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1,580 results for “Vulnerabilities”
Heat tolerance limits of Mediterranean songbirds and their current and future vulnerabilities to temperature extremes
<p>Songbirds are one of the groups most vulnerable to extreme heat events. Although several recent studies have assessed their physiological responses to heat, most of them have focused on arid-zone species solely. We investigated thermoregulatory responses to heat in eight small-sized songbirds occurring in the Mediterranean Basin, where heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense. Specifically, we determined their heat tolerance limits (HTL) and evaporative cooling efficiency and evaluated their current and future vulnerabilities to heat in southwestern Iberia, a Mediterranean climate warming hotspot. To do this, we exposed birds to an increasing profile of air temperatures (Ta) and measured resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), evaporative cooling efficiency (the ratio between evaporative heat loss and metabolic heat production) and body temperature (Tb). HTL ranged between 40 and 46°C across species, and all species showed rapid increases in RMR, EWL and Tb in response to increasing Ta. However, only the crested lark Galerida cristata achieved an evaporative cooling efficiency greater than 1. The studied songbirds currently experience summer Ta maxima that surpass their upper critical temperatures of their thermoneutral zone and even their HTL. Our estimates indicated that five of the eight species will experience moderate risk of lethal dehydration by the end of the century. We argue that the limited heat tolerance and evaporative cooling efficiency of small-sized Mediterranean songbirds make them particularly vulnerable to heatwaves, which will be exacerbated under future climate change scenarios.</p>
An aphid symbiont confers protection against a specialized RNA virus, another increases vulnerability to the same pathogen
<p>Insects often harbor heritable symbionts that provide defense against specialized natural enemies, yet little is known about symbiont protection when hosts face simultaneous threats. In pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa confers protection against the parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, and Regiella insecticola protects against aphid-specific fungal pathogens, including Pandora neoaphidis. Here we investigated whether these two common aphid symbionts protect against a specialized virus A. pisum virus (APV), and whether their anti-fungal and anti-parasitoid services are impacted by APV infection. We found that APV imposed large fitness costs on symbiont-free aphids and these costs were elevated in aphids also housing H. defensa. In contrast, APV titers were significantly reduced and costs to APV infection were largely eliminated in aphids with R. insecticola. To our knowledge, R. insecticola is the first aphid symbiont shown to protect against a viral pathogen, and only the second arthropod symbiont reported to do so. In contrast, APV infection did not impact the protective services of either R. insecticola or H. defensa. To better understand APV biology, we produced five genomes and examined transmission routes. We found that moderate rates of vertical transmission, combined with horizontal transfer through food plants, were the major route of APV spread, although lateral transfer by parasitoids also occurred. Transmission was unaffected by facultative symbionts. In summary, the presence and species identity of facultative symbionts resulted in highly divergent outcomes for aphids infected with APV, while not impacting defensive services that target other enemies. These findings add to the diverse phenotypes conferred by aphid symbionts, and to the growing body of work highlighting extensive variation in symbiont-mediated interactions.</p>
Data from: Relative brain size is associated with natal dispersal rate and species' vulnerability to climate change in seabirds
<p><span>The cognitive buffer hypothesis proposes that species with larger brains (relative to their body size) exhibit greater behavioural flexibility, conferring an advantage in unpredictable or novel environments. Therefore, behavioural flexibility – and relative brain size – are likely to be important predictors of a species' vulnerability to anthropogenic pressures and, ultimately, extinction risk. However, current evidence linking brain size to species vulnerability and extinction risk is inconclusive. Furthermore, studies examining the relationship between relative brain size and behavioural flexibility have mainly focused on foraging innovations, whilst other forms of behavioural flexibility remain unexplored. In this study, we collate species-specific information and examine links between relative brain size, rates of natal and adult dispersal (a measure of flexibility in breeding site fidelity), vulnerability to six anthropogenic threats and extinction risk for 131 species of seabird. We focused our study on seabirds, a highly threatened group that displays large variation in both relative brain size and dispersal behaviour. We found a significant positive relationship between relative brain size and natal dispersal rate, suggesting that relative brain size could enhance flexibility in breeding site choice in seabirds, consistent with the cognitive buffer hypothesis. However, this relationship does not persist when we consider adult dispersal, possibly reflecting constraints imposed by mate selection and knowledge transfer in seabirds. We also show that relative brain size is negatively associated with vulnerability to climate change. These findings have immediate application for predicting interspecific variation in species' vulnerability to climate change and identifying priority species for conservation.</span></p>
Dataset from: Exaptation and vulnerability to introduced mammal herbivores on Balearic endemic flora
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>: </span><span>How introduced mammal herbivores affect insular flora is still under study. Also, disentangling which particular traits, that plants might develop from exaptations, are functional to avoid herbivory remains mainly unknown. This study aims to</span><span> assess if the flora of continental islands with historic native herbivores has exapted to the introduction of new mammal herbivores and to predict the potential vulnerability of endemic species from islands where mammal herbivores have not been introduced yet.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>: </span><span>Balearic Islands</span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>: 96 Balearic endemic plant species</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> We investigated whether the endemic flora on continental islands maintains functional traits that resist introduced mammal herbivores by analysing the chemical and morphological traits related to plant resistance of five individuals per species (n=480). Also, we measured plant-size variables to assess plant escape strategies. Overall, we combined these traits with the accessibility to goats. Predictive models were generated for species that inhabit islands where goats have not been introduced to assess their potential vulnerability.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Endemic species may defend against new herbivores (e.g., goats) if they contain highly toxic compounds (alkaloids, glycosides, coumarins), spinescent and urticating structures, or specific plant architecture (low plant size, high specific leaf area).</span> <span>If such traits are absent, the species may become extinct—unless they inhabit areas inaccessible to goats. On continental islands, some endemic species are expected to resist the introduction of herbivores, while others may be significantly affected. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>:</span><span> Part of the endemic flora may have previously adapted to ancient herbivores on the islands. Even though the ancient connection with the mainland, these</span><span> traits may allow the plants to resist the presence of introduced herbivores. However, non-exapted species could be threatened by the introduction of non-native ungulates.</span></p>
Experimental warming increases the vulnerability of high-elevation plant populations to a specialist herbivore
<ol> <li>Ongoing climate change may impact alpine plant populations via both direct effects of increased temperature and climate-driven changes in interactions between plants and other organisms, such as insect herbivores. Rates of herbivory in high-elevation environments are predicted to increase with warmer temperatures, which may also lead to changes in morphological and physiological traits that influence plant resistance. Yet, we currently know little about how temperature-mediated changes in traits will impact alpine plant vulnerability to herbivores, as well as the extent to which populations from high-elevation environments might need to rapidly adapt to increasing herbivore pressure with rising temperatures.</li> <li>We assessed the effect of experimental warming on the relative vulnerability of populations of the alpine plant <em>Arabis</em> <em>alpina</em> from different elevations to a specialist herbivore. Herbivore performance was measured on plants from nine populations grown in climate chambers at two temperatures, representing low (warm) and high (cold) elevations. We also measured changes in putative drivers of performance: plant phenological, chemical and defence traits. Assuming populations would be adapted to local climates and levels of herbivory, we predicted that low-elevation populations would be more resistant to herbivores under warmer temperatures than high-elevation populations.</li> <li>We found reduced performance of a specialist herbivore on <em>A</em>. <em>alpina</em> grown under warm rather than cold conditions, though this effect varied with elevation. Larvae grew faster on high-elevation populations than low-elevation populations when grown under warm temperatures, whereas similar growth rates were observed for plants grown under colder temperatures, consistent with plant adaptation to the lower existing herbivore pressure in cold, high-elevation environments. Regression analyses suggested that polar metabolite variation explained more variance in larval performance than changes in defensive glucosinolates or morphological traits.</li> <li>Our results suggest that although physiological responses to warming may increase the resistance of cold-adapted plants to herbivory, populations from different elevations may differ in their interactions with herbivores under climate warming. Without genetic adaptation, existing physiological responses of high-elevation populations to warmer temperatures may leave these populations vulnerable to the increases in herbivore pressure predicted under climate change.</li> </ol>
Illustratory figures on brain networks, sex differences, and vulnerability to disorders
<p>These figures were initially created for a PhD thesis but may serve the wider (neuroscientific) community. </p>
Vulnerability of sea turtle nesting sites to erosion and inundation: a decision support framework to maximize conservation
<p>Sandy beaches provide essential nesting habitat for sea turtles but are threatened globally by a rapidly changing climate. Identifying which nesting sites are at greatest risk from erosion and inundation remains an important goal of sea turtle conservation globally. Yet, efforts to identify at-risk sites have been hindered by the ability to model complex processes and incomplete information on nesting distribution and abundance. To assess the erosion and inundation risk to the reproductive success of a discrete genetic stock of flatback turtles (<em>Natator</em> <em>depressus</em>) across its nesting range in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, we used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) Coastal Vulnerability Model. A relative exposure index was calculated for 402 nesting beaches in terms of six geophysical variables: wind and wave exposure, surge potential, relief, observed sea level rise and coastal geomorphology, and coupled with published information on the distribution and abundance of turtle tracks in the region. </p> <p>The majority of beaches (74%) had an intermediate to high exposure. In particular, 36% of beaches with a high abundance of flatback tracks (the top 25% of the frequency distribution) had a high exposure (the top 25% of the frequency distribution). This suggests that coastal exposure is a key vulnerability to the reproductive success of sea turtles that nest in this region. Promisingly, five beaches with a high abundance of turtle tracks also had a low exposure (bottom 25% of the frequency distribution) and these beaches may be critical for the long-term resilience of the stock against sea level rise and severe storms. Exposure varied across nesting sites and the approach presented here allows for a rapid and broadscale assessment of relative erosion and inundation risks at a scale most relevant to management. </p>
An Empirical Study of Vulnerabilities in Edge Frameworks to Support Security Testing Improvement
<p>This package contains the material collected to perform the empirical study described in our paper entitled ‘An Empirical Study of Vulnerabilities in Edge Frameworks to Support Security Testing Improvement’ authored by Jahanzaib MALIK (<a href="mailto:jahanzaib.malik@uni.lu">jahanzaib.malik@uni.lu</a>) and Fabrizio PASTORE (fabrizio.pastore@uni.lu).</p> <p> </p>
Multi-omic integration of DNA methylation and gene expression data reveals molecular vulnerabilities in glioblastoma (processed data)
<p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer and exhibits profound genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, making the development of an effective treatment a major challenge. The recent incorporation of molecular features into the diagnosis of GBM patients has led to an improved categorisation into various tumour subtypes with different prognoses and disease management. In this work, we have exploited the benefits of genome-wide multi-omic approaches to identify potential molecular vulnerabilities existing in GBM patients. Integration of gene expression and DNA methylation data from both bulk GBM and patient-derived GBM stem cell lines has revealed the presence of major sources of GBM variability, pinpointing subtype-specific tumour vulnerabilities amenable to pharmacological interventions. In this sense, inhibition of the AP1, SMAD3 and RUNX1 / RUNX2 pathways, in combination or not with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide, led to the subtype-specific impairment of tumour growth, particularly in the context of the aggressive, mesenchymal-like subtype. These results emphasize the involvement of these molecular pathways in the development of GBM and have potential implications for the development of personalized therapeutic approaches.</p>
Regional and global climate risks for reef corals: incorporating species-specific vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards
<p>Climate change is driving rapid and widespread erosion of the environmental conditions that formerly supported species persistence. Existing projections of climate change typically focus on forecasts of acute environmental anomalies and global extinction risks. The current projections also frequently consider all species within a broad taxonomic group together without differentiating species-specific patterns. Consequently, we still know little about the explicit dimensions of climate risk (i.e., species-specific vulnerability, exposure and hazard) that are vital for predicting future biodiversity responses (e.g., adaptation, migration) and developing management and conservation strategies. Here, we use reef corals as model organisms (n = 741 species) to project the extent of regional and global climate risks of marine organisms into the future. We characterise species-specific vulnerability based on the global geographic range and historical environmental conditions (1900–1994) of each coral species within their ranges and quantify the projected exposure to climate hazard beyond the historical conditions as climate risk. We show that many coral species will experience a complete loss of pre-modern climate analogs at the regional scale and across their entire distributional ranges, and such exposure to hazardous conditions is predicted to pose substantial regional and global climate risks to reef corals. Although high-latitude regions may provide climate refugia for some tropical corals until the mid-21st century, they will not become a universal haven for all corals. Notably, high-latitude specialists and species with small geographic ranges remain particularly vulnerable as they tend to possess limited capacities to avoid climate risks (e.g., via adaptive and migratory responses). Predicted climate risks are amplified substantially under the SSP5-8.5 compared with the SSP1-2.6 scenario, highlighting the need for stringent emission controls. Our projections of both regional and global climate risks offer unique opportunities to facilitate climate action at spatial scales relevant to conservation and management.</p>
Vulnerable and patched binaries
<p>This dataset contains a collection of vulnerable and patched binaries, each with specific function names.</p> <p>To access detailed information about the available vulnerable versions and their corresponding patched versions for a specific CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures), please refer to the 'cve_all' text file.</p> <p>For example, the first line of the file 'cve_all' is as follows: 'CVE-2018-20712,binaries/binutils/O0/addr2line-2.31,binaries/binutils/O0/addr2line-2.32,d_expression_1'. This line indicates that the vulnerability with the identifier CVE-2018-20712 has a vulnerable version binary located at 'binaries/binutils/O0/addr2line-2.31' and a patched version binary located at 'binaries/binutils/O0/addr2line-2.32'. The related function name associated with this vulnerability is 'd_expression_1'.</p>
[Tool demo] Prospector: a Tool to Find Fixes to Known Vulnerabilities of Open-Source Projects
<p> </p> <p><strong>>>>> TOOL DEMO SCREENCAST</strong>: please download file <strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7974442/files/tool_demo_final.mp4?download=1">tool_demo_final.mp4</a></strong>. <strong><<<<</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong>: Though vulnerability databases are key for monitoring known vulnerabilities in open-source projects, they rarely contain information about the code changes that fix the flaws they describe. Finding them is time-consuming and error-prone as it involves the analysis of multiple, unstructured resources. </p> <p>In this paper we present \prospector, a tool that supports mapping<br> vulnerability advisories from vulnerability databases onto the corresponding fix in the source code. \prospector employs a set of heuristics that mimics and automates the<br> strategies that would be employed by human security experts.</p> <p>Given an advisory expressed in natural language, \prospector processes the commits found in the target source code repository, ranks them based on a set of predefined rules, and produces a report that the user can inspect to<br> determine which commits to retain as the actual fix.<br> The tool is publicly available and is released under the Apache 2.0 license.</p>
Data from: Changing with the times: Seasonal environmental gradients unveil dynamic bat assemblages and vulnerability
<p>Uncovering the temporal and spatial dynamics of biological communities in response to biotic and abiotic drivers is essential to predict the effects of environmental change on biodiversity. Similarly, estimating species vulnerability in the face of such dynamics is crucial for implementing effective conservation actions. We explored how bat diversity changes over the year across an altitudinal gradient and identified the environmental drivers that shape bat communities. By analysing species' marginality within the biophysical niche space, we evaluated bats' vulnerability to foreseeable environmental changes. Our results suggest that altitude, the proportion of forest cover and shrubs cover are the main drivers shaping bat communities year-round. Additionally, while some bat species are restricted to a single ecological assemblage (or ecological preferences group), others show greater plasticity throughout the year. Importantly, we found that although bats associated with highland habitats and forests could be particularly vulnerable to environmental changes (in particular <em>Myotis mystacinus</em>), this vulnerability correlates poorly with their national conservation status. We suggest that species' ecological plasticity is critical for the resilience of biological communities exposed to environmental changes and should be considered when planning tailored conservation strategies.</p>
Data from: Hydraulic vulnerability of tropical forests is largely independent of water availability
<p>Tropical rainforest woody plants have been thought to have uniformly low resistance to hydraulic failure and to function near the edge of their hydraulic safety margin, making these ecosystems vulnerable to drought; however, this may not be the case. Using data collected at 30 tropical forest sites for three key traits associated with drought tolerance, we show that site-level hydraulic diversity of leaf turgor loss point, resistance to embolism (P<sub>50</sub>), and hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) is high across tropical forests and largely independent of water availability. Species with high HSMs (>1 MPa) and low P<sub>50</sub> values (<-2 MPa) are common across the wet and dry tropics. This high site-level hydraulic diversity, largely decoupled from water stress, could influence which species are favored and become dominant under a drying climate. High hydraulic diversity could also make these ecosystems more resilient to variable rainfall regimes.</p>
AssureMOSS Vulnerability Statements Dataset (Steady)
<p>This dataset contains 259 vulnerability statements found with <a href="https://sap.github.io/project-kb/prospector/">Prospector</a>, an open-source repository mining tool developed by SAP Security Research and the <a href="https://assuremoss.eu">AssureMOSS consortium</a>.</p> <p>The vulnerabilities covered by this dataset are a subset of a larger vulnerability dataset built by SAP Security Research while developing and operating <a href="https://eclipse.github.io/steady/">Eclipse Steady</a>.</p>
Supplemental Data for "Unraveling Vulnerabilities in Endocrine Therapy-Resistant HER2+/ER+ Breast Cancer"
<p>Supplemental data files for Bahnassy et al, "Unraveling Vulnerabilities in Endocrine Therapy-Resistant HER2+/ER+ Breast Cancer"</p>
Seychelles Plateau's oil spill vulnerability
<p>Supplementary material</p>
GABA Mechanisms Underlying the Vulnerability to Alcohol Dependence
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00611767. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Addressing Social Determinants of Health & Diabetes Self-Management in Vulnerable Populations
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03802825. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
Mobilizing Evidence Into Action to Improve Outcomes of Vulnerable Seniors
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01254942. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.