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1,826 results for “burn”
Enhancing accuracy of air quality and temperature forecasts during paddy crop-residue burning season in Delhi via chemical data assimilation
<p>This paper examines the accuracy of Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) generated 72 h fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) forecasts in Delhi during the crop residue burning season of Oct-Nov 2017 with respect to assimilation of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals, persistent fire emission assumption, and aerosol-radiation interactions. The assimilation significantly pushes the model AOD and PM<sub>2.5</sub> towards the observations with the largest changes below 5 km altitude in the fire source regions (northeastern Pakistan, Punjab, and Haryana) as well as the receptor New Delhi. WRF-Chem forecast with MODIS AOD assimilation, aerosol-radiation feedback turned on, and real-time fire emissions reduce the mean bias by 88-195 µg/m<sup>3</sup> (70-86%) with the largest improvement during the peak air pollution episode of 6-13 November 2017. Aerosol-radiation feedback contributes ~21%, ~25%, and ~24% to reduction in mean bias of the first, second, and third day of PM<sub>2.5 </sub>forecast. Persistence fire emission assumption is found to work really well, as the accuracy of PM<sub>2.5</sub> forecasts driven by persistent fire emissions was only 6% lower compared to those driven by real fire emissions. Aerosol-radiation feedback extends the benefits of assimilating satellite AOD beyond PM<sub>2.5</sub> forecasts to surface temperature forecast with a reduction in the mean bias of 0.9<sup>o</sup>C - 1.5<sup>o</sup>C (17-30%). These results demonstrate that air quality forecasting can benefit substantially from satellite AOD observations particularly in developing countries that lack resources to rapidly build dense air quality monitoring networks.</p>
Measurement report: quantifying source contribution of fossil fuels and biomass-burning black carbon aerosol in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
<p>Anthropogenic emissions of Black carbon (BC) aerosol are transported from Southeast Asia to the southwestern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the pre-monsoon; however, the quantities of BC from different anthropogenic sources and the transport mechanisms are still not well constrained because there have been no high-time-resolution BC source apportionments. Intensive measurements were taken in a transport channel for pollutants from Southeast Asia to the southeastern margin of TP during the pre-monsoon to investigate the influences of fossil fuels and biomass burning on BC. A receptor model coupled multi-wavelength absorption with aerosol species concentrations was used to retrieve site-specific Ångström exponents (AAE) and mass absorption cross-sections (MAC) for BC. An ‘aethalometer model’ that used those values showed that biomass burning had a larger contribution to BC mass than fossil fuels (BCbiomass = 57% versus BCfossil = 43%). The potential source contribution function indicated that BCbiomass was transported to the site from northeastern India and northern Burma, The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model indicated that 40% of BCbiomass originated from Southeast Asia, while the high BCfossil was transported from the southwest of sampling site. A radiative transfer model indicated that the average atmospheric direct radiative effects (DRE) of BC was +4.6 ± 2.4 W m<sup>-2</sup> with +2.5 ± 1.8 W m<sup>-2</sup> from BCbiomass and +2.1 ± 0.9 W m<sup>-2</sup> from BCfossil. The DRE of BCbiomass and BCfossil produced heating rates of 0.07 ± 0.05 and 0.06 ± 0.02 K day<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. This study provides insights into sources of BC over a transport channel to the southeastern TP and the influence of the cross-border transportation of biomass burning emissions from Southeast Asia during the pre-monsoon.</p>
Data from: Influences of patch-burn grazing on headwater prairie streams and subsequent recovery
<p>1. Patch-burn grazing (PBG) can promote terrestrial heterogeneity and biodiversity, but can temporarily increase stream nutrients, ecosystem metabolism, and alter macroinvertebrate assemblages. The impacts of grazing on stream channel morphology and post-PBG recovery patterns are unclear. 2. We assessed the influence of grazing in PBG managed grassland streams in Missouri, USA, and subsequent recovery when grazing ceased for two years. We hypothesized that grazing would degrade water quality, stream biotic integrity, and channel morphology, but that riparian fencing would mitigate these effects. We predicted that biological and chemical variables in unfenced streams would return to pre-PBG levels within two years after grazing ceased, but channel morphology would not. 3. Six small headwater streams (two in ungrazed control watersheds, two in PBG watersheds with 10 m fenced riparian zones, and two in unfenced PBG) were sampled over seven years; 2 years before PBG, 3 years during PBG, and 2 years post-PBG. We sampled macroinvertebrates and water chemistry monthly when water was present and surveyed channel morphology at least once each study period. 4. During grazing, unfenced watersheds showed the greatest changes in channel width, depth, and area. During the post-PBG period, one of the two unfenced watersheds showed partial recovery of channel morphology. Although grazing increased concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a, concentrations returned to pre-PBG conditions after grazing ended, indicating recovery. Very fine organic sediments increased in the unfenced watersheds compared to the control during grazing but recovered afterwards. Contributions of Chironomidae to total invertebrate abundance increased in the unfenced watersheds during grazing, and then decreased during the post-PBG period. 5. Riparian fencing mostly mitigated effects of grazing on the streams. Unfenced streams were resilient to effects of grazing in a PBG managed grassland, with most metrics recovering within two years after grazing ceased, except for channel morphology. 6. Synthesis and applications: Grazing in a PBG managed grassland coupled with riparian fencing could be an effective conservation tool in prairies, with relatively modest influences on stream water quality and biotic integrity. Persistent changes in stream geomorphology and effects of longer periods of grazing deserve further research.</p>
Frequent burning causes large losses of carbon from deep soil layers in a temperate savanna
<p>1. Fire activity is changing dramatically across the globe, with uncertain effects on ecosystem processes, especially belowground. Fire‐driven losses of soil carbon (C) are often assumed to occur primarily in the upper soil layers because the repeated combustion of aboveground biomass limits organic matter inputs into surface soil. However, C losses from deeper soil may occur if frequent burning reduces root biomass inputs of C into deep soil layers or stimulates losses of C via leaching and priming.</p> <p>2. To assess the effects of fire on soil C, we sampled 12 plots in a 51‐year‐long fire frequency manipulation experiment in a temperate oak savanna, where variation in prescribed burning frequency has created a gradient in vegetation structure from closed‐canopy forest in unburned plots to open‐canopy savanna in frequently burned plots.</p> <p>3. Soil C stocks were non‐linearly related to fire frequency, with soil C peaking in savanna plots burned at an intermediate fire frequency and declining in the most frequently burned plots. Losses from deep soil pools were significant, with the absolute difference between intermediately burned plots versus. most frequently burned plots more than doubling when the full 1 m sample was considered rather than the top 0–20 cm alone (losses of 98.5 MgC ha<sup>‐1</sup> (−76%) and 42.3 MgC ha<sup>‐1</sup> (−68%) in the full 1 m and 0–20 cm layers, respectively). Compared to unburned forested plots, the most frequently burned plots had 65.8 MgC ha<sup>‐1</sup> (−58%) less C in the full 1 m sample. Root biomass below the top 20 cm also declined by 39% with more frequent burning. Concurrent fire‐driven losses of nitrogen and gains in calcium and phosphorus suggest that burning may increase nitrogen limitation and play a key role in the calcium and phosphorus cycles in temperate savannas.</p> <p>4. <i>Synthesis</i>: Our results illustrate that fire‐driven losses in soil C and root biomass in deep soil layers may be critical factors regulating the net effect of shifting fire regimes on ecosystem C in forest‐savanna transitions. Projected changes in soil C with shifting fire frequencies in savannas may be 50% too low if they only consider changes in the topsoil.</p>
Data from: The 15-year post-treatment response of a mixed-conifer understory plant community to thinning and burning treatments
<p>Disturbance is central to maintaining diversity in forest ecosystems. In the dry forests of the western United States, over a century of fire exclusion has altered the fire regimes of these forests, resulting in high fuel loads and a loss of plant diversity. Mechanical thinning and prescribed fire are widely used to restore structural complexity and species diversity in many western U.S. forests. While studies have shown that the reintroduction of fire into these forests initially promotes plant diversity, there is limited information on the persistence of this effect. We evaluated the effects of thinning and burning treatments on the understory plant community fifteen years after treatment in an old-growth, Sierran mixed-conifer forest. Using a full-factorial design, including three levels of thinning and two levels of burning, we found mechanical thinning and prescribed fire reduced litter depths and increased the availability of bare ground, resulting in an initial increase in herb cover. However, fifteen years after treatment, litter depths and shrub cover increased, resulting in a more homogenous understory community and a loss of herb cover. Overall, our results suggest that while thinning and burning treatments initially promote herbaceous plant cover, these effects are short lived in the absence of a second disturbance.</p>
BurnCare Physiology Data: Burn with Resuscitation
<p>A standard male patient with burns from 20-40% TBSA were simulated through 24 hours with intervention and state files were generated every fifteen minutes. In these resuscitation protocols, we opt to use only lactated ringers, and no colloid compounds. The data includes a log and csv results file for each simulation. The "golden path" of treatment starts the resuscitation pathway with fluids being given at a rate of 10xTBSA (then titrated up or down each hour based on urine output). The naming structure for each state consists of tbsa, simulation time, current ringers lactate infusion rate, and colloid infusion rate (for future treatment protocols).</p>
Fish Vertebrae, Burned
Model by Charlie Hall Burnt fish vertebrae, from FPAN's collection. This model was made with Agisoft Metashape. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bute Ettrick Burn 13
The panel lies on the steep south bank of an unnamed tributary of the Ettrick Burn, Isle of Bute, below a field gate about 25m to the S. The tributary leads to a waterfall a short distance to the E. The field gate gives access to the last grass field heading N up the valley of the Ettrick Burn, between Kilbride Hill and Muirton Hill. A cluster of 3 boulders lies about 6m to the S of the panel. The panel is unlikely to be in its original location. It was probably cleared from the grass field along with the aforementioned boulders. There is a view down the steep slope towards the Ettrick Burn. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Contrasting Activation Characteristics of Biomass Burning and Fossil Fuel Combustion Aerosols in Fogs and Clouds: Implications for Regional Air Quality and Climate
<p>The key 'jul' in data use 2021-01-01 as the referece day, for example, 2021-01-02 12:00:00 corresponding to jul of 2.5. </p>
Celtic dwelling - burned layer
During July 2021, we had the opportunity to fully excavate a celtic dwelling near Szurdokpüspöki. To our surprise, we found pieces of grindstone at the top of the burning layer in the building that had once been burned, and loom weights in the northwest corner. We were very curious to see what the burnt layer might hide. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Burned Wood Photo-scan
This is a photoscanned model of Debris. Reworked, UV Unwrapped, baked textures, reduced poly count etc to save you some time. Ihave included both high poly and low poly versions of it into .blend file Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Upland Sandpipers select for later time since fire and experience high nest survival in grasslands managed with patch-burn grazing
<p>Upland Sandpipers (<em>Bartramia longicauda</em>) are a grassland obligate shorebird that nests in dense vegetation structure near recently disturbed areas and could benefit from management practices that promote heterogenous vegetation structure. Although, Upland Sandpipers primary breeding range is generally managed for livestock production using traditional practices that lack patchy disturbances to facilitate higher levels of structural heterogeneity. Patch-burn grazing (PBG) could be an alternative management practice for Upland Sandpiper conservation for its ability to create areas of dense vegetation structure near recently disturbed areas. However, limited information is available regarding nest production of Upland Sandpipers within a PBG framework. To assess the compatibility of PBG with Upland Sandpiper conservation, we estimated nest site selection and survival of Upland Sandpiper nests on private lands managed with PBG in the unglaciated plains region of North Dakota. We located 59 nests from 2017–2020. Upland Sandpipers avoided 1 year since fire (YSF) patches and selected for 2 and 3 YSF patches for nest sites. Additionally, nest site selection decreased with increased bare ground and at intermediate distances to the nearest Upland Sandpiper nest. Upland Sandpipers experienced high overall nest survival during the study with 51 of 59 nests successfully hatching, which limited our ability to make inferences between daily survival rates and variables of interest. Our findings suggest that PBG can provide suitable nesting cover for Upland Sandpipers in later YSF patches despite annual prescribed fire and livestock grazing during the nesting season. PBG seems a suitable grassland management strategy that should be included in conservation planning within Upland Sandpiper's breeding distribution.</p>
Burned and Unburned Boreal Larch Forest Site Data, Northeast Siberia
<p>This dataset provides field measurements and estimates of carbon stocks and combustion rates that characterize burned and unburned larch forest stands near Yakutsk in the Republic of Sakha, Russia. Measurements were conducted in 2019 at 41 stands that burned in the Batamay fire (2017) and Yert fire (2018), and at 12 unburned stands in comparable adjacent areas. A description of all variables included in this dataset is provided in the associated README file.</p>
Southeastern United States Prescribed Burning Emission from 2013 to 2020
<p>The dataset includes data for the project: https://github.com/zli867/RxFireEmission. </p> <ul> <li>data: includes geographic data and CMAQ grid definition data for the project.</li> <li>FINN: Burn type differentiated FINN data from 2013 to 2020 in the southeastern U.S.</li> <li>permits: Burn type differentiated permit data from 2013 to 2020 in Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida.</li> <li>BlueSky Input: Input burning records for running BlueSky.</li> <li>BlueSky Output: Output of BlueSky. The data is in json format and it can convert to NetCDF by using scripts provided in our Github repository.</li> </ul>
Wildfire, prescribed burn, and agricultural burn smoke PM2.5 estimates for CA, WA, and OR 2014-2020
<p>Wildfires, prescribed burns, and agricultural burns all impact ambient air quality across the Western U.S.; however, little is known about how communities across the region are differentially exposed to smoke from each of these fire types. To address this gap, we quantify smoke exposure stemming from wildfire, prescribed, and agricultural burns across Washington, Oregon, and California from 2014-2020 using a fire type-specific biomass burning emissions inventory and the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We examine fire type-specific PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and in relation to the Center for Disease Control's Social Vulnerability Index. Overall, population average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations are greater from wildfires than from prescribed and agricultural burns. While we found limited evidence of exposure disparities among sub-groups across the full study area, we did observe disproportionately higher exposures to wildfire-specific PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposures among Native communities in all three states and, in California, higher agricultural burn-specific PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposures among lower socioeconomic groups. We also identified, for all three states, areas of significant spatial clustering of smoke exposures from all fire types and increased social vulnerability. These results provide a first look at the differential contributions of smoke from wildfires, prescribed burns, and agricultural burns to PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposures among demographic subgroups, which can be used to inform more tailored exposure reduction strategies across sources.</p>
Supplemental data and figures behind: Atom scale element and isotopic investigation of 25Mg-rich stardust from a H-burning supernova
<p>We have discovered a presolar olivine from ALH 77307 with the highest <sup>25</sup>Mg isotopic composition measured in a silicate to date (δ<sup>25</sup>Mg = 3025.1‰ ± 38.3‰).<strong> </strong>Its isotopic compositions challenge current stellar models, with modelling of Mg, Si and O showing a closest match to formation in a supernova where hydrogen ingestion occurred in the pre-supernova phase. Presolar grains within primitive astromaterials retain records of processes and environmental changes throughout stellar evolution. However, accessing these records has proved challenging due to the average grain size (~150 nm) of presolar silicates, their sensitivity to extraction agents and instrumental restrictions, limiting the range of isotopic and chemical signatures which can be studied per grain volume. Here, we present the first known detailed, geochemical study of a presolar silicate from a H-burning supernova, studied in 3D without contributions to the analysis volume and at unprecedented spatial resolutions (< 1 nm), essential for constraining physical and chemical processes occurring within this recently proposed stellar environment. From our results, we infer either; [1] condensation within an environment depleted of heavy elements compatible with the olivine lattice under the pressure and temperature conditions during condensation. [2] during periods of limited mixing either near the end of the pre-supernova phase or from a collapse so rapid localised pockets of different gas compositions formed.</p>
Physicochemical Characterization of Religious Burning Aerosols in Lhasa on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
<p>Data from Lhasa in the Tibetan Plateau, including chemical composition, Infrared spectrum (IR), and light absorption data.</p>
Data for Quantifying functional group compositions of household fuel-burning emissions
<p>Data for reproduction of figures in the paper "Quantifying functional group compositions of household fuel-burning emissions"</p>
Assessment of Vegetation Indices for Mapping Burned Areas Using a Deep Learning Method and a Comprehensive Forest Fire Dataset from Landsat Collection.
<p>This repository contains a dataset focused on the delineation of burned areas (BA) in forests, created from Landsat satellite images covering the period from 1985 to 2021. The study also explores the integration of vegetation spectral indices (VIs) within a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) detector, utilizing U-Net architecture. Along with the dataset of historical BA in Galicia from 1985, we provide the necessary images and code to facilitate the analysis and application of these methods. This repository aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in the field of forest fire management and remote sensing, highlighting the potential advantages of using VIs for improved burned area detection and analysis.</p> <p>DOI for published article: <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2024.12.001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2024.12.001</span></span></a></p>
Reconstructed Global Monthly Burned Area Maps from 1901 to 2020
<p>Satellites provide direct observations of fire activities (e.g., burned area, fire radiative power) (Andela et al., 2017; Giglio et al., 2006; Luo et al., 2024), but their temporal coverages are limited because most satellite data were available only after 1980s (Chuvieco et al., 2019). Fire modules in dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are able to simulate long-term burned area and the interactions with vegetation dynamics based on climate conditions and soil properties (Sitch et al., 2015; Sitch et al., 2024), but the spatial resolution at the global scale is usually coarse due to the coarse resolution of the input meteorological forcing data, and most models failed in capturing the global trends of burned area (Andela et al., 2017; Hantson et al., 2020). The processes included and the parameterizations of fire processes are widely different across fire models, resulting in a large range of simulated burned area at both the regional and global scales (Hantson et al., 2020). Considering the limitations of satellite observations and fire models, a spatiotemporally consistent burned area dataset over the 20th century trained from present-day observations, is essential for fire modelling and can serve as publicly available benchmark for fire ecology and carbon cycle studies.</p> <p>This study produced a global monthly 0.5°×0.5° burned area fraction (BAF) dataset from1901 to 2020 using machine learning models based on climate conditions, vegetation states, population density and land use data. We first divided the globe into 14 regions following the Global Fire Emission Dataset (GFED regions) (Giglio et al., 2006; van Der Werf et al., 2017) and conducted all steps described below in each GFED region individually. To better capture extreme fires, we first developed a classification model to distinguish grid cells with extreme and regular fires, using the 90th percentile of all burned area fractions within a region as the threshold to define extreme fires. We then trained separate regression models for grid cells categorized as having extreme or regular fires. The models were trained against the satellite-based burned area product (FireCCI51) during 2003-2020 excluding cropland fires, and then used to reconstruct the burned area from 1901 to 2020. In addition to validation against satellite observations that were not used for model training, we also compared our burned area predictions with charcoal records and other independent global and regional burned area datasets. In addition to the historical reconstructed burned area dataset based on the FireCCI51 mentioned above, we also produced two additional products of historical burned area with the same spatiotemporal resolution as the FireCCI51-based burned area reconstruction: 1) the GFED5-based data version, which is based on machine-learning models trained by the burned area from GFED5 which has much more fires than GFED4 (Chen et al., 2023) instead of FireCCI51, and 2) the FireCCI51-based data with burned area further calibrated using the relationship between statistic-based burned area (Mouillot and Field, 2005) and GDP (Bolt and Van Zanden, 2024) at the regional scale before 2000 (named as FireCCI51-GDP version).</p> <p>This dataset can be used to benchmark historical simulations from fire modules in DGVMs, re-calculate historical fire emissions and estimate legacy effects of vegetation recovery after fires on terrestrial carbon sink. Though the temporal coverage of our product is long enough to support studies related to fire disturbance, carbon dynamics and climate change, more reliable explanatory data for model training and burned area data for validation would help further improve the accuracy of the reconstructed burned area product.</p> <p>Description of variable names in netcdf files:<br>'lat' -- latitude of the center of grid cells<br>'lon' -- longitude of the center of grid cells<br>'ba' -- burned area fraction in 0.5°×0.5°grid cells<br>'ba_type' -- 0=no fire; 1=regular burned area; 2=extreme burned area. Note that regular & extreme BA is defined in each GFED region individually. Extreme BA refers to that burned area within grid cells surpassing the 90th percentile of all grid cells with burned area in each GFED region.</p> <p>This dataset is currently for manuscript submission to the scientifc journal <Earth System Science Data>.</p>
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