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1,563 results for “Tradition”
Data from: The role of wild bees and cavity-nesting wasps as ecological indicators of the last traditionally managed meadows in Eastern Europe
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Data from: Knowledge co-production with traditional herders on cattle grazing behaviour for better management of species-rich grasslands
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Data from: Fallow deer foraging alone does not preserve the vegetation of traditionally sheep-grazed calcareous grasslands
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Data from: Assessing avian diversity and community composition along a successional gradient in traditional Lacandon Maya agroforests
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Can time-to-detection models with fewer survey replicates provide a robust alternative to traditional site-occupancy models?
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Seaweed functional diversity revisited: confronting traditional groups with quantitative traits
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Data from: Hybridization and postzygotic isolation promote reinforcement of male mating preferences in a diverse group of fishes with traditional sex roles
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Leech-derived iDNA complements traditional surveying methods, enhancing species detections for rapid biodiversity sampling in the tropics
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Measuring avian bill size: Comparing and evaluating 3D surface scanning with traditional size estimates in Australian birds
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Phylogenomic analyses of Blattodea combining traditional methods, incremental tree-building, and quality-aware support
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Data from: Comparing traditional and Bayesian approaches to ecological meta-analysis
<p>1. Despite the wide application of meta-analysis in ecology, some of the traditional methods used for meta-analysis may not perform well given the type of data characteristic of ecological meta-analyses.</p> <p>2. We reviewed published meta-analyses on the ecological impacts of global climate change, evaluating the number of replicates used in the primary studies (ni) and the number of studies or records (k) that were aggregated to calculate a mean effect size. We used the results of the review in a simulation experiment to assess the performance of conventional frequentist and Bayesian meta-analysis methods for estimating a mean effect size and its uncertainty interval.</p> <p>3. Our literature review showed that ni and k were highly variable, distributions were right-skewed, and were generally small (median ni =5, median k=44). Our simulations show that the choice of method for calculating uncertainty intervals was critical for obtaining appropriate coverage (close to the nominal value of 0.95). When k was low (<40), 95% coverage was achieved by a confidence interval based on the t-distribution that uses an adjusted standard error (the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman, HKSJ), or by a Bayesian credible interval, whereas bootstrap or z-distribution confidence intervals had lower coverage. Despite the importance of the method to calculate the uncertainty interval, 39% of the meta-analyses reviewed did not report the method used, and of the 61% that did, 94% used a potentially problematic method, which may be a consequence of software defaults.</p> <p>4. In general, for a simple random-effects meta-analysis, the performance of the best frequentist and Bayesian methods were similar for the same combinations of factors (k and mean replication), though the Bayesian approaches had higher than nominal (>95%) coverage for the mean effect when k was very low (k<15). Our literature review suggests that many meta-analyses that used z-distribution or bootstrapping confidence intervals may have over-estimated the statistical significance of their results when the number of studies was low; more appropriate methods need to be adopted in ecological meta-analyses.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Discovery of a new species of Trieces (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae) questioning the traditional delimitation between Trieces and Chorinaeus
FIGURE 1. Morphology of Trieces confusus sp. nov., female: A—habitus, lateral view (holotype); B—head, front view (holotype); C—head, dorsal view (holotype); D –metasoma, dorsal view (paratype); E—mesosoma and head, dorsal view, paratype; F—metasoma, lateral view (holotype), G—mesosoma and head, lateral view (paratype).
FIGURE 3 in Discovery of a new species of Trieces (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae) questioning the traditional delimitation between Trieces and Chorinaeus
FIGURE 3. Morphology of Trieces confusus sp. nov., male, paratype: A—habitus, lateral view; B—head, front view; C—head, dorsal view; D—metasoma, dorsal view; E—mesosoma and head, dorsal view; F—metasoma, lateral view; G—mesosoma and head, lateral view.
FIGURE 2 in Discovery of a new species of Trieces (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae) questioning the traditional delimitation between Trieces and Chorinaeus
FIGURE 2. Morphology of Trieces confusus sp. nov. (SEM), female, holotype: A—tergites I–III, lateral view; B—mesosoma, lateral view; C—tergites I–III, dorsal view; D—anterior part of mesosoma, lateral view; E—metapleuron; F—head, dorsolateral view.
• Islamic Traditions [IO Islamic 347] صحيح البخاري
<ul> <li><strong>Tradition.</strong></li> <li><strong>This manuscript is now IO Islamic 347 in the India Office collections.</strong></li> <li><strong>[metadata:</strong><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loth"> <strong>Otto Loth, </strong></a><strong><em><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923636">A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office</a></em>, (volume 1), no. 117 here with further notations and hyperlinks]</strong>.</li> </ul> <p><strong><a href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35737/page/25/mode/2up">117</a></strong></p> <p>347. Size 11<sup>1/4</sup> in. by 8<sup>1/2</sup> in.; foll. 478. Twenty-eight lines in a page.</p> <p>The Collection of Traditions [i.e. <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1023470"><em>Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī</em></a>] of <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81055666/">Abu ‘Abdallah Muḥammad b. Ismâ’îl BUKHÂRÎ</a> (d. A. H. 256). Cf. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Ff_az-Zun%C5%ABn">Ḥ. Kh</a>. ii. 512 sqq., and Professor [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludolf_Krehl_(Orientalist)">Ludolf] Krehl</a>’s edition [<a href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/945201030"><em>Le recueil des traditions mahometanes</em></a>] (Leyden, 1862, etc.), and also [Krehl, "<a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4894756">über den Ṣaḥîḥ des Buchârî</a>,"] <a href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/structure/2327">Zeitschr. d. Deutsc. Morgenländ. Ges.</a> iv. [1850] 1 sqq. Printed at Bûlâḳ, A. H. 1280.</p> <p>A good copy, transcribed by a scholar, probably at <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3766">Damascus</a>, of the latter part of the eighth century [i.e. 14th century CE]. The text has been collated with several copies of note. An account of these is given in a note on the title-page, which, however, is partly obliterated, the beginning and the end of the MS. having suffered from damp. Fol. 474 should stand after 476.</p> <p>A former owner, Muḥammad Sharaf al-dîn, ascertained with the aid of one ‘Abd-al’azîz of <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353">Dehli</a>, that this copy was complete.</p> <p>[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10088">Tippu</a>.]</p> <ul> <li>[<strong>ed note</strong>: Quick <a href="https://www.fihrist.org.uk/catalog/person_154679127">link </a>to other manuscripts of Bukhārī.]</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Islamic Traditions [IO Islamic 2659]
<ul> <li><strong>Tradition.</strong></li> <li><strong>This manuscript is now IO Islamic 2659 in the India Office collections.</strong></li> <li><strong>[metadata:</strong><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loth"> <strong>Otto Loth, </strong></a><strong><em><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923636">A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office</a></em>, (volume 1), no. 127 here with further notations and hyperlinks]</strong>.</li> </ul> <p>127.</p> <p>2659. Size 11<sup>1/2</sup> in. by 7<sup>3/4</sup> in.; foll. 479. Thirty-three lines in a page.</p> <p>The final portion of a Commentary (ممزوج) on the <em>Ṣ</em><em>a</em><em>ḥîḥ</em>, by Shihâb al-dîn Aḥmad b. Muḥammad ḲASṬALÂNÎ (d. A. H. 923), entitled ارشاد الساری. Cf. Ḥ. Kh. ii. 535 sq. This commentary was printed at Bûlâḳ, A. H. 1285, and at Lakhnau, A. H. 1286.</p> <p>It contains the last quarter, beginning with the chap. باب صلوة الاستسقآء فی المصلّی الاستسقآء.</p> <p>Plainly, by inelegantly written.</p> <p>Seals of a servant of ‘Âlamgîr, of H. Vansittart, and of C. Buddam, and signature of the latter, Calcutta, 1787.</p> <p> </p>
Islamic Traditions [IO Islamic 732] صحيح البخاري [part]
<ul> <li><strong>Tradition.</strong></li> <li><strong>This manuscript is now IO Islamic 732 in the India Office collections.</strong></li> <li><strong>[metadata:</strong><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loth"> <strong>Otto Loth, </strong></a><strong><em><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923636">A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office</a></em>, (volume 1), no. 124 here with further notations and hyperlinks]</strong>.</li> </ul> <p>124.</p> <p>732. Size 13<sup>1/2</sup> in. by 8<sup>3/4</sup> in.; foll. 127. Twenty-five lines in a page.</p> <p>The second quarter of the <em>Ṣ</em><em>a</em><em>ḥîḥ</em>, from کتاب البیوع to مناقب عائشة. Boldly written. Headings in red.</p> <p>Seal of ‘Abd al-wahhâb Khân Nuṣrat Jang, A. H. 1175.</p> <p>[Tippu.]</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Islamic Traditions [IO Islamic 1409]
<ul> <li><strong>Tradition.</strong></li> <li><strong>This manuscript is now IO Islamic 1409 in the India Office collections.</strong></li> <li><strong>[metadata:</strong><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loth"> <strong>Otto Loth, </strong></a><strong><em><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923636">A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office</a></em>, (volume 1), no. 128 here with further notations and hyperlinks]</strong>.</li> </ul> <p>128.</p> <p>1409. Size 11<sup>1/4</sup> in. By 6<sup>1/2</sup> in.; foll. 230. Thirty-one lines in a page.</p> <p>A fragment, apparently belonging to the preceding commentary.</p> <p>Plainly written. It contains from near the beginning of کتاب المساقات (fol. 29) to the end of کتاب الوصایا (fol. 230), and also (beginning afresh) part of the book next following, کتاب الجهاد و السیر. This latter has been placed by mistake at the commencement (fol. 1-28). A defect after fol. 151. Foll. 13-18 are mutilated.</p> <p>[Johnson.]</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Oral microbiomes from hunter-gatherers and traditional farmers reveal shifts in commensal balance and pathogen load linked to diet
Maladaptation to modern diets has been implicated in several chronic disorders. Given the higher prevalence of disease such as dental caries and chronic gum diseases in industrialized societies, we sought to investigate the impact of different subsistence strategies on oral health and physiology, as documented by the oral microbiome. To control for confounding variables such as environment and host genetics, we sampled saliva from three pairs of populations of hunter-gatherers and traditional farmers living in close proximity in the Philippines. Deep shotgun sequencing of salivary DNA generated high-coverage microbiomes along with human genomes. Comparing these microbiomes with publicly available data from individuals living on a Western diet revealed that abundance ratios of core species were significantly correlated with subsistence strategy, with hunter-gatherers and Westerners occupying either end of a gradient of Neisseria against Haemophilus, and traditional farmers falling in between. Species found preferentially in hunter-gatherers included microbes often considered as oral pathogens, despite their hosts' apparent good oral health. Discriminant analysis of gene functions revealed vitamin B5 autotrophy and urease-mediated pH regulation as candidate adaptations of the microbiome to the hunter-gatherer and Western diets, respectively. These results suggest that major transitions in diet selected for different communities of commensals and likely played a role in the emergence of modern oral pathogens.
Data from: Phylogenomic analyses support traditional relationships within Cnidaria
Cnidaria, the sister group to Bilateria, is the most diverse group of animals in terms of morphology, lifecycles, ecology, and development. How this diversity originated and evolved is not well understood because phylogenetic relationships among major cnidarian lineages are unclear, and recent studies present contrasting phylogenetic hypotheses. Here, we use transcriptome data from 15 newly-sequenced species in combination with 26 publicly available genomes and transcriptomes to assess phylogenetic relationships among major cnidarian lineages. Phylogenetic analyses using different partition schemes and models of molecular evolution, as well as topology tests for alternative phylogenetic relationships, support the monophyly of Medusozoa, Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Hydrozoa, and a clade consisting of Staurozoa, Cubozoa, and Scyphozoa. Support for the monophyly of Hexacorallia is weak due to the equivocal position of Ceriantharia. Taken together, these results further resolve deep cnidarian relationships, largely support traditional phylogenetic views on relationships, and provide a historical framework for studying the evolutionary processes involved in one of the most ancient animal radiations.
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