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Understanding the High Temperature Hydrogen Attack of Steels Utilizing Novel In situ Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy Techniques
<p>A series of <em>in situ</em> transmission electron microscopy videos detailing the chemical reaction of Fe<sub>3</sub>C carbides in Eutectoid steel with high-temperature hydrogen, demonstrating nano-scale high-temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA). From the Thesis of Thomas Woodward.</p>
Climate and host genotype jointly shape tree phenology, disease levels and insect attacks
<p>One of the best known ecological consequences of climate change is the advancement of spring phenology. Yet, we lack insights into how changes in climate interact with intraspecific genetic variation in shaping spring and autumn phenology, and how such changes in phenology will translate into seasonal dynamics of tree-associated organisms. To elucidate the impact of warming and tree genotype on spring and autumn phenology, as well as the consequences for the population dynamics of a fungal pathogen (<i>Erysiphe alphitoides</i>) and plant-feeding insect (<i><span>Tuberculatus annulatus</span></i><span>)</span>, we conducted an active field heating experiment using grafts of five oak genotypes (<i>Quercus robur</i>). We found that experimental warming generally advanced oak bud burst in spring and delayed leaf senescence in autumn, while additional variation was explained by tree genotype and warming-by-genotype interactions. Warming or tree genotype did not affect disease levels at the beginning of the season, but shaped both disease levels and aphid density during the latter part of the season. Overall, our findings demonstrate that elevated temperature and genetic variation affect spring and autumn phenology, as well as the seasonal dynamics of higher trophic levels. Such effects may be either direct (i.e. temperature affecting tree phenology and attack independently) or indirect (as due to climate-induced changes in plant traits or the synchrony between trees and their attackers). To achieve a predictive understanding of the ecological responses and potential evolutionary changes of natural food webs in response to climate warming, we should merge the frameworks of global warming and community genetics.</p>
Aerial attack strategies of hawks hunting bats, and the adaptive benefits of swarming
<p>Aggregation can reduce an individual's predation risk, by decreasing predator hunting efficiency or displacing predation onto others. Here we explore how the behaviors of predator and prey influence catch success and predation risk in Swainson's hawks Buteo swainsoni attacking swarming Brazilian free-tailed bats Tadarida brasiliensis on emergence. Lone bats including stragglers have a high relative risk of predation, representing ~5% of the catch but ~0.2% of the population. Attacks on the column were no less successful than attacks on lone bats, so hunting efficiency is not decreased by group vigilance or confusion. Instead, lone bats were attacked disproportionately often, representing ~10% of all attacks. Swarming therefore displaces the burden of predation onto bats outside the column – whether as isolated wanderers not benefitting from dilution through attack abatement, or as peripheral stragglers suffering marginal predation and possible selfish herd effects. In contrast, the hawks' catch success depended only on the attack maneuvers that they employed, with the odds of success being more than trebled in attacks involving a high-speed stoop or rolling grab. Most attacks involved one of these two maneuvers, which therefore represent alternative rather than complementary tactics. Hence, whereas a bat's survival depends on maintaining column formation, a hawk's success does not depend on attacking lone bats – even though their tendency to do so is sufficient to explain the adaptive benefits of their prey's aggregation behavior. A hawk's success instead depends on the flight maneuvers it deploys, including the high-speed stoop that is characteristic of many raptors.</p>
Data from: Attack of the PCR clones: rates of clonality have little effect on RAD-seq genotype calls
Interpretation of high-throughput sequence data requires an understanding of how decisions made during bioinformatic data processing can influence results. One source of bias that is often cited is PCR clones (or PCR duplicates). PCR clones are common in restriction site associated sequencing (RAD-seq) datasets, which are increasingly being used for molecular ecology. To determine the influence PCR clones and the bioinformatic handling of clones have on genotyping, we evaluate four RAD-seq datasets. Datasets were compared before and after clones were removed to estimate the number of clones present in RAD-seq data, quantify how often the presence of clones in a dataset cause genotype calls to change compared to when clones were removed, investigate the mechanisms that lead to genotype call changes, and test if clones bias heterozygosity estimates. Our RAD-seq datasets contained 30 – 60% PCR clones, but 95% of RAD-tags had five or fewer clones. Relatively few genotypes changed once clones were removed (5-10%), and the vast majority of these changes (98%) were associated with genotypes switching from a called to no-call state or vice versa. PCR clones had a larger influence on genotype calls in individuals with low read depth but appeared to influence genotype calls at all loci similarly. Removal of PCR clones reduced the number of called genotypes by 2% but had almost no influence on estimates of heterozygosity. As such, while steps should be taken to limit PCR clones during library preparation, PCR clones are likely not a substantial source of bias for most RAD-seq studies.
FIGURES 1–7 in A new phytophagous species of Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) attacking Werauhia gladioliflora (Bromeliales: Bromeliaceae)
FIGURES 1–7. Eurytoma werauhia, female, except as noted: 1, antenna; 2, antenna (male); 3–4, anterior, posterior head; 5a, lateral metasoma; 5b, lateral petiole; 6, lateral mesosoma; 7, propodeum.
FIGURES 16–21 in A new phytophagous species of Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) attacking Werauhia gladioliflora (Bromeliales: Bromeliaceae)
FIGURES 16–21. Werauhia gladioliflora: 16, flowering specimen, in situ; 17, infested inflorescence; 18, male of E. werauhia drowned in bractal mucilage; 19, dissected floral bud with E. werauhia larva; 20, floral buds with damage by E. werauhia: emergence holes and necrotic interiors; 21, dissected floral bud with E. werauhia pupa.
FIGURES 8–15 in A new phytophagous species of Eurytoma (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) attacking Werauhia gladioliflora (Bromeliales: Bromeliaceae)
FIGURES 8–15. Eurytoma werauhia, female, except as noted: 8, ventral mesosoma; 9, lateral metasoma (male); 10, dorsal pupa; 11, anteroventral head, larva; 12, lateral habitus, larva; 13, anterolateral habitus, larva; 14, procoxae; 15, fore wing.
FIGURE 43 in Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking aphids feeding on Prunoideae and Maloideae crops in Southeast Europe: aphidiine-aphid-plant associations and key
FIGURE 43. Map of Southeast Europe with sampled localities and types of habitats. 1 Belgrade (Ste), 2 Skydra (Med), 3 Skala Oropou (Med), 4 Athens (Med), 5 Nymfaia (Med), 6 Ermioni (Med), 7 Argastiri (Med), 8 Farsala (Med), 9 New Belgrade (Ste), 10 Aliartos (Med), 11 Sykaminon (Med), 12 Avala (Ste), 13 Smederevo (Ste), 14 Gornji Milanovac (Mon), 15 Neapolis (Ste), 16 UŽice (Mon), 17 Žabljak (Mon), 18 Thessaloniki (Med), 19 Štrpce (Mon), 20 Aiginion (Med), 21 Aleksandroupolis (Med), 22 Aliartos (Med), 23 Amalias (Med), 24 Kastaneai (Med), 25 Orestias (Med), 26 Andrianoupolis (Med), 27 Kessani (Med), 28 Panċevo (Ste), 29 Novi Sad (Ste), 30 Despotovac (Mon), 31 Prijedor (Ste), 32 Kyparissia (Med).
FIGURES 37–38 in Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking aphids feeding on Prunoideae and Maloideae crops in Southeast Europe: aphidiine-aphid-plant associations and key
FIGURES 37–38. Dorsal aspect of petiole of Ephedrus species (females). 37, E. persicae Froggat. 38, E. plagiator (Nees).
FIGURES 31–36 in Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking aphids feeding on Prunoideae and Maloideae crops in Southeast Europe: aphidiine-aphid-plant associations and key
FIGURES 31–36. Dorsal aspect of petiole of Aphidius and Ephedrus species (females). 31, A. avenae Haliday. 32, A. colemani Viereck. 33, A. matricariae Haliday. 34, A. transcaspicus Telenga. 35, E. cerasicola Starý. 36, E. dysaphidis Tomanoviċ, Kavallieratos & Starý.
FIGURES 25–26 in Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking aphids feeding on Prunoideae and Maloideae crops in Southeast Europe: aphidiine-aphid-plant associations and key
FIGURES 25–26. Dorsal aspect of propodeum of Diaeretiella and Lysiphlebus species (females). 25, D. rapae (M'Intosh). 26, L. fabarum (Marshall).
FIGURES 7–12 in Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking aphids feeding on Prunoideae and Maloideae crops in Southeast Europe: aphidiine-aphid-plant associations and key
FIGURES 7–12. Forewing of Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella and Ephedrus species (females). 7, A. colemani Viereck. 8, A. matricariae Haliday. 9, A. transcaspicus Telenga. 10, B. angelicae (Haliday). 11, D. rapae (M'Intosh). 12, E. cerasicola Starý.
FIGURES 13–18 in Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking aphids feeding on Prunoideae and Maloideae crops in Southeast Europe: aphidiine-aphid-plant associations and key
FIGURES 13–18. Forewing of Ephedrus, Lipolexis, Lysiphlebus and Monoctonus species (females). 13, E. dysaphidis Tomanoviċ, Kavallieratos & Starý. 14, E. persicae Froggat. 15, E. plagiator (Nees). 16, L. gracilis Förster. 17, L. fabarum (Marshall). 18, M. mali Van Achterberg.
FIGURES 19–20 in Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) attacking aphids feeding on Prunoideae and Maloideae crops in Southeast Europe: aphidiine-aphid-plant associations and key
FIGURES 19–20. Forewing of Praon species (females). 19, P. abjectum (Haliday). 20, P. volucre (Haliday). FIGURES 21–24. Dorsal aspect of propodeum of Aphidius species (females). 21, A. avenae Haliday. 22, A. colemani Viereck. 23, A. matricariae Haliday. 24, A. transcaspicus Telenga.
FIGURES 10–13. Notocyrtus fungosus, 10, attacking a in New records, and nomenclatural and biological notes on Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Bolivia and Brazil
FIGURES 10–13. Notocyrtus fungosus, 10, attacking a chironomid; 11, attacking a sciarid; 12, last instar alive, dorsal view; 13, female, alive, just after ecdysis, head and pronotum, dorsal view. Fig. 14. Notocyrtus colombianus, female and a worker of Ptilotrigona lurida, dorsal view.
FIGURES 53–58 in Review and key to Nearctic Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with special reference to species attacking leaf mining tenthredinid sawflies in Betula Linnaeus (Betulaceae)
FIGURES 53–58. Habitus and faces: 53, L. syringe * Reshchikov; 54, L. barroni* Reshchikov; 55, L. fissus* Reshchikov; 56, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 57, L. soperi* Reshchikov; 58, L. nigricollis (Thomson, 1883). (*) Holotype.
FIGURE 21–40. 21–30 in Review and key to Nearctic Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with special reference to species attacking leaf mining tenthredinid sawflies in Betula Linnaeus (Betulaceae)
FIGURE 21–40. 21–30. Apex of gaster, showing last tergum and sternite, ovipositor and sheaths. Scale 0.50 mm. 21, L. bulbus Barron; 22, L. periclistae Barron; 23, L. luteolator (Gravenhorst); 24, L. mnemonicae (Rohwer);. 25, L. aquilus Barron; 26, L. convexus Barron; 27, L. gibbosus Barron; 28, L. pictus Cushman; 29, L. protrusus Barron; 30, L. truncatus (Provancher). Figures 31–36. Propodeum, dorsal view. 31, L. syringe* Reshchikov; 32, L. barroni* Reshchikov; 33, L. fissus* Reshchikov; 34, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 35, L. soperi* Reshchikov; 36, L. zeugophorea Barron; Figures 37– 40. First metasomal tergum: 37, L. fissus* Reshchikov; 38, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 39, L. soperi* Reshchikov; Male subgenital plate: 40, L. fissus* Reshchikov. (*) Holotype.
FIGURES 1–20 in Review and key to Nearctic Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with special reference to species attacking leaf mining tenthredinid sawflies in Betula Linnaeus (Betulaceae)
FIGURES 1–20. Apex of gaster, showing last tergum and sternite, ovipositor and sheaths. Scale 0.50 mm. 1, L. syringe* Reshchikov; 2, L. barroni* Reshchikov; 3, L. fissus* Reshchikov; 4, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 5, L. soperi* Reshchikov; 6, L. scutellatus (Ashmead); 7, L. breviremus Barron; 8, L. planus Barron; 9, L. platynus (Davis); 10, L. clavipes Barron; 11, L. euryremus Barron; 12, L. protenus Barron.; 13, L. tomostethi (Cushman); 14, L. erugatus Barron; 15, L. ensator (Brauns); 16, L. caudatus (Thomson); 17, L. constrictus (Provancher); 18, L. profenusae Barron; 19, L. ochraceus Barron; 20, L. carinatus Barron. (*) Holotype.
FIGURE 41–52. 41–50 in Review and key to Nearctic Lathrolestes Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with special reference to species attacking leaf mining tenthredinid sawflies in Betula Linnaeus (Betulaceae)
FIGURE 41–52. 41–50. Tarsal claws: 41, L. syringe* Reshchikov; 42, L. barroni* Reshchikov; 43, L. fissus* Reshchikov. (*); 44–52. Tarsal claws: 44, L. thomsoni* Reshchikov; 45, L. soperi* Reshchikov; 46, L. platynus (Davis); 47, L. nigricollis (Thomson); 48, L. mnemoniacae (Rohwer) (from Barron, 1994); 49, L. dentatus Barron (from Barron, 1994); 50, L. clavipes Barron (from Barron, 1994); Figures 51, 52. Last tarsal articles: 51, L. nigricollis (Thomson); 52, L. zeugophorea Barron. (*) Holotype..
FIGURE 2 in Clistopyga caramba sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae), an astonishing example of mimicry in spider-attacking parasitoid wasps
FIGURE 2. Posterior metasomal tergites and ovipositor of Clistopyga caramba sp. nov., holotype, female: A — lateral view; B — dorsal view; C — latero-dorsal view; D — latero-posterior view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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