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FIGURE 1 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 1. Aposphragisma baltenspergerae sp. nov. Male: A. habitus dorsal view; B. habitus ventral view; C. habitus lateral view; D. carapace dorsal view; E. prosoma ventral view; F. prosoma ventral view, SEM; G. carapace lateral view; H. carapace front view. Ctg, continuous transverse groove; den, denticle; pmh, posterior modified cephalic hair bases; slu, sluice; tlp, toothlike projection of male chelicerae. Scale bars: A–E, G–H 500 µm; F 200 µm.

FIGURE 8 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 8. Aposphragisma borgulai sp. nov. Male: A–B. palp prolateral view (B: hairs omitted except trichobothria); C. embolus-conductor-complex prolateral view; D. bulb with embolus-conductor-complex dorsal view, SEM; E. distal part of embolus-conductor-complex prolateral view, SEM. Female: F–G. epigastric region (internal genitalia) dorsal view (F: epigastric scutum together with transverse sclerite artificially displaced). Cb, conical bulge; con, conductor; dps, cymbium distal patch of short setae; em, embolus; esp, embolic spine; gap, globular appendix; lap, postepigastric lateral apodemes; lc, lateral comb; lr, row of longitudinal ridges; lri, embolic longitudinal ridges; na, nail; pa, papillae; re, receptaculum; sa, sac; tsc, transverse sclerite; spp, spermophor; spo, spermophor opening. Scale bars: A–B, D, F–G 100 µm; C 50 µm; E 10 µm.

FIGURE 11 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 11. Aposphragisma brunomanseri sp. nov. Male: A. abdomen ventral view; E. special hairs on ventral apex of tibia IV retrolateral view, SEM; F. apex of metatarsus IV retrolateral view; G. detail of retrolateral apex of metatarsus IV with special hairs, SEM; H. trichobothrium base, SEM. Female: B. abdomen ventral view; C. abdomen epigastric region ventral view, SEM; D. detail of abdomen front view, SEM. Cr, curved ridge; das, dorsal abdominal scutum; ds, metatarsus dorsal shieldlike appendage; lap, postepigastric lateral apodemes; lds, special long dorsal setae; ms, metatarsus special setae; sr, subterminal widely oval scutal ridge. Scale bars: A–B 500 µm; C 100 µm; D–F 50 µm; G 10 µm; H 5 µm.

FIGURE 3 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 3. Aposphragisma baltenspergerae sp. nov. Male: A. special hairs on ventral apex of tibia IV retrolateral view, SEM; B. apex of metatarsus IV retrolateral view, SEM; C. detail of retrolateral apex of metatarsus IV with special hairs, SEM; D. dorsal apex of metatarsus I, SEM; E. trichobothrium base, SEM; F. tarsal organ tarsus I (3 sensilla visible), SEM. G. tarsal organ tarsus III (2 sensilla visible), SEM. Ds, metatarsus dorsal shieldlike appendage; ms, metatarsus special setae; tb, trichobothrium base. Scale bars: A 20 µm; B 50 µm; C–E 10 µm; F–G 5 µm.

FIGURE 16 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 16. Aposphragisma draconigenum sp. nov. Female: A. habitus dorsal view; B. habitus ventral view; C. habitus lateral view; D. carapace dorsal view; F. prosoma ventral view. Male: E. prosoma ventral view (sternum damaged); G. abdomen lateral view; H. abdomen posterior view (with enlarged spinneret scutum). Bc, book lung cover; ctg, continuous transverse groove; slu, sluice; sr, subterminal widely oval scutal ridge; tlp, tooth-like projection of male chelicerae. Scale bars: A–C 500 µm; D–H 200 µm.

FIGURE 21 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 21. Aposphragisma helvetiorum sp. nov. Female: A–B. prosoma ventral view (B: aberrant female with reduced smooth median stripe on sternum); F. carapace front view. Male: C. carapace lateral view; D. carapace posterior view; E. carapace front view; G. detail of posterior part of pars cephalica in dorsal view, SEM; H. carapace posterolateral margin dorsal view, SEM. Cp, cephalic pit (modified hair base); ctg, continuous transverse groove; den, margin denticle (modified hair base); pch, posterior modified cephalic hair base; slu, sluice; tlp, tooth-like projection of male chelicerae. Scale bars: A–F 500 µm; G 200 µm; H 50 µm.

FIGURE 10 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 10. Aposphragisma brunomanseri sp. nov. Male: A. carapace posterolateral margin dorsal view, SEM; B. sternum lateral part ventral view, SEM; C. detail of sternum posterior extension, SEM; D. chelicerae prolateral view, SEM; E. chelicerae tip prolateral view, SEM; F. mouthparts ventral view (chelicerae removed), SEM; G. distal part of endite ventral view; H. detail of endite tip inner margin, SEM. Ctg, continuous transverse groove; den, margin denticle (modified hair base); ebs, endites bent setae; icg, infracoxal groove; ka, knob-like apophysis; lps, single long plumose seta; msp, posterolateral margin spikes (modified hair bases); pl, pleura; rf, faint radial furrow; rfs, row of flattened setae; ser, serrula; ri, ridge with median slit; slu, sluice; tlp, tooth-like projection of male chelicerae; ws, wing-like setae. Scale bars: A–B, D, F 100 µm; C, E, G 50 µm; H 10 µm.

FIGURE 4 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 4. Aposphragisma baltenspergerae sp. nov. Male: A–B. palp prolateral view (B: hairs omitted except trichobothria); C. embolus-conductor-complex prolateral view; D. bulb with embolus-conductor-complex dorsal view, SEM; E. distal part of embolus-conductor-complex prolateral view, SEM; Female: F–G. epigastric region (internal genitalia) dorsal view. Cb, conical bulb; con, conductor; dc, embolus dorsal comb; esp, embolic spine; dps, cymbium distal patch of short setae; em, embolus; gap, globular appendix; lap, postepigastric lateral apodemes; lr, row of longitudinal ridges; lri, embolic longitudinal ridges; na, nail; pa, papillae; re, receptaculum; sa, sac; spp, spermophor; tsc, transverse sclerite. Scale bars: A–B, D–G 100 µm; C 50 µm.

FIGURE 7 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 7. Aposphragisma borgulai sp. nov. Female: A. abdomen lateral view. Male: B. apex of metatarsus IV prolateral view, SEM; C. detail of prolateral apex of metatarsus IV with special hairs, SEM; D. trichobothrium base, SEM; tarsus IV prolateral, SEM. Bc, book lung cover; ct, claw tooth; ds, metatarsus dorsal shieldlike appendage; lr, row of longitudinal ridges; ms, metatarsus special setae; sr, subterminal widely oval scutal ridge. Scale bars: A 500 µm; B 50 µm; C–D 10 µm; E 20 µm.

FIGURE 15 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 15. Aposphragisma dentatum sp. nov. Female: A. habitus dorsal view; B. habitus ventral view; C. habitus lateral view; D. carapace dorsal view; E. carapace ventral view; F. abdomen anterolateral view; G. abdomen ventral view; H. tarsus I retrolateral view. Bc, book lung cover; cr, curved ridge; csp, cephalic spikes; den, margin denticles (modified hair bases); sr, subterminal widely oval scutal ridge. Scale bars: A–G 500 µm, H 50 µm.

FIGURE 2 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 2. Aposphragisma baltenspergerae sp. nov. Male: A. detail of sternum with lobed microsculptures ventral view, SEM; B. sternum margin and pleura ventral view, SEM; C. chelicerae ventral view, SEM; D. distal part of endites lateral view, SEM; E. abdomen ventral view; G. abdomen lateral view; H. abdomen epigastric region ventral view, SEM. Female: F. abdomen ventral view. Bc, book lung covers; den, margin denticle (modified hair base); ebs, endites bent seta/setae (always a pair on outer margin of endites); icg, infracoxal groove; lap, postepigastric lateral apodemes; pfr, chelicerae posterior face ridges; pl, pleura; rfs, row of flattened setae; sli, slit; sp, sperm pore; sps, spatulate setae; sr, subterminal widely oval scutal ridge; tlp, tooth-like projection of male chelicerae; ws, wing-like setae. Scale bars: A, D 20 µm; B 20 µm; C, H 100 µm; E–G 500 µm.

FIGURE 20 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 20. Aposphragisma helvetiorum sp. nov. Male: A. habitus dorsal view; B. habitus ventral view; C. habitus lateral view; D–E. prosoma ventral view (variable length of smooth median stripe on sternum); F. prosoma ventral view, SEM; G. carapace dorsal view; H. carapace dorsal view, SEM. Ctg, continuous transverse groove; icg, infracoxal groove; rf, faint radial furrow; slu, sluice; sms, smooth median stripe; spe, sternum posterior extension; tlp, tooth-like projection of male chelicerae; ur, U-shaped row of cephalic setae. Scale bars: A–E & G 500 µm; F, H 200 µm.

FIGURE 17 in The new Southeast Asian goblin spider genus Aposphragisma (Araneae, Oonopidae): diversity and phylogeny

FIGURE 17. Aposphragisma draconigenum sp. nov. Male: A. abdomen ventral view; C–D. palp prolateral view (D: hairs omitted except trichobothria). Female: B. abdomen ventral view. Cb, conical bulge; con, conductor; cr, curved ridge; em, embolus; lap, postepigastric lateral apodemes; spp, spermophore. Scale bars: A–B. 200 µm; C–D. 100 µm.

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Data from: Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901

The mygalomorph family Ctenizidae has a world-wide distribution and currently contains nine genera and 135 species. However, the monophyly of this group has long been questioned on both morphological and molecular grounds. Here, we use Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) to gather hundreds of loci from across the genome for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships among the nine genera and test the monophyly of the family. We also reconstruct the possible ancestral ranges of the most inclusive clade recovered. Using AHE, we generate a supermatrix of 565 loci and 115,209 bp for 27 individuals. For the first time, analyses using all nine genera produce results definitively establishing the non-monophyly of Ctenizidae. A lineage formed exclusively by representatives of South African Stasimopus was placed as the sister group to the remaining taxa in the tree, and the Mediterranean Cteniza and Cyrtocarenum were recovered with high support as sister to exemplars of Euctenizidae, Migidae, and Idiopidae. All the remaining genera—Bothriocyrtum, Conothele, Cyclocosmia, Hebestatis, Latouchia, and Ummidia—share a common ancestor. Based on these results, we formally elevate this clade to the level of family. Our results definitively establish both the non-monophyly of the Ctenizidae and non-validity of the subfamilies Ummidiinae and Ctenizinae. In order to establish the placement of the remaining three ctenizid genera, Cteniza, Cyrtocarenum, and Stasimopus, thorough analyses within the context of a complete mygalomorph phylogenetic framework are needed. We formally describe the family Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901 and infer that the family's most recent common ancestor was likely distributed in western North America and Asia.

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Data from: The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

A phylogenetic analysis of the two-clawed spiders grouped in Dionycha is presented, with 166 representative species of 49 araneomorph families, scored for 393 characters documented through standardized imaging protocols. The study includes 44 outgroup representatives of the main clades of Araneomorphae, and a revision of the main morphological character systems. Novel terminology is proposed for stereotyped structures on the chelicerae, and the main types of setae and silk spigots are reviewed, summarizing their characteristics. Clear homologs of posterior book lungs are described for early instars of Filistatidae, and a novel type of respiratory structure, the epigastric median tracheae, is described for some terminals probably related with Anyphaenidae or Eutichuridae. A new type of crypsis mechanism is described for a clade of thomisids, which in addition to retaining soil particles, grow fungi on their cuticle. Generalized patterns of cheliceral setae and macrosetae are proposed as synapomorphies of the Divided Cribellum and RTA clades. Dionycha is here proposed as a member of the Oval Calamistrum clade among the lycosoid lineages, and Liocranoides, with three claws and claw tufts, is obtained as a plausible sister group of the dionychan lineage. The morphology of the claw tuft and scopula is examined in detail and scored for 14 characters highly informative for relationships. A kind of seta intermediate between tenent and plumose setae (the pseudotenent type) is found in several spider families, more often reconstructed as a derivation from true tenent setae rather than as a phylogenetic intermediate. Corinnidae is retrieved in a restricted sense, including only the subfamilies Corinninae and Castianeirinae, while the "corinnid" genera retaining the median apophysis in the copulatory bulb are not clearly affiliated to any of the established families. Miturgidae is redefined, including Zoridae as a junior synonym. The Eutichuridae is raised to family status, as well as the Trachelidae and Phrurolithidae. New synapomorphies are provided for Sparassidae, Philodromidae, and Trachelidae. Philodromidae is presented as a plausible sister group of Salticidae, and these sister to Thomisidae; an alternative resolution placing thomisids in Lycosoidea is also examined. The Oblique Median Tapetum (OMT) clade is proposed for a large group of families including gnaphosoids, trachelids, liocranids, and phrurolithids, all having the posterior median eye tapeta forming a 90u angle, used for navigation by means of the polarized light in the sky as an optical compass; prodidomines seem to have further enhanced the mechanism by incorporating the posterior lateral eyes to the system. The Teutamus group is recognized for members of the OMT clade that are usually included in Liocranidae, but not closely related to Liocranum or phrurolithids. The Claw Tuft Clasper (CTC) clade is proposed for a group of families within the OMT clade, all having a peculiar mechanism grasping the folded base of the claw tuft setae with a hook on the superior claws. The CTC clade includes Trachelidae, Phrurolithidae, and several gnaphosoids such as Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gnaphosidae, and Prodidomidae. A remarkable syndrome involving the expansion of the anterior lateral spinnerets, often sexually dimorphic, is here reported for some Miturgidae and several members of the CTC clade, in addition to the known cases in Clubionidae and "Liocranidae." The following genera are transferred from Miturgidae to Eutichuridae: Calamoneta, Calamopus, Cheiracanthium, Cheiramiona, Ericaella, Eutichurus, Macerio, Radulphius, Strotarchus, Summacanthium, and Tecution; Lessertina is transferred from Corinnidae to Eutichuridae. The following genera are transferred to Miturgidae: Argoctenus, Elassoctenus, Hestimodema, Hoedillus, Israzorides, Odomasta, Simonus, Thasyraea, Tuxoctenus, Voraptus, Xenoctenus, Zora, and Zoroides, from Zoridae; Odo and Paravulsor, from Ctenidae; Pseudoceto from Corinnidae. The following genera are transferred from Corinnidae to Trachelidae: Afroceto, Cetonana, Fuchiba, Fuchibotulus, Meriola, Metatrachelas, Paccius, Paratrachelas, Patelloceto, Planochelas, Poachelas, Spinotrachelas, Thysanina, Trachelas, Trachelopachys, and Utivarachna. The following genera are transferred from Corinnidae to Phrurolithidae: Abdosetae, Drassinella, Liophrurillus, Plynnon, Orthobula, Otacilia, Phonotimpus, Phrurolinillus, Phrurolithus, Phruronellus, Phrurotimpus, Piabuna, and Scotinella. Dorymetaecus is transferred from Clubionidae to Phrurolithidae. Oedignatha and Koppe are transferred from Corinnidae to Liocranidae. Ciniflella is transferred from Amaurobiidae to Tengellidae.

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FIGURES 12–17 in A reanalysis of the morphological phylogeny of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon (Araneae: Pholcidae) with the description of a new species and description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Mexico

FIGURES 12–17. Physocyclus peribanensis sp. nov. Female (paratype). 12–14, Habitus, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views respectively. 15, Epigynum, ventral view. 16, Epigynum, left lateral view. 17, Epigynum, dorsal view. Scales: 0.5 mm (Figs 15–17), 1 mm (Figs 12–14). Abbreviations: PP, pore plates; VAE, ventral apophyses of epigynum.

FIGURE 34 in A reanalysis of the morphological phylogeny of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon (Araneae: Pholcidae) with the description of a new species and description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Mexico

FIGURE 34. Distribution records of Physocyclus peribanensis sp. nov. (square) and Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 (diamonds).

FIGURES 1–11 in A reanalysis of the morphological phylogeny of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon (Araneae: Pholcidae) with the description of a new species and description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Mexico

FIGURES 1–11. Physocyclus peribanensis sp. nov. Male (holotype). 1–3, Habitus, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views respectively. 4, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 5, Carapace dorsal view. 6–7, Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views respectively. 8, 9, 11, Left palp, retrolateral, dorsal, and prolateral views respectively (left arrow on Fig. 8 indicates the dorsal apophysis on the procursus, right arrow indicates the ventral notch basally on the procursus; arrow on Fig. 9 indicates the three distal projections on procursus; arrow on Fig. 11 indicates the setae sockets which look like pores). 10, Detail of the three distal projections on procursus (arrow indicates the brush of pseudotrichia). Scales: 0.5 mm (Figs 6, 7), 1 mm (Figs 1–5, 8, 9, 11). Abbreviations: BU, bulb of the palp; ES, embolic sclerites; LAC, lateral apophyses of chelicerae; SF, stridulatory files of chelicerae; SO, spermatic operculum.

FIGURE 36. Implied weighted tree found with concavity value K in A reanalysis of the morphological phylogeny of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon (Araneae: Pholcidae) with the description of a new species and description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Mexico

FIGURE 36. Implied weighted tree found with concavity value K=10. Larger numbers above branches indicate significant Symmetric Resampling (SR) values (≥ 70). Red arrow indicates Physocyclus peribanensis sp. nov.

FIGURE 35 in A reanalysis of the morphological phylogeny of the spider genus Physocyclus Simon (Araneae: Pholcidae) with the description of a new species and description of the female of Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón from Mexico

FIGURE 35. Strict consensus tree of two most parsimonious trees found by cladistic analysis with equal weighting of characters. Black bars indicate unreversed synapomorphic or apomorphic states, white bars indicate homoplastic characters. Small numbers above bars indicate character number; small numbers below bars indicate character state. Larger numbers above branches indicate Jackknife support values (≥75); larger numbers below branches indicate Bremer support values. Numbers on nodes are explained in the discussion. Red arrow indicates Physocyclus peribanensis sp. nov.