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Fig. 6 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 6. Schematic drawing showing examples of vegetative cells of different age and baeocytes formation in modern colonial coccoid cyanobacteria. A. Stanieria sphaerica (Setchell and Gardner) Komárek and Anagnostidis 1986, scheme of baeocytes formation (after Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998). B–E. Stanieria cf. cyanosphaera (Komárek and Hindák) Komárek and Anagnostidis 1986, modern coccoid cyanobacteria grown in culture under irradiance level 20 µmol m–2 sec–1 at 22 (~0.5)oC. B. Cells of different age. C. Vegetative cells of different age. D. Baeocytes differentiation. · · E. Baeocytes liberation. After Komárek and Hindák from Silva and Pienaar 2000, modified. F. Chroococcidiopsis kashayi Friedmann 1961, various stage of baeocytic cell division (multiple fission), after Komárek and Anagnostidis 1998 modified. G. Fragment of early Silurian coccoid cyanobacterial mat. ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 49/1−4. Scale bars 20 µm.

Fig. 7 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 7. Comparison of early Silurian coccoid cyanobacteria (left) from radiolarian cherts exposed at the Żdanów road−cut (Bardzkie Mountains) and modern coccoid cyanobacteria (right), all optical micrographs. A, C, E. Examples of cells of early Silurian Stanieria−like cyanobacteria at different stage of cell fission filled with minute reproductive cells (baeocytes). E. Optical micrographs with Nomarski illumination. A, C, E, ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 49/1−4. B, D, F. Mass culture of Stanieria cf. cyanosphaera (Komárek and Hindák) Komárek and Anagnostidis 1986, grown under irradiance level 20 µmol m–2 sec–1 at 22 · · (~0.5)oC, revealing spherical cells of varying size; some cells are filled with baeocytes (from Silva and Pienaar 2000, with publisher permission http://www.schweizerbart.de).

Fig. 3 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 3. Optical micrographs of early Silurian radiolarian cherts from Żdanów in horizontal thin sections. A. Three globular aggregates of coccoid cyanobacteria forming mats visible in amorphous organic background. B–D. Magnified aggregates of variously degraded coccoid cyanobacteria showing different size of cells and mucilage sheaths. Some cells are filled with granular material resembling reproductive cells (baeocytes) of modern coccoid cyanobacteria. E, F. Magnified fragment of cyanobacterial colony (aggregate), partly degraded, showing individual cells. F. Optical micrographs with Nomarski illumination. All ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 49/1−4.

Fig. 2 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 2. Optical micrographs of Early Silurian radiolarian cherts from Żdanów in vertical thin sections. A–C. Sections of black radiolarian chert in different magnifications showing well−defined laminae of organic matter composed of coccoid cyanobacterial biomass. D. A fragment of dense organic lamina, in which no details are visible. E, F. Magnified fragment of organic laminae composed of partly degraded and compacted aggregates of coccoid cyanobacteria, some capsule−like remnants of mucilage sheaths remaind uncompacted. A–C, ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 49/1–4; D, ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 16/2; E, F, ZPAL Cy.1 GBŻ 23/1.

Fig. 1 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 1. Geological map of the northern part of the Bardzkie Mountains (Sudetes, southwestern Poland) and stratigraphic section of the Early Palaeozoic deposits at the Żdanów road−cut (after Porębska 1982, and Wyżga 1987; modified).

Fig. 8 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 8. Diagram showing effect of compaction of a coccoid cyanobacterial aggregate. A–C. 3D aggregate without compaction (A) and under different degree of compaction. D–G. Axial vertical section of the same aggregate without compaction (D) and under different degree of compaction; note that in G outlines of cells and/or capsules are no more identifiable. Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Mat-forming coccoid cyanobacteria from early Silurian marine deposits of Sudetes, Poland

Fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of early Silurian subspherical aggregate of benthic coccoid cyanobacteria from Żdanów in horizontal thin section (sample IV–VI 49), showing HF−etched pattern with extending parts representing silicified common mucilage sheats (glycocalyx) and pits representing decomposed cells.

Fig. 8 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species

Fig. 8. SEM micrographs of Plectograptus mobergi sp. nov. A. Immature rhabdosome, ZPAL G.27/1, Baltic erratic boulder No. 46, Jarosławiec, Poland, Ludlow; A1, reverse view of proximal fragment, triple junctions of ancora sleeve with pleural lists indicated by arrows; A2, inside view showing shape of ancora umbrella and shape of rhabdosome in cross section; A, enlargement with part of ancora umbrella and theca 12; A, outside view of ancora umbrella 3 4 proximal to theca 11. B. Obverse view of rhabdosome with three pairs of thecae and long virgella preserved, holotype, Stoltera, Germany, MB.G 1091, Stoltera, Germany, Ludlow. C. Oblique view of theca 11 side of immature specimen, ZPAL G.39/3, Mielnik borehole, depth 978.9 m, Poland, Ludlow. Note that the obverse and reverse lists of the ancora umbrella are unusually long, and have portions of the ancora rim attached to them. D. Mature rhabdosome, with malformation and regeneration in the distal part of the rhabdosome, ZPAL G.39/4, Jarosławiec, Baltic erratic boulder No. 54, Poland, Ludlow: D, reverse view of rhabdosome—stereopair; D, ventral view of theca 11 side.

Fig. 7 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of Plectograptus toernquisti sp. nov. mature rhabdosome, NMW 91.52G.1702, holotype, Baltic erratic boulder No. B9/96, Bramsche, Germany, Gorstian. A. Ventral view. B. Stereopair of the obverse view of specimen. C. Oblique view looking distally. D. Proximal view. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species

Fig. 5. Two types of ancora sleeve lists in representatives of Plectograptus Moberg and Törnquist, 1909 shown in cross sections. A. Lists type A with insertion seam, P. wimani (Eisenack, 1951), ZPAL G.39/1, Mielnik borehole, depth 1405.0 m, EEP, Poland, Ludlow: SEM micrograph (A1), schematic diagram (A2). B. Lists type B with spinose core, P. toernquisti sp. nov., NMW 91.52G.1700, Bramsche, Mecklenburg−Vorpommern, Baltic erratic boulder No. B9/96, Germany, Gorstian, Lower Ludlow: SEM micrograph (B1) and schematic diagram (B2). Schematic diagrams of the lists with lines suggest fusellar wall. Scale bars 10 µm.

Fig. 4 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species

Fig. 4. Schematic diagrams of the ancora sleeve growth in Plectograptus Moberg and Törnquist, 1909. Numbers indicate the order of growth of ancora sleeve panels. A. P. mobergi sp. nov. with triple junctions of lists (arrows). B. P. toernquisti sp. nov. with quadruple junctions of lists (arrows).

Fig. 2 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species

Fig. 2. Schematic drawings of rhabdosomes showing coloured thecal framework and ancora sleeve structures with lists and postulated membrane of Spinograptus praerobustus (Lenz and Kozłowska−Dawidziuk, 2002) and Plectograptus Moberg and Törnquist, 1909. A. Fragment of medial part of rhabdosome of S. robustus: thecate part of rhabdosome (A1), thecate part and ancora sleeve (A2). B. Proximal fragment of illustrating the position of actual thecal aperture and proximal orifices. C. Fragment of Plectograptus rhabdosome with postulated membranes, common canals and thecal aperture.

Fig. 3 in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species

Fig. 3. Proximal end of Plectograptus toernquisti sp. nov. A. Schematic drawing with insertion seams on ancora umbrella in black, arrow indicates the change from ancora umbrella rim to pleural list (the small curved "twigs" are fusellar shards). The numbers 1–5 are indicative of radial lists reaching the rim only, the letters A–E shows five meshes of ancora umbrella, the solid color region indicating the extent of the ancora umbrella. B–G. SEM micrographs of fragments showing ancora umbrella. B. Ancora umbrella and pre−th 12 orifice, arrow indicates the change from ancora umbrella rim to pleural list, NMW 91.52G.1698, Bramsche, Baltic erratic boulder Nr. B9/96, Germany, Gorstian, Lower Ludlow. C. Ancora umbrella from the outside, NMW 91.52G.1701, Baltic erratic boulder, Stoltera, Germany, Gorstian. D. Outside view of pre−th12 orifice with complete list of ancora umbrella rim (arrow), NMW 91.52G.1697, Baltic erratic boulder B4/97, Nienhagen, Germany, Gorstian. E. Outside view of ancora umbrella ZPAL G.39/2, st. A92, Jarosławiec, Baltic erratic boulder Nr. 22, Poland, Ludlow; E, whole ancora umbrella; E, outside view of part of ancora umbrella region arrowed on A. + 1 2

Fig. 9. A in The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species

Fig. 9. A. SEM micrographs of Plectograptus trijunctus sp. nov., holotype ZPAL G.27/2, Bartoszyce borehole, depth 1627 m, EEP, Poland, late Homerian; A1, whole rhabdosome, reverse view; A2, enlargement of apertural process. B, C. Plectograptus robustus (Obut and Zaslavskaya, 1983). B. Light photograph of reverse of mature rhabdosome with nematularium, SMD−SAS 217, Grube "Frisch Glueck" near Zwickau, south of Stenn, Germany, Ludlow; not to scale. C. SEM micrographs of a mature rhabdosome, MB.G 1081, Spandau bei Berlin, Germany, Ludlow: C1, obverse view; C2, paired apertural process; C3, ancora hub; C4, enlargement of ancora umbrella fragment.

FIG. 11 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 11. — Comparison of biostratigraphical zonality of Silurian acanthodians and taxonomical diversity of zonal associations in the deep shelf (west Lithuania) and shallow shelf (east Lithuania) facies.

FIG. 1 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 1. — Map of Europe showing position of Lithuania (A) and a sketch with location of Lithuanian boreholes yielding the majority of the material studied (B). Borehole and its original number; 1, Stoniškiai; 7, Krekenava; 8, Stačiūnai; 11, Šešuvis; 12, Kunkojai; 44, Nida; 61, Viduklė; 87, Sutkai; 99, Gėluva; 128, Vilkaviškis; 137, Liepkalnis; 162, Kurtuvėnai; 179, Ledai; 241, Butkūnai; 252, Svėdasai; 299, Jočionys; 323, Gražutė. Legend: 1, outcrop-boundary of Silurian rocks; 2, borehole and its original number; 3, boundary between the west and east Lithuanian facies of Silurian rocks.

FIG. 4 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 4. — Silurian (A-N) and basal Lower Devonian (O-Q) climatiiform (A-N) and ischnacanthiform (O-Q) acanthodians of Lithuania. All flank scales, except for I, which is a head scale, crown views, anterior upwards, except for F, scale basal view, and G, H, anterolateral scale view, anterior to left; A, B, Monospina erecta Valiukevičius, 2003, Nida-44 borehole, 1273.8 m, Jūra Fm.; A, LIGG 25-A- 2474; B, LIGG 25-A-2477; C, D, Cheiracanthoides planus Valiukevičius, 1998, Kurtuvėnai-162, 1063.4 m, Jūra Fm.; C, LIGG 25-A-2488; D, LIGG 25-A-2489; E, F, Nostolepis sp. cf. N. fragilis Valiukevičius, 2003, Gėluva-99, 639.4 m, Lower Devonian, Tilžė Fm.; E, LIGG 25-A-2521; F, LIGG 25-A-2520; G-I, Fecundosquama basiglobosa Valiukevičius, 2004, Gėluva-99, 681.6 m, Vievis Fm.; G, LIGG 25-A-2405, holotype; H, LIGG 25-A-2406; I, LIGG 25-A-2409; J, K, cf. Canadalepis linguiformis, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; J, LIGG 25-A-2510; K, LIGG 25-A-2511; L, M, "Pruemolepis wellsi" Vieth-Schreiner, 1983, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; L, LIGG 25-A-2512; M, LIGG 25-A-2513; N, Endemolepis inconstans Valiukevičius, 1998, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm., LIGG 25-A- 2639; O-Q, Bracteatacanthus assiduus Valiukevičius, 2004, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; O, LIGG 25-A-2450; P, LIGG 25-A-2452; Q, LIGG 25-A-2453, holotype. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIG. 5 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 5. — Silurian ischnacanthiform (A-D and F-S) and diplacanthiform (E) acanthodians, flank scales, crown views, anterior upwards, except for O, P, single teeth (O) and tooth whorl (P) in lateral view; A, B, Arenaceacanthus arcuatacanalis Valiukevičius, 2004, Ledai-179 borehole, depth 547.6 m, Vievis Fm.; A, LIGG 25-A-2443, holotype; B, LIGG 25-A-2447; C, D, Rohonilepis breviornatus Valiukevičius, 2004, Gėluva-99, 659.7 m, Jūra Fm.; C, LIGG 25-A-2458; D, LIGG 25-A-2459, holotype; E, Diplacanthus sp., LIGG 25-A-2463, Nida-44, 1221.0 m, Jūra Fm.; F, G, Poracanthodes punctatus Brotzen, 1934; F, LIGG 25-A-2448, Ledai-179, 547.6 m, Vievis Fm.; G, LIGG 25-A-2496, Kurtuvėnai-162, 1063.4 m, Jūra Fm.; H, I, Poracanthodes subporosus Valiukevičius, 1998, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; H, LIGG 25-A-2498; I, LIGG 25-A-2500; J, Poracanthodes sp. cf. P. stonehousensis (sensu Vergoossen 2000), LIGG 25-A-2535, Ledai-179, 537.4 m, Lapės Fm.; K, Poracanthodes porosus?, LIGG 25-A-2404, Ledai-179, 535.0 m, Lapės Fm.; L-N, Poracanthodes porosus Brotzen, 1934; L, LIGG 25-A-2546, Gėluva-99, 667.7 m, Jūra Fm.; M, LIGG 25-A- 2547, Gėluva-99, 667.7 m, Jūra Fm.; N, LIGG 25-A-2548, Šešuvis-11, 1006.0 m, Jūra Fm.; O, P, Gomphonchus sandelensis Gross, 1971, Kurtuvėnai-162, 1007.0 m, Jūra Fm.; O, LIGG 25-A-2528; P, LIGG 25-A-2527; Q, R, Poracanthodes menneri Valiukevičius, 1992, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; Q, LIGG 25-A-2544; R, LIGG 25-A-2545; S, cf. Gomphonchoporus, specimen LIGG 25-A-2491, Kurtuvėnai-162, 1063.4 m, Jūra Fm. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 3. — Silurian climatiiform acanthodians of Lithuania, flank scales and head tesserae margaritatae (N, O), crown views, anterior upwards and lateral view (B), and fin spine fragments (F, K), base downwards; A, B, Nostolepis alta Märss, 1986; A, LIGG-25-A- 2504, Nida-44 borehole, depth 1213.0 m; B, LIGG-25-A-2497, Kurtuvėnai-162 borehole, depth 1063.4 m, Jūra Formation; C-F, Nostolepis alifera Valiukevičius, 2004; C, LIGG-25-A-2472, Kurtuvėnai-162, 1043.0 m, Jūra Fm.; D, LIGG-25-A-2475, Nida-44, 1273.8 m, Jūra Fm.; E, LIGG-25-A-2481, Stoniškiai-1, 1211.0-1217.0 m, Jūra Fm.; F, LIGG-25-A-2642, Stoniškiai-1, 1211.0- 1217.0 m, Jūra Fm.; G, H, Nostolepis gracilis Gross, 1947; G, LIGG-25-A-2487, Kurtuvėnai-162, 1063.4 m, Jūra Fm.; H, LIGG-25-A- 2523, Gėluva-99, 690.0 m, Vievis Fm.; I, J, Nostolepis sp. cf. N. athleta Valiukevičius, 1994; I, LIGG-25-A-2506, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; J, LIGG-25-A-2529, Ledai-179, 537.4 m, Lapės Fm.; K, Nostolepis elegans (Brotzen, 1934), LIGG-25-A-2478, Nida-44, 1273.8 m, Jūra Fm.; L, M, Nostolepis striata Pander, 1856; L, LIGG-25-A-2554, Lūžni-4, 182.8 m, Targale Fm.; M, LIGG-25-A-2587, Lūžni-4, 260.0 m, Targale Fm.; N, O, tesserae margaritatae of Nostolepis; N, LIGG-25-A-2620, Lūžni-4, 197.2 m, Targale Fm.; O, LIGG-25-A-2635, Lūžni-4, 207.0 m, Targale Fm.; P-R, Vesperalia perplexa Valiukevičius, 2004, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; P, LIGG-25-A-2419; Q, LIGG-25-A-2420; R, LIGG-25-A-2413, holotype. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIG. 7 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 7. — Stratigraphic ranges and zones of Silurian acanthodians in the western area of Lithuania. Zonal species in bold.