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Subspecies and Distribution. H. g. galeritus Cantor, 1846 -SE Thailand, S Laos, C & S Vietnam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula (including Tarutao and Penang Is), Sumatra, and Bangka I. H. g. brachyotis Dobson, 1874 -India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh), Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. H. g. insolens Lyon, 1911 — Borneo. H. g. longicauda Peters, 1861 -W & Java. Also present on Sanana I (Sula Is), but subspecies involved not known. in Hipposideridae

Subspecies and Distribution. H. g. galeritus Cantor, 1846 -SE Thailand, S Laos, C & S Vietnam, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula (including Tarutao and Penang Is), Sumatra, and Bangka I. H. g. brachyotis Dobson, 1874 -India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh), Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. H. g. insolens Lyon, 1911 — Borneo. H. g. longicauda Peters, 1861 -W & Java. Also present on Sanana I (Sula Is), but subspecies involved not known.

Subspecies and Distribution. H. a. ater Templeton, 1848 - India and Sri Lanka. H. a. amboinensis Peters, 1871 — Ambon I, Moluccas. H. a. antricola Peters, 1861 — Philippines. H. a. aruensisj. E. Gray, 1858 — New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Woodlark I, and E Australia (Queensland). H. a. gilberti D. H. Johnson, 1959 - Western Australia and Northern Territory, Australia. H. a. naUamalaensis. Srinivasulu & B. Srinivasulu, 2006 - Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. H. a. saevus K. Andersen, 1918 - Myanmar S to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, N Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Kai Is. Range of this subspecies is tentative and needs revision. in Family Hipposideridae (Old World Leaf-nosed Bats)

Subspecies and Distribution. H. a. ater Templeton, 1848 - India and Sri Lanka. H. a. amboinensis Peters, 1871 — Ambon I, Moluccas. H. a. antricola Peters, 1861 — Philippines. H. a. aruensisj. E. Gray, 1858 — New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Woodlark I, and E Australia (Queensland). H. a. gilberti D. H. Johnson, 1959 - Western Australia and Northern Territory, Australia. H. a. naUamalaensis. Srinivasulu & B. Srinivasulu, 2006 - Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. H. a. saevus K. Andersen, 1918 - Myanmar S to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, N Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Kai Is. Range of this subspecies is tentative and needs revision.

Subspecies and Distribution. H. c. ceruinus Gould, 1854 -Sulawesi and adjacent Is, Talaud, Moluccas, Kai, and Aru Is, New Guinea (including Waigeo and Yapen Is), Admiralty Is (Manus), Bismarck and Louisiade archipelagos, NE Australia (Cape York Peninsula and Moa and Albany Is), Solomon Is, and Vanuatu. H. c. labuanensisTomes, 1859-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (includingMentawai, Enggano, and Bangka Is), Borneo, Kangean Is, and Philippines (Palawan and Mindanao Is). in Hipposideridae

Subspecies and Distribution. H. c. ceruinus Gould, 1854 -Sulawesi and adjacent Is, Talaud, Moluccas, Kai, and Aru Is, New Guinea (including Waigeo and Yapen Is), Admiralty Is (Manus), Bismarck and Louisiade archipelagos, NE Australia (Cape York Peninsula and Moa and Albany Is), Solomon Is, and Vanuatu. H. c. labuanensisTomes, 1859-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (includingMentawai, Enggano, and Bangka Is), Borneo, Kangean Is, and Philippines (Palawan and Mindanao Is).

Distribution. NE India, NE Bangladesh, S China (including Hainan I), mainland SE Asia, Sumatra (including Simeulue, Nias, and Mentawai Is), Borneo, Java, Kangean, Bali, and many offshore Is. in Family Hipposideridae (Old World Leaf-nosed Bats)

Distribution. NE India, NE Bangladesh, S China (including Hainan I), mainland SE Asia, Sumatra (including Simeulue, Nias, and Mentawai Is), Borneo, Java, Kangean, Bali, and many offshore Is.

Subspecies and Distribution. R. t. trifoliatus Temminck, 1834 —Sumatra, Belitung I, Borneo, WJava, and Banta I. R. t. edax K. Andersen, 1918 - NE India (two records in West Bengal and Assam), S China (one record in Guizhou), S Myanmar, C & S Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore. R. t. niasensis K. Andersen, 1906 — Nias I. R. t. solitarius K Andersen, 1905 - Bangka I. in Rhinolophidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R. t. trifoliatus Temminck, 1834 —Sumatra, Belitung I, Borneo, WJava, and Banta I. R. t. edax K. Andersen, 1918 - NE India (two records in West Bengal and Assam), S China (one record in Guizhou), S Myanmar, C & S Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore. R. t. niasensis K. Andersen, 1906 — Nias I. R. t. solitarius K Andersen, 1905 - Bangka I.

Subspecies and Distribution. R. a. acuminatus Peters, 1871 - Krakatau I andJava. R. a. audax K. Andersen, 1905 — Bali and Lombok Is. . a. calypso K. Andersen, 1905 — Enggano I. R. a. circe K. Andersen, 1906 — Nias I. R. a. sumatranus K Andersen, 1905 - W Sumatra and N Borneo. Subspecific identity of mainland populations in SE Asia, as well as the Philippines (Negros, Busuanga, Palawan, and Balabac Is) is uncertain, although mainland populations resemble individuals fromJava or Lombok. in Rhinolophidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R. a. acuminatus Peters, 1871 - Krakatau I andJava. R. a. audax K. Andersen, 1905 — Bali and Lombok Is. . a. calypso K. Andersen, 1905 — Enggano I. R. a. circe K. Andersen, 1906 — Nias I. R. a. sumatranus K Andersen, 1905 - W Sumatra and N Borneo. Subspecific identity of mainland populations in SE Asia, as well as the Philippines (Negros, Busuanga, Palawan, and Balabac Is) is uncertain, although mainland populations resemble individuals fromJava or Lombok.

Subspecies and Distribution. R. a. afinis Horsfield, 1823 - Malay Peninsula (including Langkawi and Tioman Is), Sumatra, North Pagai I in Mentawai Is, and Java. R. a. hainanusJ. A. Allen, 1906 - Hainan I, China. R. a. himalayanus K Andersen, 1905 — N India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal, Bhutan, NE Bangladesh, N Myanmar, and C & S China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Guizhou). R. a. macrurus K. Andersen, 1905 - SE China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Guangxi), S Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam (including Dao Tra Ban and Phu Quoc Is); possibly also Cambodia. R. a. nesites K. Andersen, 1905 - Borneo (including Laut, Sebuku, and Laut Kecil Is) and Anamba and Natuna Is. R. a. princeps K. Andersen, 1905 — Kangean (Kangean and Sepanjang Is), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Sumba Is. A morphologically distinct subspecies (still unnamed) is known from E Myanmar and N Vietnam. in Rhinolophidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R. a. afinis Horsfield, 1823 - Malay Peninsula (including Langkawi and Tioman Is), Sumatra, North Pagai I in Mentawai Is, and Java. R. a. hainanusJ. A. Allen, 1906 - Hainan I, China. R. a. himalayanus K Andersen, 1905 — N India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal, Bhutan, NE Bangladesh, N Myanmar, and C & S China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Guizhou). R. a. macrurus K. Andersen, 1905 - SE China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Guangxi), S Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam (including Dao Tra Ban and Phu Quoc Is); possibly also Cambodia. R. a. nesites K. Andersen, 1905 - Borneo (including Laut, Sebuku, and Laut Kecil Is) and Anamba and Natuna Is. R. a. princeps K. Andersen, 1905 — Kangean (Kangean and Sepanjang Is), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Sumba Is. A morphologically distinct subspecies (still unnamed) is known from E Myanmar and N Vietnam.

Subspecies and Distribution. R.p. pusillus Temminck, 1834 - N Sumatra, N, E & S Borneo (including Banggi I), W Java, and Bali I. R. p. blythi K. Andersen, 1918 - N India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan, and SE Bangladesh. R.p. calidusG. M. Allen, 1923-SE China (Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian, along with a recent record from Beijing area that may represent this subspecies). R. p. gracilis K. Andersen, 1905 - S India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu). R.p. lakkhanae Yoshiyuki, 1990 - S China (Yunnan), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (including Cat Ba I), Cambodia, and Peninsular Malaysia (including Tioman I). R.p. minutillusG. S. Miller, 1906 —Anambas Is (Siantan). R.p. pagi Tate & Archbold, 1939 — Mentawai Is (North Pagai). R.p. parcus G. M. Allen, 1928 - Hainan I, China. R. p. szechwanus K Andersen, 1918 - Myanmar and C China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, and probably Yunnan). in Rhinolophidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.p. pusillus Temminck, 1834 - N Sumatra, N, E & S Borneo (including Banggi I), W Java, and Bali I. R. p. blythi K. Andersen, 1918 - N India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan, and SE Bangladesh. R.p. calidusG. M. Allen, 1923-SE China (Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian, along with a recent record from Beijing area that may represent this subspecies). R. p. gracilis K. Andersen, 1905 - S India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu). R.p. lakkhanae Yoshiyuki, 1990 - S China (Yunnan), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (including Cat Ba I), Cambodia, and Peninsular Malaysia (including Tioman I). R.p. minutillusG. S. Miller, 1906 —Anambas Is (Siantan). R.p. pagi Tate & Archbold, 1939 — Mentawai Is (North Pagai). R.p. parcus G. M. Allen, 1928 - Hainan I, China. R. p. szechwanus K Andersen, 1918 - Myanmar and C China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, and probably Yunnan).

FIG. 12 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 12. Distribution of COI clades of R. affinis in the Sundaic subregion. The shape of the symbols corresponds to clades defined in Fig. 11. Black symbols are sequences from the current study and Ith et al. (in review) whereas grey symbols are sequences from GenBank. Localities of the sequences not listed in the methods and materials of the current study are listed for the first time as following, ER = Endau Rompin National Park, Peninsular Malaysia; KL = Kuala Lompat, Pahang; NS = Negeri-Sembilan; TT = Thaninthary Div, Myanmar. Dashed arrows indicate the type localities of subspecies. Black solid arrows indicate the transition zones of biota in the peninsula

FIG. 11 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 11. Maximum likelihood tree based on COI. Scores on the branches refer to bootstrap support values (1,000 iterations) derived from maximum likelihood (1st score) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (2nd score); -- = no support value. Specimens are labeled by specimen codes (IS, HM, HZM and MZB) and collecting localities. The symbols of clades correspond to the genetic distribution map, Fig. 12

FIG. 9 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 9. Baysian phylogenetic tree based on Cytb gene. Scores on the branches refer to bootstrap support values (1,000 iterations) derived from maximum likelihood (1st score) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (2nd score); -- = no support value. The horizontal bars on the tree branches represent the 95% highest posterior density intervals for the divergence estimates. Specimens are labeled by specimen codes (CHGTK, EF, EU, JN, IS, MZB, PS and TK) and collecting localities. The symbols of clades correspond to the genetic distribution map, Fig. 10

FIG. 10 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 10. Distribution of Cytb clades of R. affinis within the Sundaic subregion. The shape of the symbols corresponds to clades defined in Fig. 9. Black symbols are sequences from the current study whereas grey symbols are sequences from GenBank. Localities of sequences not listed in the methods and materials of the current study are listed for the first time as following, BA = Jambusan Cave, Bau, Sarawak; GB = Gunung Berumput, Sarawak; GG = Gunung Gading NP, Sarawak; KM = Kabumen, Central Java and PC = Prachuap Kiri Khan. unK = unknown specific locality from Borneo (sequences from GenBank). Dashed arrows indicate the type localities of subspecies. Black solid arrows indicate the transition zones of biota in the peninsula

FIG. 6 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 6. Dorsal view of R. affinis skulls from Borneo (A — TK168483, ♀), Sumatra (B — MZB35882, ♀), Java (C — MZB34475, ♀), Malay Peninsula (D — IS110823.10, ♂; E — IS120122.1, ♂) and India (F — HZM4.28148, ♂). Scale = 5 mm

FIG. 4 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 4. Noseleaf variation of R. affinis in the Sundaic subregion (specimen from northern India included for comparison). Kabumen, Central Java (A — MZB34475, ♀); Musoorie, northern India (B — HZM.4.28148, ♂); Sarawak, northwest Borneo (C — TK152216, ♀); Lampung, southwestern Sumatra (D — MZB34965, ♀); Narathiwat, southern Malay Peninsula (E — IS120122.1, ♂); Songkhla, southern Malay Peninsula (F — IS110823.10, ♂). Scale = 5 mm

FIG. 2 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra

FIG. 2. PCA of 12 external and cranial characters for R. affinis specimens from Borneo (black squares), Sumatra (black diamonds), southern Malay Peninsula (black circles) and northern Malay Peninsula (open circles)

FIGURE 8. A in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)

FIGURE 8. A) Elevational distribution of Sigalgalephrynus species in Sumatra. B) Map showing probability of presence of Sigalegalephrynus species. C) Map showing suitable habitats of Sigalegalephrynus species (according to 10 percentile rule in MaxEnt).

FIGURE 7 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)

FIGURE 7. Spectral graphs of known calls for species of Sigalegalephrynus, S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (MZB.Amph.30411) and S. mandailinguensis (MZB.Amph.25736). Oscillograms (A and C, S. gayoluesensis sp. nov.; F and H, S. mandailinguensis); spectrograms (B and D, S. gayoluesensis sp. nov.; G and I, S. mandailinguensis); oscillograms of a single pulse within call (E, S. gayoluesensis sp. nov.; J, S. mandailinguensis).

FIGURE 6 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)

FIGURE 6. Palmar and plantar surfaces of Sigalegalephrynus specimens in alcohol (Scale bar = 5 mm). Holotypes of Sigalegalephrynus burnitelongensis (A, MZB.Amph.30413), S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (B, MZB.Amph.30411), S. mandailinguensis (C, MZB.Amph.25736), S. minangkabauensis (D, MZB.Amph.25738), and S. harveyi sp. nov. (E, MZB.Amph.30412).

FIGURE 5 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)

FIGURE 5. Dorsal (top) and lateral (middle) profiles of Sigalegalephrynus specimens in alcohol (Scale bar = 5 mm). Head, and upper surface of hand (bottom) of holotypes of Sigalegalephrynus burnitelongensis sp. nov. (A, MZB.Amph.30413), S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (B; MZB.Amph.30411), S. mandailinguensis (C, MZB.Amph.25736), S. minangkabauensis (D, MZB. Amph.25738), and S. harveyi sp. nov. (E, MZB.Amph.30412).

FIGURE 4 in New species, diversity, systematics, and conservation assessment of the Puppet Toads of Sumatra (Anura: Bufonidae: Sigalegalephrynus)

FIGURE 4. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) aspects of Sigalegalephrynus specimens in alcohol (Scale bar = 5 mm). Holotypes of Sigalegalephrynus burnitelongensis sp. nov. (A, MZB.Amph.30413), S. gayoluesensis sp. nov. (B, MZB.Amph.30411), S. mandailinguensis (C, MZB.Amph.25736), S. minangkabauensis (D, MZB.Amph.25738), and S. harveyi sp. nov. (E, MZB. Amph.30412).