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2,731 results for “barriers”
Data from: Environmental heterogeneity and not vicariant biogeographic barriers generate community wide population structure in desert adapted snakes
Genetic structure can be influenced by local adaptation to environmental heterogeneity and biogeographic barriers, resulting in discrete population clusters. Geographic distance among populations, however, can result in continuous clines of genetic divergence that appear as structured populations. Here we evaluate the relevant importance of these three factors over a landscape characterized by environmental heterogeneity and the presence of a hypothesized biogeographic barrier in producing population genetic structure within 13 codistributed snake species using a genomic dataset. We demonstrate that geographic distance and environmental heterogeneity across western North America contribute to population genomic divergence. Surprisingly, landscape features long thought to contribute to biogeographic barriers play little role in divergence community wide. Our results suggest that isolation by environment is the most important contributor to genomic divergence. Furthermore, we show that models of population clustering that incorporate spatial information consistently outperform nonspatial models, demonstrating the importance of considering geographic distances in population clustering. We argue that environmental and geographic distances as drivers of community-wide divergence should be explored before assuming the role of biogeographic barriers.
Barriers to Melt Ascent in the Lithosphere of Io with Applications to Heat Pipe Formation: MELTS Calculations
<p>MELTS input and output datafiles for "Barriers to Melt Ascent in the Lithosphere of Io with Applications to Heat Pipe Formation." Each zip file corresponds to one dataset with a set resurfacing rate and a choice of nepheline allowed or nepheline suppressed. Each data set is organized first by lithosphere thickness, then mantle potential temperature.</p> <p>PTpath.txt is the text file read by MELTS to create the geotherm P-T path in the crystallization calculation. Residue.melts is the Residual solid composition after the melting calculation. Liquid.melts is the liquid composition that enters the crystallization calculation. PBRate.txt is a two column text file which is a record of crystallization rate with depth.</p> <p>The output_1 folder contains the MELTS output files for the decompression melting calculation. The output_2 folder contains the MELTS output files for the crystallization in the lithosphere calculation.</p> <p>Associated MATLAB functions for this work can be found here: https://github.com/joeschools/Io_PB (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5172975)</p>
Going against the flow: barriers to gene flow impact patterns of connectivity in cryptic coral reef gobies throughout the western Atlantic
<p class="CxSpFirst"><b>Aim</b>: Complex oceanographic features have historically caused difficulty in understanding gene flow in marine taxa. Here, we evaluate the impact of potential phylogeographic barriers to gene flow and assess demography and evolutionary history of a coral reef goby species complex. Specifically, we test how the Amazon River outflow and ocean currents impact gene flow.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><b>Location</b>: Western Atlantic.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><b>Taxon</b>: The bridled goby (<i>Coryphopterus glaucofraenum</i>) and sand-canyon goby (<i>C. venezuelae</i>) species complex.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><b>Methods</b>: We used mitochondrial DNA and 2401 genomic SNPs to investigate evolutionary history and test hypotheses of how major barriers impact species-level differentiation. We used clustering algorithms and pairwise <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> to assess population differentiation caused by minor barriers within and among regions. Finally, we tested alternate hypotheses of demographic history via coalescent simulations to determine the most plausible spread across the Western Atlantic.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><b>Results</b>: We found two unique clades of <i>C. glaucofraenum</i> along the Brazilian coast and Atol das Rocas (AR) that are more closely related to <i>C. venzuelae</i>. Further genetic structure within the Caribbean and separately along the Brazilian coast led to at least two distinct populations in each location. Coalescent simulations indicated that an ancestral population of <i>C. venezuelae</i> split from <i>C. glaucofraenum</i> in the Caribbean, dispersed to Brazil, then spread to AR.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><b>Main Conclusions</b>: Species-level genetic differentiation has resulted from the Amazon River outflow and isolation of AR. Population differentiation within the Caribbean matched previous studies indicating an east-west pattern of divergence. Brazilian population differentiation was impacted by the cold-water upwelling at Cabo Frio. Overall, this research highlights how barriers to gene flow impact speciation and genetic structure within western Atlantic gobies and provides insight into the role oceanographic features have in the speciation process of fishes.</p>
04. Quantum dot tunneling through triple low barrier
<p>04. Quantum dot tunneling through triple low barrier</p> <p>In this video Visualization of Quantum dot tunneling with light packet is performed with triple low barrier. Quantum dot passes through the triple low barrier.</p>
03. Quantum dot tunneling through double low barrier
<p>03. Quantum dot tunneling through double low barrier</p> <p>In this video Visualization of Quantum dot tunneling with light packet is performed with single double low barrier. Quantum dot passes through the double low barrier.</p>
Strategies for and Barriers to Collaboratively Developing Anti-racist Policies and Resources as Described by Geoscientists of Color Participating in the Unlearning Racism in Geoscience (URGE) Program
<p>The Unlearning Racism in Geosciences (URGE) program guides groups of geoscientists as they draft, implement, and assess anti-racist policies and resources for their workplace. Some participating Geoscientists of Color (GoC) shared concerns about microaggression, tokenism, and power struggles within their groups. These reports led us to collect and analyze data that describe the experiences of GoC in URGE. The data are from five discussion groups and two surveys. Our analyses revealed that participating GoC want to continue working with White colleagues on anti-racist work. GoC want White colleagues not to shy away from doing anti-racist work. Instead, GoC want White colleagues (1) to create and adhere to robust behavioral codes of conduct, (2) to focus discussions on anti-racism, (3) to act on anti-racism initiatives, (4) not to prompt GoC to educate them or reveal trauma, and (5) to refrain from microaggressions and tokenism. These desired outcomes were achieved in some groups with varying degrees of success. Correcting a history of mistrust relating to racism and anti-racism action is key to implementing and assessing effective anti-racist policies and resources. This requires leadership support, following through on anti-racism action, and deepening relationships between GoC and White colleagues. Future anti-racist programs should spend a substantial amount of time on and demonstrate the importance of training participants how to discuss racism effectively and how to create and adhere to robust behavioral codes of conduct. Future programs should also explore developing a robust program-wide code of conduct that includes a policy for reporting offenses.</p>
Data from: Low species turnover of upland Amazonian birds in the absence of physical barriers
<p>Aim: One of the oldest and most powerful ways for ecologists to explain distinct biological communities is to invoke underlying environmental differences. But in hyper-diverse systems, which often display high species richness and low species abundance, these sorts of community comparisons are especially challenging. The classic view for Amazonian birds posits that riverine barriers and habitat specialization determine local and regional community composition. We test the tacit, complementary assumption that similar bird communities should therefore permeate uniform habitat between major rivers, regardless of distance.</p> <p>Location: Upland (terra firme) rainforests of central Amazonia.</p> <p>Results: In all, we detected 244 forest-dependent birds, with an average of 190 species (78%) per plot. Species turnover was negligible, no unique indicator species were found among plot pairs, and all documented species were already known from a complete inventory at one of the three sites.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Our study corroborates the classic biogeographical pattern and suggests that turnover contributes little to regional avian diversity within upland forests. Using a grain size of 100 ha, this implies that upland birds perceive the environment as uniform, at least over distances of ~60 km. Therefore, to maximize both local species richness and population persistence, our findings support the conservation of very large tracts of upland rainforest. Our analyses also revealed that the avifauna at Reserva Ducke, encroached by urban sprawl from the city of Manaus, shows the hallmarks of a disturbed community, with fewer vulnerable insectivores. This defaunation signals that even an enormous preserve (10 × 10 km) in lowland Amazonia is not insulated from anthropogenic degradation within the surrounding landscape.</p>
Data for: Barriers to seedling establishment in grasslands: Implications for Nothofagus forest restoration and migration
<p>Tree seedling establishment outside forest boundaries is controlled by many interacting factors. Understanding the relative importance of different pressures is essential for improving techniques for forest restoration and for understanding the potential of forest boundaries to shift and adapt to changing climate conditions. We investigated constraints on the spread of a key southern hemisphere forest type into grasslands by undertaking a multi-factorial experiment sowing <em>Nothofagus cliffortioides</em> (Nothofagaceae) in a historically deforested retired pasture. We manipulated factors to determine the relative effects of sheltered microsites, competition with pasture species, availability of ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil nutrients, and rabbit herbivory, on seedling emergence and survival. Overall survival was low (11.7% after six months and 1.5% after ten months), but there were strong treatment effects on both seedling establishment and survival. The availability of shelter and competition with pasture species had strongest effects, with the presence of pasture species initially aiding seedling emergence due to a sheltering effect, but negatively affecting survival at later stages. Most remaining seedlings at the conclusion of the experiment had formed ectomycorrhizae regardless of whether inoculum was supplied, and seedling survival and health was positively related to ectomycorrhizal colonization. Fertilizing had less of an effect than other factors, and results regarding rabbit herbivory were inconclusive. Synthesis and applications: This study provides new insights into how factors interact to limit tree seedling establishment in grasslands and forest expansion into neighboring ecosystems. This improves understanding of the ability of an ectomycorrhizal keystone forest species to migrate and adapt to climate change. This study also assists restoration practitioners in selecting techniques that will enhance seedling establishment, and highlights that direct seeding approaches in open grasslands are unlikely to result in high rates of <em>Nothofagus </em>establishment.</p>
Data for: The central Alps comprise a major dispersal barrier between western and eastern populations of two butterfly species
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Environmental and species-specific factors shape spatial patterns in genetic diversity and population structure. Comparing different species within the same area helps to disentangle more general from species-specific factors affecting such geographic patterns. Here, we examined genetic diversity and population structuring through geographic features in two alpine butterfly species.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> European Alps.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Copper butterflies (<em>Lycaena</em> spp.).</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We sampled 21 <em>Lycaena hippothoe</em> and 14 <em>L. virgaureae</em> populations with 18 individuals per population. We analysed the genetic diversity and structure<a> </a>of these populations by using 14 and nine microsatellite markers for <em>L. hippothoe</em> and <em>L. virgaureae</em> , respectively.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We found higher number of alleles, allelic richness, observed heterozygosity, F<sub>ST</sub> values and more genetic clusters in <em>L. hippothoe</em> than in <em>L. virgaureae</em>. Both species displayed a major genetic barrier in the central Alps. Western and eastern <em>L. hippothoe</em> populations but central <em>L. virgaureae</em> populations showed the highest genetic diversity.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> The population genetic structures of both Copper butterflies seemed to be strongly affected by population history and demography. Patterns indicate for both species a western and an eastern glacial refuge. The high genetic diversity and pronounced population structure found in <em>L. hippothoe</em> seems to be related to a low dispersal ability and closed populations with high local abundances as opposed to <em>L. virgaureae</em>. The higher dispersal of the latter likely caused hybridisation in the central alpine contact zone boosting genetic diversity, which was not the case in <em>L. hippothoe</em>. These findings suggest that different conservation strategies are needed for these closely related species.</p>
Barriers, Enablers and Referral Patterns of General Practitioners, Physiotherapists, and People with Osteoarthritis to Exercise Treatments
<p>An online survey was circulated to people with osteoarthritis, physiotherapists, and general practitioners in Ireland from March-September 2021. Data collected from these surveys is presented in this dataset. </p>
Barriers to home exercise for patients with Parkinson's disease – a qualitative study
<p><strong>Objective</strong>: This study aimed to explore the barriers to home exercise for patients with Parkinson's disease (PwPDs) and provide guidelines for healthcare providers (HcPs) to build and implement home exercise strategies for PwPDs.</p> <p><strong>Design</strong>: A qualitative descriptive method was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and thematic analysis was employed.</p> <p><strong>Setting</strong>: The study was conducted in the Department of Neurology at a Grade 3 Class A general hospital in China.</p> <p><strong>Participants</strong>: A total of 22 participants were interviewed, including 10 PwPDs, seven caregivers, two nurses, one head nurse, and two Parkinson's clinicians.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Five themes were identified in this analysis. (1) Psychosomatic stress and low activity; (2) lack of early rehabilitation authorisation; (3) poor "flow" state of home exercise; (4) inaccessibility of continued service; (5) sociocultural impact on family coping.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: PwPDs, caregivers, and specialised medical staff raised the challenges faced by patients' home exercises from different perspectives. Interventions can improve services and integrate resources through the management of multi-disciplinary, early rehabilitation authorisation, exercise experience, continuous service mode, and family coping strategies under different cultures to gradually adjust the home exercise behaviour of PwPDs.</p>
History and practice of 8 U.S. Code §1103 notes, Sec. 102(c): Improvement of barriers at border
<p>To expedite the construction of barriers along the U.S.-Mexico border, an extensive array of laws has been waived. This authority is codified in 8 U.S. Code §1103 notes, Sec. 102(c) - Improvement of Barriers at Border. In 1996 the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 were waived directly by Congress and in 2005 Congress delegated authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security to waive any law necessary with the REAL ID Act. Covering environmental protections, historic preservation, procurement procedures, religious freedoms, and more, waiver determinations facilitate the extensive and more rapid construction of border barriers. This dataset documents the history of this aspect of U.S. law as debated, as legislated, as proclaimed, and as litigated. </p> <p>This dataset is designed to accompany the following academic paper: Madsen, Kenneth D. 2022. Institutionalising the Exception: Homeland Security Section 102(c) Waivers and the Construction of Border Barriers. <em>Geopolitics</em>. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2022.2126766</p>
Data for study on the permeability of biogeographic barriers to marine species on the east and west coasts of North America
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: We assess the role of contemporary oceanography and species traits in shaping observed patterns of biogeography over broad spatial scales.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Our study domain covers the east and west coasts of North America, from 30° to 73° on the east coast and 33° to 73° on the west coast.</p> <p><strong>Time Period</strong>: Hydrodynamic models use climatological fields from 1990 to 2015 on the east coast, and 1993 to 2018 on the west coast.</p> <p><strong>Major Taxa Studied:</strong> Model simulations represent larval dispersal for generalized benthic invertebrate species distributed in the subtidal zone from 10 m to 100 m depth, with planktonic larval durations ranging from 21–60 days.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We conducted a literature review to identify major biogeographic barriers along the east and west coasts of North America, and then assessed the permeability of these barriers to larval dispersal using Lagrangian Particle Tracking. We ran a series of simulations in which we varied the suitable habitat distribution, planktonic larval duration, and spawning seasonality of simulated larvae (i.e. particles) to assess the role of species traits on biogeography.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Our results showed a strong alignment of observed biogeographic barriers with larval dispersal patterns, with high variation in barrier permeability depending on the traits of the species considered. The location of suitable habitat and the season during which particle release occurred were the biological traits that drove much of the variation in barrier permeability among simulations on both coasts.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions</strong>: Our results indicate an important role of contemporary oceanographic and geographic features in determining the biogeography of species whose primary dispersal is during larval stages, suggesting that climate change is likely to alter patterns of species biogeography. Our results also demonstrate that species traits play a strong role in determining the location and strength of biogeographic barriers.</p>
Dataset for Tanguay & Herzog et al. (2023), Opportunities for, and barriers to anticipatory governance of two lake social-ecological systems in Germany and Canada, in People and Nature
<p>This is the dataset for an article published in People and Nature by Tanguay & Herzog et al. (2023), entitled Opportunities for, and barriers to anticipatory governance of two lake social-ecological systems in Germany and Canada. It includes the data used for the literature review as well as the interview and workshop data for both case studies. As the research was overviewed by the <a href="https://ciereh.uqam.ca/">Comité institutionnel d’éthique de la recherche avec des êtres humains (CIEREH)</a>, some of the non-anonymized data were not archived.</p>
D6.1 - Report on non-technical barrier and legal issues - Literature-mapping database
<p>This data set presents a literature map for D6.1 "Report on non-technical barrier and legal issues" considering relevant non-technical and legal challenges for consideration during the deployment of a pay-per-wash business model in European.</p>
Incomplete reproductive barriers and genomic differentiation impact the spread of resistance mutations between green- and red-colour morphs of a cosmopolitan mite pest
<p>We studied patterns of genetic differentiation and barriers to gene flow within and between morphs of <em>T. urticae</em> in order to understand the factors that influence the spread of resistance mutations across its populations. We derived multiple iso-female lines from <em>Tetranychus</em> populations collected from agricultural crops. We generated genomic and morphological data, characterized their bacterial communities, and performed controlled crosses.</p>
Stakeholder views on the barriers and facilitators of psychosocial interventions to address reduction in aggressive challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities
<p>Success of psychosocial interventions in reducing aggressive challenging behaviour is likely to be related not only to mechanistic aspects but also to therapeutic and system factors. The study aims to examine the facilitators and barriers that influence whether psychosocial interventions for aggressive challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities lead to positive change. We conducted 42 semi-structured interviews with adults with intellectual disabilities and aggressive challenging behaviour, family/paid carers, and professionals engaged in or delivering a psychosocial intervention across the UK. Data were analysed thematically using a framework approach. Stakeholders considered therapeutic and supportive relationships and personalised care as facilitating factors of psychosocial interventions to address aggressive challenging behaviour. The operational structure of community intellectual disability services and conflicting expectations of professionals and carers were the main contextual barriers that impeded the implementation of psychosocial interventions addressing aggressive challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities. Findings highlight the valued components that maximise positive change in adults with intellectual disabilities who display aggressive challenging behaviour. Several operational adjustments including referral criteria, roles of professionals and workforce issues need to be addressed in services to maximise the implementation of psychosocial interventions to reduce aggressive challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities.</p>
Data from: Diversification processes in Gerp's mouse lemur demonstrate the importance of rivers and altitude as biogeographic barriers in Madagascar's humid rainforests
<p><span>Madagascar exhibits exceptionally high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Models to explain the diversification and distribution of species in Madagascar stress the importance of historical variability in climate conditions which may have led to the formation of geographic barriers by changing water and habitat availability. The relative importance of these models for the diversification of the various forest-adapted taxa of Madagascar has yet to be understood. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeographic history of Gerp's mouse lemur (<em>Microcebus gerpi</em>) to identify relevant mechanisms and drivers of diversification in Madagascar's humid rainforests. We used restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers and applied population genomic and coalescent-based techniques to estimate genetic diversity, population structure, gene flow and divergence times among <em>M. gerpi</em> populations and its two sister species <em>M. jollyae</em> and <em>M. marohita</em>. Genomic results were complemented with ecological niche models to better understand the relative barrier function of rivers and altitude. We show that <em>M. gerpi</em> diversified during the late Pleistocene. The inferred ecological niche, patterns of gene flow and genetic differentiation in <em>M. gerpi</em> suggest that the potential for rivers to act as biogeographic barriers depended on both size and elevation of headwaters. Populations on opposite sides of the largest river in the area with headwaters that extend far into the highlands show particularly high genetic differentiation, whereas rivers with lower elevation headwaters have weaker barrier functions, indicated by higher migration rates and admixture. We conclude that<em> M. gerpi</em> likely diversified through repeated cycles of dispersal punctuated by isolation to refugia as a result of paleoclimatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene. We argue that this diversification scenario serves as a model of diversification for other rainforest taxa that are similarly limited by geographic factors. In addition, we highlight conservation implications for this critically endangered species, which faces extreme habitat loss and fragmentation. </span></p>
Data to D3.3 - Institutional arrangements of water supply, distribution and uses within and across case studies -identifying the barriers and drivers in place
<p>The transition towards a water circular economy (WCE) in the sense of water reuse may generate new water loops with additional challenges to water governance such as new and different types or qualities of water, new associated risks, new responsibilities,and new sets of actors involved. These challenges demand for clear-defined responsibilities, well-engaging of the various stakeholders, strong cooperation, and coordination among actors to prevent risks. Institutional arrangements, build the formal, and informal, design schemes to ensure adequate procedures and standards to better catalyse such transition. This deliverable analyses the institutional arrangements associated to the water management on the demosites, to assess their preparedness for the implementation of the new water loops as those foreseen with use of Project Ô new technologies. Using the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, the analysis showed that the more water uses and users a new water loop involves the more critical the institutional arrangements become. Nevertheless, the institutional arrangements of the demosites do not always configure severe barriers. This is the case of Omis (Croatia) where the water reuse loop is located inside a textile company, and Eilat (Israel) where the water reuse loop is located inside amariculture centre. On the contrary, on Almendralejo (Spain) and Lecce (Italy), there are different players involved in the management ofthe water loop,andinstitutional arrangements appear more critical. Among the different institutional design principles, the clearly defined boundaries of responsibilities among stakeholders, the congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions, raise more concerns on the case studies and call for the attention of future research on water circular economy. Fairly share of cost, benefits, and risks, dedicated graduated sanctions, conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms also deserve particular attention given the limited awareness of stakeholders of their features and influence for a successful implementation of demosites. Trust building, stakeholder empowerment and investment on transparency mechanisms related to water monitoring and sharing of communities and environmental benefits and costs of water reuse may be powerful approaches to implement water circular economy.</p>
Data to Deliverable 3.2 - Policy design for the transition to circular economy: Barriers and drivers in place
<p>Data to assessment of the policy and planning contexts in Almendralejo (Spain), Lecce (Italy), Omis (Croatia) and Eilat (Israel)</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.