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Fig. 9 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 9. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Pubis. Right pubis (MLP−CS 1102) in anterolateral (A, B) and medial (C) views; photograph (A, C) and explanatory drawing (B).

Fig. 8 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 8. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Ischium. Right ischium (MPCA−CS 001) in lateral (A, B) and medial (C) views; photograph (A, C) and explanatory drawing (B). Iliac articular surface, lateral towards top (D). Pubic articular surface, lateral towards top (E).

Fig. 7 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 7. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Sacrum and ilium. A. Sacrum with both ilia (MCS−5/16) in ventral view; photograph (A1) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Left ilium (MLP−Av 2069) in lateral view. C. Right ilium (MLP−Ly 17) in lateral view. Note that MCS−5/16 (A1) is still into the plaster jacket.

Fig. 6 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 6. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Metacarpals. A. Right metacarpal II (MLP−CS 1197) in anterior (A1), posterior (A2), lateral (A3), medial (A4), proximal, anterior towards top (A5), and distal, anterior towards top (A6) views. B. Right metacarpal III (MLP−CS 1189) in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), lateral (B3), medial (B4), proximal, anterior towards top (B5), and distal, anterior towards top (B6) views. C. Right metacarpal IV (MLP−CS 1238) in anterior (C1), posterior (C2), lateral (C3), medial (C4), proximal, anterior towards top (C5), and distal, anterior towards top (C6) views.

Fig. 5 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 5. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Radius. A. Right radius of Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893) (MLP−CS 1169) in posterior (A1, A2), lateral (A3), anterior (A4), medial (A5), proximal, anterior towards top (A6), and distal (A7) views; photographs (A1, A3–A7) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Left radius of N. australis (MLP−CS 1176) in posterior (B1), lateral (B2), anterior (B3), medial (B4), proximal, anterior towards top (B5), and distal (B6) views. C. Lectotype of Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1171), as specified by Bonaparte and Gasparini (1978); left radius in posterior (C1), lateral (C2), anterior (C3), medial (C4), proximal, anterior towards top (C5), and distal (C6) views.

Fig. 3 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 3. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Humerus. Left humerus (MLP−CS 1050) in anterior (A, F), proximal, anterior towards top (B, E), posterior (C, H), and distal, anterior towards top (D, G) views. Photographs (A–D) and explanatory drawings (E–H).

Fig. 2 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 2. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Pectoral girdle. A. Left scapulocoracoid (MLP−CS 1096) in lateral view; photograph (A1) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Fragment of left scapulocoracoid (MLP−CS 1298) in lateral view. C. Right coracoid (MLP−Ly 14) in lateral (C1) and medial (C2) view. D. Right sternal plate (MLP−CS 1295) in ventral view. E. Left sternal plate (MLP−CS 1104) in ventral view.

Fig. 1 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 1. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. A. Site map showing the Cinco Saltos area where specimens of Neuquensaurus have been recovered. B. Restoration of the skeleton mounted at the Museo de La Plata, Argentina. C. Skeletal reconstruction and body shape of Neuquensaurus showing preserved appendicular elements in dashed zones; adapted from Opisthocoelicaudia silhouette in Wilson and Sereno (1998).

Fig. 4 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 4. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Ulna. A. Left ulna of Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893) (MLP−CS 1306) in lateral (A1, A2), anterior (A3), posterior (A4), proximal, anterior towards top (A5), and distal (A6) views; photographs (A1, A3–A6) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Lectotype of Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1094) as specified by Bonaparte and Gasparini (1978); left ulna in lateral (B1, B2), posterolateral (B3), medial (B4), proximal, anterior towards top (B5), and distal (B6) views; photographs (B1, B3–B6) and explanatory drawing (B2). C. Lectotype of N. robustus nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1095) as specified by Bonaparte and Gasparini (1978); right ulna in lateral (C1), posteromedial (C2), proximal, anterior towards top (C3), and distal (C4) views. D. Left ulna of N. robustus nomen dubium (MLP−CS 2004) as proposed in this contribution, in lateral (D1), medial (D2), and proximal, anterior towards top (D3) views.

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Fig. 4 in A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton in the Devonian sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi

Fig. 4. Scale ultrastructure of the sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi Whiteaves, 1881 (MNHM 06−615A) from the Late Devonian, Escumenac Bay, Quebec, Canada. A. Transmitted natural light, semi−thin section. Toluidine blue staining showing three vertically−sectioned scales. The organic matrix is stained in the external layer; in the basal plate, the mineral remnants are black (arrow). B. Nomarski interference optical micrograph. Semi−thin vertical section of a demineralised scale. Fractures are abundant, but the general organisation of the scale is still preserved. C. Transmitted natural light, semi−thin section, toluidine blue staining. Detail of the outer layer where a fuzzy material forms intensively stained stratified lines (arrow). D. Nomarski interference optical micrograph. Semi−thin vertical section. The surface of the basal plate shows parallel ripples. Micro−organisms, probably bacteria, are attached to the side of the basal plate (arrow). E. TEM. Demineralised basal plate of scale. The closely packed fibrils, roughly oriented in the same direction, are connected by bridges. F. TEM. Basal plate. Detail showing the regularly spaced bridges connecting two adjacent fibrils (arrows). G. TEM. Partially demineralised scale. Regularly distributed mineral crystals remain attached to the fibrils (arrowheads). Some fibrils show a discernible periodic structure (arrows). Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; el, external section.

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Fig. 2 in A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton in the Devonian sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi

Fig. 2. Enlarged scales of the sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi Whiteaves, 1881 (MNHM 06−342) from the Late Devonian, Escumenac Bay, Quebec, Canada. A. SEM. Ornamentation of the outer surface of an enlarged dermal scale. B. SEM. Detail of the ornamentation of the outer surface of an enlarged dermal scale. The holes (arrows) correspond with the aperture of vascular canals. C. Vertical section of an enlarged dermal scale in transmitted natural light (C1) and in polarised light (C2). The outer layer composed of superficial parallel−fibered bone covers a discontinuous layer of woven−fibered bone containing primary and secondary osteons. Sharpey's fibres (white arrows) cross the superficial parallel−fibered bone. The basal plate is characterised by the presence of lamellar bone. D. Transmitted natural light (detail of C). The outer layer of an enlarged dermal scale. The secondary osteon is separated by a resorption line (black arrowhead) from the surrounding primary bone where Sharpey's fibres (white arrow) are abundant. Insert: the primary osteon, showing the absence of a resorption line (black arrowheads). Abbreviations: lb, lamellar bone; pf, parallel−fibered bone; post, primary osteon; sost, secondary osteon; vc, vascular canal; wf, woven−fibered bone.

Fig. 2 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 2. Osteological measurements used in the regression analyses, illustrated on the bones of a postcranial skeleton of Ursus maritimus. A. Femur in anterior (A1) and lateral (A2) views, and in the posterior (A3), medial (A4), and lateral (A5) views of the distal epiphysis. B. Tibia in anterior (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. Humerus in anterior (C1) and lateral (C2) views. D. Ulna in anterior (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Radius in anterior (E1) and lateral (E2) views. For abbreviations and definitions of measurements, see Table 3.

Fig. 4 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 4. Box plots of the residuals (log−scale) derived from multiple regression functions. A. Residuals derived from the cranium regression. B. Residuals derived from the mandible regression. C. Residuals derived from the radius regression. D. Residuals derived from the ulna regression. E. Residuals derived from the tibia regression F. Residuals derived from the humerus regression. G. Residuals derived from the femur regression. Vertical lines inside the boxes are the medians. Box length is the interquartile range (IQR) and shows the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles. Horizontal bars include the largest and smallest values (5–95% confidence limits). Black dots are outliers. Dark grey tones represent the family Ursidae and light grey tones the family Canidae.

Fig. 6 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 6. Mean values of body mass (y−axis, log10−scale) estimated for all amphicyonids included in this study. Each amphicyonid species is represented by a symbol positioned at the midpoint of its stratigraphic range (x−axis; data from Hunt 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2009; Peigné et al. 2006). Timescale (in Ma) from Prothero (1998).

Figueirido, B., Pérez−Claros, J.A., Hunt, R.M. Jr., and Palmqvist, P. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 225–246. in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Figueirido, B., Pérez−Claros, J.A., Hunt, R.M. Jr., and Palmqvist, P. 2011. Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 225–246.

Fig. 5 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of three extinct beardogs (right column) compared with their presumed analogues or ecomorphs among the living caniforms (left column). A. Ursus arctos. B. Canis lupus. C. Canis latrans. D. Ysengrinia americana. E. Daphoenodon superbus. F. Daphoenus vetus. Note the three different size classes among these caniforms, and the three types of ecomorphs mentioned in the text. Drawings by Óscar San−Isidro.

Fig. 3 in Body mass estimation in amphicyonid carnivoran mammals: A multiple regression approach from the skull and skeleton

Fig. 3. Bivariate plots with the scores of 442 specimens on the bivariate craniodental morphospaces depicted by the first three principal components. A. Morphospace depicted from first (x−axis) and second (y−axis) principal components. B. Morphospace depicted from second (x−axis) and third (y−axis) principal components.

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FIGURE 4 in Visualizing the fluid flow through the complex skeletonized respiratory structures of a blastoid echinoderm

FIGURE 4. Visualization of the flow within the 3D printed model (Re = 0.376, see Table 1). Flow in the folds consists of horizontal bands of distinct red and blue color, indicating no adoral component to flow and no mixing within the folds, consistent with Hypothesis 2 (see text, Figure 2.2). The still used in the print version of this paper is a single frame from the flow pattern observed, showing the steady-state flow pattern after nine minutes of flow. The animation is sped up 16x (for video see palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1073-blastoid-hydrospire-fluid-flow).

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FIGURE 2. Schematic showing hypothesized flow patterns within the hydrospire folds. 2.1 in Visualizing the fluid flow through the complex skeletonized respiratory structures of a blastoid echinoderm

FIGURE 2. Schematic showing hypothesized flow patterns within the hydrospire folds. 2.1, In Hypothesis 1, the flow has an adoral component representing respiratory leakage. 2.2, In Hypothesis 2, the flow is entirely radial, without leakage. See text for further discussion.