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Fig. 11 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 11. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea? robusta sp. nov., Middle Volgian, Yatriya River, Subpolar Urals,. A. TsSGM 2068/37, interior of right valve. B. TsSGM 2068/36, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/35, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/38, interior of left valve attached to other oyster shell.

Fig. 10 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 10. Comparison of morphology Deltoideum vs. Pernostrea. A, C. Deltoideum delta (Smith, 1817) (labelled as "Ostrea deltoidea"), Kimmeridgian, La Hève, France. A. NHM 204314, interior of right valve. C. NHM 204314, interior of left valve. B, D. Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. B. TsSGM 2068/30, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/84, interior of left valve.

Fig. 3 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 3. Main morphological characters of oysters. A. Left valve of Phygraea (Gryphaeidae, Pycnodonteinae), TsSGM 2068/88, inner view. B. Left valve of Crassostrea (Flemingostreidae, Crassostreinae), TsSGM 2068/13, inner view. C. Left valve of Pernostrea (Gryphaeidae, Gryphaeinae), TsSGM 2068/2, inner view.

Fig. 6. Gryphaeid oysters from the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum. A, E in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 6. Gryphaeid oysters from the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum. A, E. Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) borealis sp. nov. A. TsSGM 2068/31, paratype, Lower Kimmeridgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals; exterior (A1) and interior (A2) of left valve. E. TsSGM 150/3887, holotype, Lower Kimmeridgian, Khatanga depression, north of Eastern Siberia; interior of RV (E1) and exterior of LV (E2). B–D, F. Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) praeanabarensis Zakharov, 1966), Lower Volgian, Dyabaka-Tari River, north of Eastern Siberia. B. TsSGM 2068/10, view on left (B1) and right (B2) valves. C. TsSGM 2068/57, interior of right valve. D. TsSGM 2068/8, exterior (D1) and interior (D2) of left valve. F. TsSGM 150/2031, interior of left valve.

Fig. 9 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 9. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2048/23, left (A1) and right (A2) valve views, view from posterior side (A3). B. TsSGM 2068/34, left (B1) and right (B2) valve views. C. TsSGM 2068/32, exterior (C1) and interior (C2) of left valve, view from anterior side (C3).

Fig. 5 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 5. Microstructure of studied gryphaeid oysters. A. Deltoideum delta (Smith, 1817), TsSGM 2068/87; Kimmeridgian, Dorset, England. B. Pernostrea uralensis (Zakharov, 1972), TsSGM 2068/45; Upper Volgian, Maurynya River, eastern slopes of the Northern Urals. Microstructure (A1, B1), cross section (A2, B2). RF, regularly foliated structure; HCF,?herringbone cross-foliated structure.

Fig. 1 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 1. Geographical position of the studied oysters locations: 1, Lopsiya River; 2, Tolya River; 3, Maurynya River; 4, Yatriya River; 5, Boyarka River; 6, Bol'shaya Romanikha River; 7, Dyabaka-Tari River (after Zakharov 1966; Zakharov and Mesezhnikov 1974).

Fig. 4 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 4. Measurements of morphometric parameters of oyster shells. D1, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and anterior valve margin; D2, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and posterior valve margin; D3, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and ventral margin; D4, distance between posterior adductor muscle scar and dorsal margin; H, shell height; HCF, herringbone cross-foliated structure; Hla, ligament area height; Hpam, posterior adductor muscle scar height; L, shell length; LA, ligament area; LV, left valve; Lab, anterior bourrelet length; Lla, ligament area length; Lpam, posterior adductor muscle scar length; Lpb, posterior bourrelet length; Lr, resilifer length; PAM, posterior adductor muscle scar; RF, regularly foliated structure; RV, right valve.

Fig. 8 in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous oysters from Siberia: A systematic review

Fig. 8. Gryphaeid oyster Pernostrea mesezhnikovi sp. nov., Lower Volgian, Lopsiya River, Northern Urals. A. TsSGM 2068/28, paratype, details of right valve sculpture: fine radial striae (A1), exterior with Gastrochaenolites (A2), interior (A3). B. TsSGM 2048/21, interior of right valve. C. TsSGM 2068/29, interior of right valve.

Fig. 80 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 80. Problematic tubes from early Cambrian Medvezhya Formation, western Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; samples 3/10 (A–E, G) and K2/26 (F), section 3. A–E, G. Tiksitheca licis? Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al., 1969, SMNH X6049–6053 (A–E, respectively), SMNH X6054 (G). Calcium phosphatic internal moulds and outer coatings of conchs. F. Problematic tube or sclerite, lateral view of internal mould, SMNH X6055. Scale bar 250 μm (G), 500 μm (A–E), 1 mm (F).

Fig. 78 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 78. Anabaritid Aculeochrea rugosa (Val'kov and Sysoev, 1970), internal moulds, from early Cambrian Manykay Formation, eastern Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; sample 4/4, section 96-4. A. SMNH X6033. B. SMNH X3773 (see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 50G). C. SMNH X3768 (see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 50A–B). A, B2, C, lateral; B1, transverse views. Scale bar 500 μm.

Fig. 77 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 77. Anabaritid Anabarites compositus Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al., 1969, from early Cambrian Emyaksin Formation, Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; samples 5a/34.5 (A–I) and 5a/18.5 (J, K), section 96-5a. A–K. SMNH X3677 (A; see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 29A–C), SMNH X3679 ( B; see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 29F, G), SMNH X3678 (C; see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 29D–E), X6029 (D), SMNH X3682 (E; see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 30A–E), SMNH X3684 (F; see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 31), SMNH X3683 (G; see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 30F–H), SMNH X6030 (H), X3681 (I; see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 29J), SMNH X6031 (J), and SMNH X6032 (K). A1, B–D, F2, H2, I, K, lateral views of internal moulds and calcium phosphatic inner and outer coats on the tube walls; A2, A3, enlargement of "chevrons" on surface of internal mould; E, fragment of inner coating with protrusions directed towards apertural end of tube; F1, enlargement of F2 showing external surface of inner coating with " chevrons" and partly preserved phosphatized apertural flanges; G, transverse view of partly phosphatized tube; H1, enlargement of H2 showing "chevrons" and internal protrusions of the wall preserved by inner phosphatic coating of conch; J, transverse view of internal mould. Scale bar 100 μm (A2, A3, F1), 250 μm (H1), and 500 μm (A1, B–D, F2, G, H2, I–K).

Fig. 73 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 73. Anabaritid Selindeochrea ternaria (Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al., 1969), calcium phosphatic internal moulds, from early Cambrian Medvezhya (A, C, D) and Emyaksin (B) formations, Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; samples K2/25 (A), K2/26 (D), 3/12.2 (C), section 3; 5a/18.5 (B), section 96-5a. A. SMNH X5998. B. SMNH X6000. C. SMNH X5999. D. SMNH X6001. A1, C, D, lateral; A2, B, transverse views. Scale bar 500 μm.

Fig. 69 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 69. Anabaritid Selindeochrea tricarinata (Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al., 1969), from early Cambrian Medvezhya Formation, western Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; samples K2/25 (A, C), 3/12.2 (B, D), and 3/12 (E, F), section 3. A. SMNH X3412-part (see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 48C); A1, phosphatic internal mould with external phosphatic coating of longitudinal lobes and their distal extensions, keels; A2, cross-section enlarged. B, F. SMNH X5978, 5982, respectively; phosphatic external moulds with longitudinal keels; B, F1, lateral; F2, oblique views. C. SMNH X3412- counterpart (see also Kouchinsky and Bengtson 2002: fig. 9A and Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 48D), cast of the outer surface. D, E. SMNH X5980 and 5981, respectively; phosphatic internal moulds; D1, E2, transverse; D2, E1, lateral views. Scale bar 250 μm (A2) and 500 μm (A1, B–F).

Fig. 79 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 79. Anabaritids from early Cambrian Medvezhya (A, B, D–G, I, J, L, M, P) and Emyaksin (C, H, K, N, O) formations of Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; samples 3/12.2 (A, B, D, F, G), K2/21 (L), K2/26 (E, M), section 3; 5a/1.2 (C, H, K, N, O), section 96-5a; 1/22 (I, J), 1/29.5 (P), section 1. A–C, K, L. Tiksitheca licis Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al., 1969, internal moulds, SMNH X6034, 6035 (A, B, respectively), SMNH X6037 (C), SMNH X6036 K), SMNH X6038 (L). A, B2, C, K, L, lateral views; B1, transverse view of apertural end. M. T. licis, SMNH X3410 (see also Kouchinsky and Bengtson 2002: fig. 6 and Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 39E), lateral view of tube replaced by celestite and barite. D–J, P. Cambrotubulus decurvatus Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al., 1969, internal moulds, SMNH X6039–6045 (D–J, respectively), SMNH X6048 (P). D–H, I1, J, P, lateral views; I2, transverse view of apertural end. N. Kugdatheca voluta Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al., 1969, SMNH X6046. N1, lateral view of internal mould; N2, oblique transverse view of apical end. O. K. voluta?, lateral view of internal mould, SMNH X6047. Scale bar 500 μm (M, O), and 1 mm (A–L, N, P).

Fig. 70 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 70. Anabaritid Selindeochrea cf. tecta Val'kov, 1982, phosphatic internal moulds, from early Cambrian Emyaksin (A–C) and Medvezhya (D) formations, Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; samples 5a/34.75 (A, C), 5a/34.5 (B), section 96-5a; and 3/10 (D), section 3. A. SMNH X3779 (see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 47G). B. SMNH X3778 (see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 47C). C. SMNH X3780 (see also Kouchinsky et al. 2009: fig. 47H). D. SMNH X5986. A1, B2, C1, D1, D3, lateral; A2, B1, D2, transverse views; C2, transverse view of apex. Scale bar 500 μm.

Fig. 67. Problematic calcium phosphatic sclerites Fomitchella acinaciformis Missarzhevsky, 1977 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 67. Problematic calcium phosphatic sclerites Fomitchella acinaciformis Missarzhevsky, 1977, from early Cambrian Emyaksin Formation, eastern flank of the Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; sample 5a/18.5, section 96-5a. A SMNH X5962. B. SMNH X5964. C. SMNH X5966. D. SMNH X5967. E. SMNH X5963. F. SMNH X5965. G. SMNH X5968. A1, A3, C, D2, G, lateral; A2, D1, oblique apertural; B, F, oblique apical views; A4, E2, outer surface with fibres at apertural margin. Scale bar 100 μm (A4, E2), 250 μm (A3), 500 μm (A1, A2, B–D, E1, F, G).

Fig. 83 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 83. Problematicum, phosphatized external surface of an undetermined organism (SMNH X6073) from early Cambrian Medvezhya Formation, western Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; sample 3/10, section 3. A. Upper view (on the oral? surface). B–D. Lateral views. Scale bar 500 μm (A), 1 mm (B–D).

Fig. 66. Problematic calcium phosphatic sclerites Fomitchella aff. acinaciformis Missarzhevsky, 1977 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 66. Problematic calcium phosphatic sclerites Fomitchella aff. acinaciformis Missarzhevsky, 1977 (A–E), Fomitchella acinaciformis Missarzhevsky, 1977 (F, G), and Fomitchella sp. (H), from early Cambrian Emyaksin Formation, eastern flank of the Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; samples 5a/10.5 (A, B, E), 5a /17.5 (C, F–H), 5a/9 (D), section 96-5a. A–H. SMNH X5954–5961, respectively. A1, oblique apical; A3, C2, D2, H3, apical; A2, B, C3, D1, E1, F, G2, G3, H1, H2, lateral; E2, apertural; G1, oblique apertural views; C1, close-up of apertural margin with fibres (note two inserted sclerites). Scale bar 50 μm (C1), 250 μm (A1, B, C2, C3, E, H), 500 μm (A2, A3, D, F, G).

Fig. 62 in Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

Fig. 62. Problematic calcium phosphatic sclerites Fomitchella infundibuliformis Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al., 1969 (A–C, E–G) and Fomitchella sp. (D), from early Cambrian Medvezhya Formation, western flank of the Anabar Uplift, Siberia, Russia; samples K2/33 (A, E–G), section 3; 1/39.3 (B), section 1; and K1a/82 (C, D), section 2. A–G. SMNH X5924–5930, respectively. A1, B1, C, D, E1, F, G1, lateral; A2, apertural; B2, apical views; E2, G2, enlargements show marginal folds in the wall and fibres of the outer layer. Scale bar 50 μm (G2), 100 μm (E2), 250 μm (A, B1, F, G1), 500 μm (B2, C, D, E1).