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Fig. 1 in Review Of Metanotal Sculpture Of Aphidiine Wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)
Fig. 1. Metanotum morphology and measurements (basing on Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology project (Yoder et al., 2010): 1 — the main structures of the metanotum: MtSc — metascutellum, MtT — metanotal troughs, MtA — metascutellar arms, A — areola, C — carina; 2 — measurements of the metanotum: a — length of metanotum, b — length of metascutellum, c — width of metascutellum, d — length of metascutellar arms, e — width of metanotum.
Fig. 2 in Review Of Metanotal Sculpture Of Aphidiine Wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)
Fig. 2. Metanotum (continued): 11 — Protaphidius wissmannii, 12 — Pauesia abietis, 13 — Trioxys cirsii, 14 — Trioxys curvicaudus, 15 — Trioxys pallidus, 16 — Binodoxys acalephae, 17 — Binodoxys angelicae, 18 — Lipolexis gracilis. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
Fig. 2 in Review Of Metanotal Sculpture Of Aphidiine Wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)
Fig. 2. Metanotum: 1 — Ephedrus plagiator, 2 — Toxares deltiger, 3 — Praon volucre, 4 — Areopraon silvestre, 5 — Aphidius ervi, 6 — Diaeretiella rapae, 7 — Lysiphlebus confusus, 8 — Lysiphlebus fabarum, 9 — Adialytus ambiguus, 10 — Adialytus salicaphis. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
Fig. 6. A in New species of belytine and diapriine wasps (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Fig. 6. A. Basalys villumi sp. nov., paratype (NHMD-608369), habitus in lateral view. B–D. Doliopria baltica sp. nov., holotype (NHMD-608374). B. Habitus in lateral view. C. Head in lateral view. D. Mesosoma and metasoma in lateral view. E–H. Spilomicrus succinalis sp. nov. E–F. Holotype (NHMD-607131). E. Habitus in ventrolateral view. F. Head and mesosoma in dorsal view. G. Paratype (NHMD-608344), habitus in lateral view. H. Paratype (NHMD-608354), habitus in lateral view. Abbreviations: asp = anterior scutellar pit; te = tergite excision. Scale bars: A, E–H = 1 mm; B = 0.5 mm; C–D = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 5. A–C in New species of belytine and diapriine wasps (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Fig. 5. A–C. Pantolyta chemyrevae sp. nov., holotype (NHMD-608448). A. Habitus in dorsolateral view. B. Head and mesosoma in dorsal view. C. Petiole in lateral view. D–E. Pantolyta similis sp. nov., holotype (NHMD-608468). D. Habitus in lateral view. E. Mesosoma, petiole and anterior gaster in dorsal view. F–H. Basalys villumi sp. nov., holotype (NHMD-608360). F. Habitus in lateral view. G. Head in lateral view. H. Head and mesosoma in dorsal view. Abbreviations: asp = anterior scutellar pit; fe = flagellomere emargination; mpk = median propodeal keel. Scale bars: A, D, F = 1 mm; B, E, G–H = 0.5 mm; C = 0.25 mm.
Fig. 3. A–C in New species of belytine and diapriine wasps (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Fig. 3. A–C. Cinetus elongatus sp. nov., holotype (NHMD-608402). A. Habitus in lateral view. B. Head in lateral view. C. Mesosoma and petiole in lateral view. D–H. Pantoclis globosa sp. nov. D–F. Holotype (NHMD-608414). D. Habitus in lateral view. E. Habitus in dorsal view. F. Gaster in lateral view. G–H. Paratype (NHMD-608394). G. Habitus in lateral view. H. Habitus in dorsal view. Abbreviations: asp = anterior scutellar pit; fe = flagellomere emargination; mtr = metapleural ridge. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B–E, G–H = 1 mm; F = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 2. A–D in New species of belytine and diapriine wasps (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Fig. 2. A–D. Belyta knudhoejgaardi sp. nov. A–C. Holotype (NHMD-608408). A. habitus in lateral view. B. Mesosoma and petiole in lateral view. C. Petiole and gaster in dorsal view. D. Paratype NHMD-608400, habitus in lateral view. E–F. Cinetus breviscapus sp. nov., holotype (NHMD-300622). E. Habitus in lateral view. F. Head in lateral view. Abbreviations: fe = flagellomere emargination; mlr = mesopleural longitudinal ridge; mpk = median propodeal keel. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B, F = 0.5 mm; C–E = 1 mm.
Fig. 4 in New species of belytine and diapriine wasps (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Fig. 4. Pantolyta augustinusii sp. nov. A–D. Holotype (NHMD-300829). A. Habitus in dorsal view. B. Head in frontal view. C. Detail of the anterior mesosoma in dorsal view. D. Gaster and petiole in lateral view.E. Paratype (NHMD-608391), habitus in lateral view. F. Paratype (NHMD-608406), habitus in lateral view. G. Paratype (NHMD-608412), habitus in lateral view. H. Paratype (NHMD-608404), habitus in dorsal view. Abbreviations: asp = anterior scutellar pit; fe = flagellomere emargination; t = toruli. Scale bars: A–B, D–H = 1 mm; C = 0.5 mm.
Brood parasites that care: alternative nesting tactics in a subsocial wasp
<div> <p>Hosts and brood parasites are a classic example of conflict. Parasites typically provide no offspring care after laying eggs, imposing costs on hosts. Female subsocial wasps, <em>Ammophila pubescens</em>, alternated between initiating their own nests and an 'intruder' tactic of replacing eggs in nests of unrelated conspecifics. Hosts could respond by substituting new eggs of their own, with up to eight reciprocal replacements. Remarkably, intruders usually provisioned offspring in host nests, often alongside hosts. We used field data to investigate why intruders provision and to understand the basis of interactions. We found that intruders could not increase their fitness payoffs by using the typical brood parasite tactic of not provisioning offspring. Intruders using the typical tactic would benefit when hosts provisioned in their stead, but their offspring would starve when hosts failed to provision. Although some hosts obtained positive payoffs when intruders mistakenly provisioned their offspring, on average utilizing a conspecific nest represents parasitism: hosts pay costs while intruders benefit. Both females used the same tactic of egg replacement, but intruders more often laid the final egg. Selection should favour better discrimination of offspring, which could lead to repeated cycles of costly egg replacement.</p> </div>
Figure 93–99. 93, 96 in The wasp genus Sphex in Sub-Saharan Africa (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Figure 93–99. 93, 96. Habitus of ♀. 94–95, 97. Habitus of ♂. 93. Sphex pseudopraedator sp. nov. 94. S. schoutedeni schoutedeni Kohl, 1913. 95. S. stadelmanni stadelmanni Kohl, 1895. 96– 97. S. stadelmanni rufus subsp. nov. 98. Geographic distribution of S. pseudopraedator sp. nov. 99. Geographic distribution of S. schoutedeni schoutedeni (red); S. schoutedeni malawicus subsp. nov. (blue); S. stadelmanni stadelmanni (yellow); S. stadelmanni rufus subsp. nov. (purple).
Figures 9–16. Pompilid wasps and host spiders. 9 in Additional new and unusual host records for Western Hemisphere spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)
Figures 9–16. Pompilid wasps and host spiders. 9) Pepsis martini Vardy, female, with immobilized Diplura nigra (F. O. Pickard- Cambridge) (Dipluridae), adult or subadult female, Cristalino Lodge, Alto Floresta, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Photograph © Sidnei Dantas. 10) Pepsis plutus Erichson, female, with immobilized Phoneutria fera Perty (Ctenidae), adult or subadult female, Saül, French Guiana. Photograph © Wouter Knaepen. 11) Priocnessus hurdi Dreisbach, female, with immobilized Euagrus?mexicanus (Ausserer) (Euagridae), adult or subadult female, Jantetelco, Morelas State, Mexico. Photograph © Paula Montserrat Crespo Barrera. 12) Priocnemella hexagona (Fox), female, with immobilized Phoneutria?fera Perty (Ctenidae), juvenile, National Forest of Jamari, Rondônia State, Brazil. Photograph © Pedro Paulo Machado Nascimento. 13) Sphictostethus striatulus Roig-Alsina, female, with immobilized?Grammostola sp. (Theraphosidae), juvenile, Altos de Cantillana Reserve, 12 km W Paine, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. Photograph © Bernardo Segura. 14) Herbstellus pachylopus (Kohl), female, with immobilized Lycinus sp. (Nemesiidae), adult or subadult female, La Serena, Elqui Province, Coquimbo Region, Chile. Photograph © Simon Torres. 15) Caliadurgus maculatellus (Taschenberg), female, with immobilized Larinia sp. (Araneidae), adult or subadult female, Punilla, Córdoba Province, Argentina. Photograph © Andrea A. Coccuci. 16) Entypus magnus (Cresson), female, with immobilized Tigrosa georgicola (Walckenaer) (Lycosidae), adult or subadult female, Princeton, Collin County, Texas, USA. Photograph © Manda Bell.
Figure 16 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), II
Figure 16. Combined geographic occurrence records of host species of Agelenidae, Ctenidae, Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Selenopidae, Sparassidae, Trechaleidae and Zoropsidae for Entypus unifasciatus and Tachypompilus ferrugineus based on 19,097 SCAN and GBIF collection records and online images. Northwestern Mexico is poorly sampled on this map. Note scarcity of records from the Pacific Northwest.
Figure 15 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), II
Figure 15. Geographic occurrence records of host species of Agelenidae, Ctenidae, Lycosidae, Pisauridae, Selenopidae, Sparassidae, Trechaleidae and Zoropsidae for Entypus unifasciatus and Tachypompilus ferrugineus based on 19,097 SCAN and GBIF collection records and online images. Northwestern Mexico is poorly sampled on this map. Note scarcity of records from the Pacific Northwest.
Figures 1–6. Entypus unifasciatus. 1 in Geographic variation in host selection in the spider wasps Entypus unifasciatus (Say) and Tachypompilus ferrugineus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), II
Figures 1–6. Entypus unifasciatus. 1) Entypus unifasciatus unifasciatus (Say), female, with immobilized Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz (Pisauridae), adult female, Caitlin Dunbar Nature Center, Lichester, Howard County, MD. © Photographer unknown. 2) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni (Banks), female, attempting to re-sting immobilized Dolomedes tenebrosus, adult female, Lewisville, Denton County, TX. Photograph © Ruthanne Thomas. 3) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni, female, with immobilized Rabidosa rabida (Walckenaer) (Lycosidae), adult female, Cook's Slough Nature Park, Uvalde County, TX. Photograph © Tripp Davenport. 4) Entypus unifasciatus californicus (Townes), female, with immobilized Schizocosa mccooki (Montgomery) (Lycosidae), adult female, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County, CA. Photograph © Morgan Cantrell. 5) Entypus unifasciatus cressoni, female, with immobilized Ctenus sp. (Ctenidae), adult or subadult female, Tequila, Jalisco State, Mexico. Photograph © Chris Lloyd. 6) Entypus unifasciatus urichi (Banks), female, with immobilized Ancylometes bogotensis (Keyserling) (Ctenidae), subadult female or juvenile, San Antonio del Tequendama, Cundinamarca Department, Colombia. Photograph © German Leonel Sarmiento Cruz.
Data from: Speciation in Nearctic oak gall wasps is frequently correlated with changes in host plant, host organ, or both
<p>Quantifying the frequency of shifts to new host plants within diverse clades of specialist herbivorous insects is critically important to understand whether and how host shifts contribute to the origin of species. Oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) comprise a tribe of ~1000 species of phytophagous insects that induce gall formation on various organs of trees in the family Fagacae —primarily the oaks (genus <em>Quercus</em>; ~435 sp). The association of oak gall wasps with oaks is ancient (~50 my), and most oak species are galled by one or more gall wasp species. Despite the diversity of both gall wasp species and their plant associations, previous phylogenetic work has not identified the strong signal of host plant shifting among oak gall wasps that has been found in other phytophagous insect systems. However, most emphasis has been on the Western Palearctic and not the Nearctic where both oaks and oak gall wasps are considerably more species rich. We collected 86 species of Nearctic oak gall wasps from 10 of the 14 major clades of Nearctic oaks and sequenced >1000 Ultra Conserved Elements (UCEs) and flanking sequences to infer wasp phylogenies. We assessed the relationships of Nearctic gall wasps to one another and, by leveraging previously published UCE data, to the Palearctic fauna. We then used phylogenies to infer historical patterns of shifts among host tree species and tree organs. Our results indicate that oak gall wasps have moved between the Palearctic and Nearctic at least four times, that some Palearctic wasp clades have their proximate origin in the Nearctic, and that gall wasps have shifted within and between oak tree sections, subsections, and organs considerably more often than previous data have suggested. Given that host shifts have been demonstrated to drive reproductive isolation between host-associated populations in other phytophagous insects, our analyses of Nearctic gall wasps suggest that host shifts are key drivers of speciation in this clade, especially in hotspots of oak diversity. Though formal assessment of this hypothesis requires further study, two putatively oligophagous gall wasp species in our dataset show signals of host-associated genetic differentiation unconfounded by geographic distance, suggestive of barriers to gene flow associated with the use of alternative host plants.</p>
FIG. 10 in High diversity of pimpline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from the lowermost Eocene Fur Formation (Denmark)
FIG. 10. — Holotype of Xanthopimpla ciboisae n. sp. (FUR-10046), photograph and interpretative drawing, where dotted lines represent uncertain and/or interpolated interpretations. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 7 in High diversity of pimpline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from the lowermost Eocene Fur Formation (Denmark)
FIG. 7. — Specimens of Epitheronia stigmatica (Henriksen, 1922), n. comb.: A, C, holotype, deposited at the Natural History Museum in Copenhagen; B, D, specimen MOL-MM-3141. Photographs (A, B), detail (E) and interpretative drawings (B, D), where dotted lines represent uncertain and/or interpolated interpretations. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 4 in High diversity of pimpline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from the lowermost Eocene Fur Formation (Denmark)
FIG. 4. — Holotype of Crusopimpla minuta n. sp. (FUR-13076), photograph (A), detail (B) and interpretative drawing (C), where dotted lines represent uncertain and/or interpolated interpretations. Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, 0.5 mm.
FIG. 3 in High diversity of pimpline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from the lowermost Eocene Fur Formation (Denmark)
FIG. 3. — Holotype of Crusopimpla elongata n. sp. (FUR-11220), photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B), where dotted lines represent uncertain and/or interpolated interpretations. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 9 in High diversity of pimpline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from the lowermost Eocene Fur Formation (Denmark)
FIG. 9. — Holotype of Theronia? nigriscutum n. sp. (MOL-MHM-5412), photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B), where dotted lines represent uncertain and/ or interpolated interpretations. Scale bar: 2 mm.
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