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307 results for “Ornithischia”
Figure 27. Theropod skeletal forms. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 27. Theropod skeletal forms. A, Herrerasaurus (a dinosauriform, stem-dinosaur or a basal theropod – according to various analyses). B, Allosaurus a tetanuran theropod – see Fig. 28). C, Ornithomimus a coelurosaur. D, Nothronychus, a coelurosaur. E, Oviraptor, a maniraptoran. F, Deinonychus, a paravian. Herrerasaurus and all other theropods possess gastralia. Images kindly provided by Scott Hartman who retains the copyright of each. Scale bar in centimetres.
Figure 19. Scelidosaurus. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 19. Scelidosaurus. A, epistyloids as preserved in the large articulated referred skeleton (BRSMG LEGL 0004 – after Norman, 2020a). B, an isolated epistyloid as preserved in lateral view in the considerably smaller referred individual (CAMSM X39256). Scale bars in centimetres. Abbreviations: at, atlas; at.r, atlas rib; ba, baseplate; ep (l, r), epistyloids; ost, osteoderm; pap, paroccipital process; Q, quadrate. Scale bars in cms. Pale tone – sediment.
Figure 37 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 37. Early (non-numerical) cladistics-based attempt to establish a topology for armoured dinosaurs within the clade Ornithischia. This topology is derived from Sereno (1984: fig. 1).
Figure 36 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 36. Early (non-numerical) cladistics-based attempt to establish a topology for armoured dinosaurs within the clade Ornithischia. The topology was created by Norman (1984b: fig. 2).
Figure 32 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 32. Scelidosaurus. Femoral muscle maps. Includes small and large femora to show the change of curvature of shaft that occurs during ontogeny. A. 'juvenile' (NHMUK R6704 – after Norman, 2020b: fig. 79). B–D, 'adult' (NHMUK R1111 – the lectotype, after Norman, 2020b: fig. 78) in medial (B), anterior (C) and lateral (D). Abbreviations: add, adductor; cfb, m. caudifemoralis brevis; cfl, m. caudifemoralis longus; ft, m. femorotibialis; if, m. iliofemoralis; if?, possible area for attachment of a slip of the m. iliofemoralis; itr-pife?, area available for insertion of the m. iliotrochantericus (m. iliofemoralis) and perhaps the m. puboischiofemoralis externus (site of origin uncertain); ist, m. ischiotrochantericus; pifi, m. puboischiofemoralis internus.
Figure 7. Body plan evolution within Ornithischia and character states with phylogenetic importance for the present hypothesis. A in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 7. Body plan evolution within Ornithischia and character states with phylogenetic importance for the present hypothesis. A, skeletal reconstruction of Silesaurus opolensis, a parapredentatan (stem lineage) ornithischian (after Dzik, 2003). B, skeletal reconstruction of Laquintasaura venezuelae, a parapredentatan ornithischian (after Barrett et al., 2014). C, skeletal reconstruction of Eocursor parvus, a prionodontian ornithischian (after Butler et al., 2010). D, left dentary of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63136) in lateral view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). E, left ectopterygoid of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in posterior (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). F, posterior portion of the right hemimandible of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in lateral (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). G, partial left dentary of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in occlusal view (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). H, left dentary of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63136) in medial view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). I, isolated tooth of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63843) in labial view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). J, proximal portion of the right femur of Sacisaurus agudoensis (MCN PV100014) in caudomedial view. K, right maxilla of Echinodon becklesii (NHMUK OR48211) in lateral view (modified from Sereno, 2012). L, right tibia of Eocursor parvus (SAM-PK-K8025) in proximal view. M, left pelvic elements of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in lateral view. N, skull of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in right lateral view. O, cervical 6 and 7 of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in left lateral view. P, proximal portion of the right tibia of Eocursor parvus (SAM-PK-K8025) in lateral view. Q, left ischium of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (SAM-PK-K1105) in medial view (modified from Baron et al., 2017a). R, proximal portion of the left femur of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582) in lateral view. Elements are not to scale.
Figure 3. Strict consensus trees from the constrained analyses. First constrained analysis forcing a in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 3. Strict consensus trees from the constrained analyses. First constrained analysis forcing a monophyletic Silesauridae apart from the 'traditional ornithischians'. Abbreviations: Aphan, Aphanosauria; Herrer, Herrerasauridae. Silhouettes are based on artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia, John Sibbick and Douglas M. Heman.
Figure 6 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 6. Strict consensus tree from the unconstrained analysis depicting node numbers mentioned in the text and bootstrap values equal to or higher than 40%. Node numbers: 1, Dinosauria; 2, Saurischia; 3, Ornithischia; 4, Sulcimentisauria; 5, Parapredentata; 6, Unnamed; 7, Prionodontia; 8, Thyreophora; 9, Neornithischia; 10, Heterodontosauridae. Saltopus elginensis was removed from the strict consensus tree after an iterPCR analysis (Pol & Escapa, 2009). Silhouettes based on the artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia and John Sibbick.
Figure 10 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 10. Femora of selected dinosaurs: A, left femur of the ornithischian Lewisuchus admixtus (PULR-PV 53) in anteromedial view. B, right femur of the ornithischian Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159; modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019) in anteromedial view. C, right femur of the parapredentatan Sacisaurus agudoensis (MCN PV10018) in anteromedial view. D, right femur of the herrerasaurid Gnathovorax cabreirai (CAPPA/UFSM 0009) in lateral view. E, right femur of the neornithischian Eocursor parvus (SAM-PK K 8025) in lateral view. F, left femur of the neornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582) in lateral view. Abbreviations: 4t, fourth trochanter; at, anterior trochanter; dlt, dorsolateral trochanter; ts, trochanteric shelf. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 8 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 8. Maxillary teeth of selected dinosaurs described in this analysis, in labial view: A, left maxillary teeth of ornithischian Lewisuchus admixtus (CRILAR-Pv 552; modified from Ezcurra et al., 2020). B, right maxillary teeth of the sauropodomorph Buriolestes schultzi (ULBRA-PVT280). C, left maxillary teeth of the parapredentatan Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.6587; modified from Martz & Small, 2019). D, left maxillary teeth of the sauropodomorph Macrocollum itaquii (CAPPA/UFSM 0001b). E, left maxillary teeth of the neornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582). F, right maxillary teeth of the heterodontosaurid Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K 337). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 9 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 9. Pectoral girdle of selected ornithodirans in lateral view: A, right scapula of the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton polesinensis (ULBRA-PVT059). B, right scapula and coracoid of the herrerasaurid Gnathovorax cabreirai (CAPPA/ UFSM 0009). C, right scapula of the early diverging saurischian Tawa hallae (GR 242). D, left (reversed) scapula and coracoid of the ornithischian Lewisuchus admixtus (PULR 01). E, left (reversed) scapula and coracoid of the ornithischian Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159; modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). F, right scapula of the neornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582). Abbreviations: ap, acromion process; co, coracoid; de, distal expansion; gl, glenoid; sb, scapular blade. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 2 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 2. Time-calibrated strict consensus tree from the unconstrained analysis. Numbers on nodes represent Bremer support values higher than 1. Saltopus elginensis [Friedrich Freiherr] von Huene, 1910 was removed from the strict consensus tree after an iterPCR analysis (Pol & Escapa, 2009). Abbreviations: Aphan, Aphanosauria; Herrer, Herrerasauridae; Heterod., Heterodontosauridae. Silhouettes are based on artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia and John Sibbick.
Figure 5 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 5. Third analysis forcing Chilesaurus diegosuarezi in Theropoda. Abbreviations: Aphan, Aphanosauria; Herrer, Herrerasauridae. Silhouettes are based on artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia, John Sibbick and Douglas M. Heman.
Figure 4. Second constrained analysis forcing a in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 4. Second constrained analysis forcing a monophyletic Ornithoscelida. Abbreviations: Aphan, Aphanosauria; Herrer, Herrerasauridae. Silhouettes are based on artwork by Márcio L. Castro, Gabriel Lio, Rodrigo T. Müller, Maurício S. Garcia, John Sibbick and Douglas M. Heman.
Figure 11 in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 11. Ilia of selected ornithodirans: A, left ilium of the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton polesinensis (ULBRA-PVT059) in lateral view. B, right ilium of the herrerasaurid Gnathovorax cabreirai (CAPPA/UFSM 0009) in lateral view. C, right ilium of the prionodontian Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159; modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019) in lateral view. D, left ilium of the parapredentatan Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.48506; modified from Martz & Small, 2019) in lateral view. E, left ilium of the neornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (SAM-PK-K1107; modified from Baron et al., 2017c) in medial view. F, left ilium of the heterodontosaurid Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in lateral view. Abbreviations: ib, iliac blade; ip, ischiadic peduncle; mw, medial wall; pop, postacetabular process; pp, pubic peduncle; prp, pre-acetabular process; sc, supracetabular crest. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Data from: Body mass estimates of an exceptionally complete Stegosaurus (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): comparing volumetric and linear bivariate mass estimation methods
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Data from: Postcrania of juvenile Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Alagteeg Formation, Alag Teeg, Mongolia: implications for ontogenetic allometry in ankylosaurs
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Data from: Convoluted nasal passages function as efficient heat exchangers in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia: Thyreophora)
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Data from: The origins of neural spine elongation in iguanodontian dinosaurs and the osteology of a new sail-back styracosternan (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden Group of England
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Data from: A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)
The stegosaurs are some of the most easily recognizable dinosaurs, but are surprisingly rare as fossils. Consequently much remains unknown about their palaeobiology, and every new stegosaurian find contributes to our understanding of the evolution of the clade. Since the last attempt to examine the evolutionary relationships of Stegosauria, new specimens have come to light, including the most complete individual of Stegosaurus ever found, new taxa have been described and, perhaps most importantly, new methods for analysis of cladistic datasets have been produced. In the light of these new data and technological advances, the phylogenetic relationships of the stegosaurs and basal armoured dinosaurs are investigated. The inclusion of continuous data results in much better resolution than was previously obtained, and the resulting single most parsimonious tree supports re-erection of the genera Miragaia and Hesperosaurus, which had previously been synonymized with Dacentrurus and Stegosaurus respectively. The recently described genus Alcovasaurus is resolved as a basal thyreophoran, but this is most likely a consequence of a very high degree of missing data and the questionable ontogenetic stage of the specimen. Examination of the effects of continuous data on the analysis suggest that while it contains a phylogenetic signal congruent with that of discrete data and provides better resolution than discrete data alone, it can affect topologies in unpredictable ways, particularly in areas of the tree where there are large amounts of missing data. The phylogeny presented here will form the basis for future work on the palaeobiology of the plated dinosaurs.
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