thick brown, vegetation-rich zone adjacent trowel, capped by a pale lithic rubble. This is a close up of the floor of the shelter in Figure 5B. Trowel (260 mm) for scale. E. Shelter-78. Cross-section of an extracted lump of fine twigs and leaf material. Hand for scale. F. Shelter-28. Cross section of a sand-rich zone of dry vegetation and moa feathers. Rock hammer (handle 35 mm wide) for scale. G. Shelter-83. Surface view of extracted block of silt-rich sediment, with dried leaves on the partings. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. H. Shelter-88. Small relict 'piedmont' of sediment to left of trowel (260 mm), with brown zone of dry vegetation (arrowed).

FIGURE 11. Melicytus alpinus. A in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 11. Melicytus alpinus. A. Abaxial surface, showing typical range of stomatal complexes and orientation (LX5560, Shelter-6, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Detail of stomatal complexes showing the prominent outer stomatal ledges and thickened polar T-pieces (LX5338, Coprolite-106, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 15 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 15. Malvaceae (Plagianthus sp. or Hoheria sp.) abaxial surface cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Stellate trichome at upper right (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm. B. Stellate trichome at upper right, group of stomatal complexes at lower left (LX2951, Shelter-33, scale bar equals 40 μm). C. 'balloon' trichome (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm). D. two-armed trichome (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 14 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 14. Muehlenbeckia sp. A. Abaxial surface with stomatal complexes below and peltate trichome with divided base above (LX2891, Shelter-95, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Three stomatal complexes among fine surface ridging and peltate trichome with divided base at lower left (LX3100, Coprolite-36, scale bar equals 40 μm).

FIGURE 9 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 9. Sophora cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. View of S. microphylla stomatal (abaxial) surface showing deeply stained trichome bases, papillae, and stomatal complexes (LX2799, Shelter-96, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. View of S. microphylla stomatal (abaxial) surface of less-stained specimen, but still showing relatively well-stained trichome bases, papillae, and stomatal complexes (LX2590, Shelter-50, scale bar equals 100 μm). C. Detail to show stomatal complexes, partly obscured by irregular papillae (LX3052, from Coprolite-26, scale bar equals 40 μm). D. View of S. microphylla non-stomatal (adaxial) surface, with deeply staining trichome attachment at right (LX3052, Coprolite-26, scale bar equals 40 μm). E. View of S. microphylla non-stomatal (adaxial) surface, with four deeply staining trichome attachments. Note the characteristic radiating surrounding epidermal cells (LX3006, Shelter-76, scale bar equals 100 μm). F. View of basal portion of S. microphylla leaf mid-rib (abaxial surface), showing dense trichome attachment sites (LX3106, Shelter-39, scale bar equals 100 μm). G. View of another style of S. microphylla cuticle morphology from basal portion of the leaf mid-rib (abaxial surface), showing dense trichome attachment sites, and thinner cuticle on either side (LX3052, Coprolite-26, scale bar equals 100 μm). H. Abaxial cuticle of Sophora prostrata. Note clearly different from S. microphylla in absence of trichome attachment sites, and distinct ring of subsidiary cells around the stoma (OPH5491, scale bar equals 100 μm).

FIGURE 10 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 10. Rubus sp. cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Abaxial surface, showing a typical massive, flanged and hollow trichome attachment, at left, and more poorly staining cuticle with stomatal complexes in the upper right (LX2775, Coprolite-8, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. A patch of stomatal complexes, showing their typically poorly defined outlines and the sinuous walls of the epidermal and subsidiary cells (LX2818, Shelter-96, scale bar equals 100 μm).

FIGURE 19 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand

FIGURE 19. Hebe pimeleoides cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Abaxial surface showing relatively small papillae and stomatal complexes (LX2468, Shelter-92, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Abaxial surface showing relatively large papillae and stomatal complexes (LX2960, Shelter-33, scale bar equals 100 μm). C. Abaxial surface detail showing slightly flanged papillae and stomatal complexes (LX2938, Shelter-39, scale bar equals 40 μm). D. Abaxial surface detail showing slightly smoother papillae and stomatal complexes (LX2947, Shelter-33, scale bar equals 40 μm). E. Adaxial surface showing lack of papillae and trichome bases (one is arrowed, LX2959, Shelter-33, scale bar equals 100 μm). F. Abaxial surface detail showing two stomatal complexes (LX2997, Shelter-51, scale bar equals 40 μm).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2024View details →

A legacy of submarine slope failure in seismic reflection data along the active Hikurangi Margin, Aotearoa New Zealand

We present a database that documents mass transport deposits (MTDs) in 32 marine geophysical surveys, encompassing >38,000 line-km of 2D seismic profiles. We map and characterise 737 MTDs, showing variations in size, location and style of failure, which we attribute to changes in geomorphic setting from north to south. MTDs in the northern Hikurangi margin, characterised by a high taper wedge and seamount subduction, show a broad range in size, with the highest proportion of MTDs displaying blocky or intact internal architecture. The central margin, characterised by lower wedge taper, hosts the most MTDs (51%), albeit with the thinnest (on average) and clustering within interridge basins. The southern Hikurangi margin hosts widespread submarine canyons and the largest (on average) MTDs, based on area and thickness. We demonstrate the importance of seismic archives in providing new insights into MTD preservation and discuss the bias between seafloor geomorphology and subseafloor seismic data in quantifying MTD occurrence. Our findings support the interrogation of the varied and complex causes of submarine landslides along active margins generally, as well as regions prone to cascading geohazards and landslide-induced tsunami.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

New Zealand Vertical land movement and sea rise projections

UPDATE from version v3: This update corrects a missing scenario (SSP3-7.0) with no VLM from the SLR projections tables. It also includes updated 0 entries for 2005 for both the VLM and noVLM projections.   This dataset provides the estimated vertical land movement around the New Zealand coast and associated sea rise projections described by Naish et al., 2024:  Naish, T. et al. (2024) The significance of vertical land movements at convergent plate boundaries in probabilistic sea-level projections for AR6 scenarios: the New Zealand case. Earth's Future README: NZ SeaRise Data Description   This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Users can download two data sets for selected sites: (1) Site details and (2) Sea level projections. A brief description of these data is included below. 1. Site Details Provides location data and estimates of vertical land movement for each site. For the VLM file: id = site location Lon = longitude Lat = latitude Vertical Rate = average annual vertical velocity in mm/yr Vertical Rate BOP corrected (mm/yr) = average annual vertical velocity in mm/yr with a correction for a movement (see Hamling et al., 2016, Hamling et al., 2022) for details. NOTE: These are the vertical rates used for the sea level projections. 1-sigma uncertainty = Error estimate for vertical velocity in mm/yr Number of obs = Number of individual scatterers and/or GNSS used to estimate the vertical rate. QF = Quality factor for vertical velocity estimates of the land surface derived from InSAR data averaged for 2 km-spaced sites (1=good, 5=poor). This factor considers the number of observations available for each coastal location, the radial distance used to bin the observations and the distance to the nearest GNSS station. After selecting the optimal search radius, a distance weighted mean is calculated for of all the points with additional weight given to any available GNSS observations. Average distance between coastal point and observations =Average distance (in km) of all the points used to estimate the vertical rate from the coastal site indicated by the ID an lon, lat values. 2. Sea level projections tables Provides sea level projections data for each site. Table ‘NZSeaRise_proj_novlm.csv’ provides projections without estimates of local VLM and table ‘NZSeaRise_proj_vlm.csv’ provides projections that include estimates of local VLM. Example download table:   Confidence = identifies low or medium confidence projection siteId = site location year = Projection year (Common Era) 0.17 = 17th percentile value 0.50 = 50th percentile (mean) value 0.83 = 83rd percentile value SSP ǀ scenario = Shared Socio-economic Pathway and relevant change in forcing at 2100 in W m2

opencc-zeroAug 2024View details →

National Checklists: New Zealand Species List

Data from: GBIF.org (23 January 2025) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.vd2ajk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.vd2ajk</a>

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Earthquake catalogue for the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, 2007–2024

These files contain information on the earthquake catalogue presented in Illsley-Kemp & Mestel (2024). This contains earthquakes which occurred in the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, between 2007–2024. For detail on methodology please refer to the original publication. There are two types of file; an xml file for each year which is in QuakeML format, this can be read with ObsPy, there is also two csv files, one for the absolute location catalogue, and one for the relocated catalogue. All methodological details can be found in the associate paper, which can be found here: https://seismica.library.mcgill.ca/article/view/1490 If using this dataset please cite the orginal paper: Illsley-Kemp, F. and Mestel, E., 2025. A new consistent and high-precision earthquake catalogue for the Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Seismica, 4(1).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

FIGURE 2 in Superficially described and ignored for 92 years, rediscovered and emended: Apodera angatakere (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Hyalospheniformes) is a new flagship testate amoeba taxon from Aotearoa (New Zealand)

FIGURE 2 Top half: Apodera angatakere n. gen. n. sp. (A–C, Eand F), five specimens from Ahukawakawa swamp, Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island (sample EM-2540): (A–C) three barcoded individuals, (D) Brehm's original drawing of Apodera angatakere (described as Nebela penardi) from Margaret's Tarn, Arthur's Pass, New Zealand's South Island, (E and F), two individuals from sample EM-2540 (LM and SEM, respectively). Eis the holotype. Note the presence of a ca. 10 µm wide keel. All specimens illustrated here as well as in Figures S2–S8 were used for morphometrical analyses (Figure 1). Scale bars (20, 50, or 100 µm) are shown for all specimen but were not provided in the original description. Bottom half: Apodera vas. (G) barcoded specimen from Macquarie Island (sample EM-2764), (H–J) three specimens from forest litter collected on the lower slopes of Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island (sample EM-2543). (H and I) Two barcoded specimen, (J) SEM of a third individual; note the absence of a keel. The codes of the barcoded specimens are the same as in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 3)

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

FI GU R E 3 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the Hyalospheniformes with a focus on Apodera, Alocodera, and Padaungiella based on COI gene sequences. Bootstrap values (bs) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (p.p.) are indicated respectively between branches. COI sequences from genera other than Apodera were retrieved from GenBank in Superficially described and ignored for 92 years, rediscovered and emended: Apodera angatakere (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Hyalospheniformes) is a new flagship testate amoeba taxon from Aotearoa (New Zealand)

FI GU R E 3 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the Hyalospheniformes with a focus on Apodera, Alocodera, and Padaungiella based on COI gene sequences. Bootstrap values (bs) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (p.p.) are indicated respectively between branches. COI sequences from genera other than Apodera were retrieved from GenBank

Figure 9 in Two species of Acaricis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from New Zealand, moved from the genus Tenuipalpus, with a key to the known species

Figure 9 Acaricis alpinus (Collyer) male: dorsal aspect, right side, of: A – leg I; B – leg II; C– leg III; D – leg IV.

Figure 8 in Two species of Acaricis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from New Zealand, moved from the genus Tenuipalpus, with a key to the known species

Figure 8 Acaricis alpinus (Collyer) female: dorsal aspect, right side, of: A – leg I; B – leg II; C – leg III; D – leg IV.

Figure 6 in Two species of Acaricis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from New Zealand, moved from the genus Tenuipalpus, with a key to the known species

Figure 6 Differential interference contrast (DIC) image ofAcaricis alpinus (Collyer) (Female): dorsum.

Figure 4 in Two species of Acaricis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) from New Zealand, moved from the genus Tenuipalpus, with a key to the known species

Figure 4 Acaricis montanus (Collyer) female, dorsal aspect, right side, of: A – leg I; B – leg II; C – leg III; D – leg IV.