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Figs 1‒2. 1 in Eurema brigitta (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) - a new record of butterfly for Socotra
Figs 1‒2. 1 ‒ female of Eurema brigitta (Stoll, 1780), Socotra, Gisfo valley; 2 ‒ Gisfo valley, habitat of E. brigitta (photo V. Hula, June 2010).
Red-green opponency in the long visual fibre photoreceptors of brushfoot butterflies (Nymphalidae)
<p>In many butterflies, the ancestral trichromatic insect colour vision, based on UV-, blue- and green-sensitive photoreceptors, is extended with red-sensitive cells. Physiological evidence for red receptors has been missing in Nymphalid butterflies, although some species can discriminate red hues well. In eight species from genera Archaeoprepona, Argynnis, Charaxes, Danaus, Melitaea, Morpho, Heliconius and Speyeria we found a novel class of green-sensitive photoreceptors that have hyperpolarising responses to stimulation with red light. These green-positive, red-negative (G+R–) cells are allocated to positions R1/2, normally occupied by UV and blue-sensitive cells. Spectral sensitivity, polarisation sensitivity and temporal dynamics suggest that the red opponent units (R–) are the basal photoreceptors R9, interacting with R1/2 in the same ommatidia via direct inhibitory synapses. We found the G+R– cells exclusively in butterflies with red-shining ommatidia containing longitudinal screening pigments. The implementation of the red colour channel with R9 is different from Pierid and Papilionid butterflies, where cells R5-8 are the red receptors. The Nymphalid red-green opponent channel and the potential for tetrachromacy seem to have been switched on several times during evolution, balancing between the cost of neural processing and the value of extended colour information.</p>
Fig. 2 in Butterfly extirpations, discoveries and rediscoveries in Singapore over 28 years
Fig. 2. Distribution of newly discovered and rediscovered species, and potentially extirpated species of butterflies in Singapore between 1990 and 2017. Species were classified according to the habitat types in which they were recorded. See Table 3 and Table 4 for the detailed list.
Fig. 1 in Butterfly extirpations, discoveries and rediscoveries in Singapore over 28 years
Fig. 1. Vegetation cover change and the number of butterfly species in Singapore from 1819–2017. The percentages of vegetation cover change from 1819–1990 were extracted with permission from Corlett (1992) and extended till 2017 using Yee et al. (2011) and NParks (2017). Agricultural land included tree crops such as rubber; managed vegetation included parks, gardens, and turf. The vegetation cover area under each habitat type was calculated by the area between any of the two vegetation cover lines marked in grey. Species were defined as extirpated in 1956 if they were not recorded for 30 years (shown in grey rectangle) by Corbet & Pendlebury (1956). Forty-nine and 144 butterfly species were not recorded since 1926 and 1990 respectively as shown by the blue line. Nine species could be additionally ('potentially') extirpated since 1990 (as indicated by the blue shaded area). An increase in the number of extirpated & extant species was due to new species discoveries (new country records) and rediscoveries since 1956. Fleming (1975, 1991) added new country records till 1975, but they did not report any extirpations. Therefore, the number of extant species in 1975 was unknown (as indicated by the green dotted line).
Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of Eurema butterflies from Peninsular Malaysia inferred from CO1 and 28S gene sequences with emphasis on Eurema hecabe
Fig. 3. Maximum Likelihood output phylogram for CO1-28S concatenated analysis showing seven major clades representing the seven Eurema species obtained from this study. Bootstrap scores are shown at the branching points. The tree was rooted with the genus Graphium. The butterfly figures show the comparison of morphology among the species corresponding to their respective clades. Figures of butterflies provided as upperside of the wings (left) and downside of wings (right).
Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic relationships of Eurema butterflies from Peninsular Malaysia inferred from CO1 and 28S gene sequences with emphasis on Eurema hecabe
Fig. 1. The geographical sites where samplings have been conducted in Peninsular Malaysia. N, northern area; E, eastern area; W, western area; S, southern area. The dots indicate the distribution of various sampling sites in this study. Triplet letter represents the site code.
Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic relationships of Eurema butterflies from Peninsular Malaysia inferred from CO1 and 28S gene sequences with emphasis on Eurema hecabe
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of Maximum-Likelihood method showing the comparison of phylogram as inferred from partial sequences of mtDNA CO1 and 28S rDNA genes. The bootstrap scores obtained from 1,000 replicates for ML/MP analyses are shown at the branching point. The trees were rooted with the genus Graphium.
Fig. 5 in New Data on Miocene Butterflies in Dominican Amber (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) with the Description of a New Nymphalid
Fig. 5. Male genitalic valves of fossil and Recent species of Dynamine. All specimens are from the AMNH collection. All to same scale.
Fig. 2 in New Data on Miocene Butterflies in Dominican Amber (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) with the Description of a New Nymphalid
Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of Miocene butterflies in Dominican amber. a. Female of Voltinia dramba (AMNH DR-18-1) in ventral view, and complete view of the amber piece. b. Apical tibial spur in the hind leg of the same specimen. c. Dorsal view of the new Voltinia dramba specimen; this butterfly is fossilized with the wings at an angle and so this image was made with six consecutive pictures of the specimen taken at successive focal planes. d. Male of Dynamine alexae n.sp. holotype (AMNH DR-18-2) in dorsal (left) and ventral view (right). Scale bars 5 1 cm in panels a, c, d; 5 0.1 mm in panel b.
Fig. 1 in New Data on Miocene Butterflies in Dominican Amber (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) with the Description of a New Nymphalid
Fig. 1. Camera lucida drawings of the new specimen of Voltinia dramba (AMNH DR-18-1) in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic. a. Complete dorsal view of body with the color forewing pattern. b. Hind wing with the color pattern preserved. c. Ventral view of body. d. Hind leg. e. Female genitalia. a–c to same scale.
Fig. 3 in New Data on Miocene Butterflies in Dominican Amber (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) with the Description of a New Nymphalid
Fig. 3. Camera lucida drawings of Dynamine alexae n.sp. (AMNH DR-18-2) in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic, holotype. a. Body ventral view with the hind-wing color pattern preserved. b. View of the upper side of the forewing, showing the preserved color pattern. c. Male genitalia. d. Hind leg. a–b to same scale.
Fig. 4 in New Data on Miocene Butterflies in Dominican Amber (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae and Nymphalidae) with the Description of a New Nymphalid
Fig. 4. Fossil and Recent wing venations and underside color patterns in males of the genus Dynamine. The reconstruction of the underside color pattern of Dynamine alexae n.sp. is adapted from several Recent species of Dynamine (fig. 3 shows the partly preserved color pattern), and the reconstruction of the wing venation (depicted as gray lines) is adapted from the venation of D. egaea zetes from Hispaniola. All specimens are from the AMNH collection. All to same scale.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini)
Figure 1. Dasyophthalma adults. Habitus with dorsal side on the left, ventral side on the right. Scale bar next to B = 1cm. A) D. creusa male, Brazil, Santa Catarina, São Bento do Sul. B) D. creusa female, Brazil, Santa Catarina, São Bento do Sul. C) D. verebralis male, Brazil, Espírito Santo. D) D. vertebralis female, [Brazil] East Amazonas. E) D. rusina male, South Brazil. F) D. rusina female, South Brazil. G) D. geraensis male, [Brazil] Minas Gerais. H) Detail of the head of D. rusina. I) Detail of the hindleg of D. rusina. J) Venation pattern of D. rusina, vein thickness is not shown.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini)
Figure 2. Most parsimonious tree from the analysis of 21 morphological characters. Character numbers correspond to list in Appendix 2. Legend for character status follows MacClade 4. Ambiguous changes were traced given that they represent some important characters that define species-groups. Gray numbers below branches are jackknife values.
Figure 2. A in A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA
Figure 2. A, single most parsimonious tree based on amalgamated mtDNA 12S rRNA (344 bp†) and COI (676 bp†) genes (Appendix 2) for the genus Danaus, rooted by outgroups Tirumala septentrionis and T. limniace (†values before alignment). Tree statistics: characters in matrix 1025, variable informative characters 54, parsimony informative characters 139, heuristic search length 304, consistency index (CI) = 0.80, homoplasy index (HI) = 0.20, retention index (RI) = 0.81, rescaled consistency index (RCI) = 0.65. Bootstrap replicates/Bremer Support values are shown for each node where significant. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to nucleotide changes and indicated in parentheses. The MP topology depicted here is congruent with the MP strict consensus, NJ and ML algorithms not shown. ML branch significance is P <0.01 unless marked *. See Table 1 for provenances and sample sizes. B, single most parsimonious tree based on morphological, biochemical and colour gene characters (Appendix 1A, B) for the genus Danaus, rooted by outgroups T. septentrionis and T. limniace (characters from T. petiverana, T. hamata and T. ishmoides were used to fill gaps); †character alignment was fixed to character). Tree statistics: characters in matrix 67†, variable uninformative characters 8, parsimony informative characters 59, heuristic search length 95, CI = 0.84, HI = 0.16, RI = 0.90, RCI = 0.75. Other notes as in (A). C, one of 11 most parsimonious trees based on amalgamated nDNA 18S rRNA (525 bp†) and EF1-a (400 bp†) genes for the genus Danaus, rooted by outgroups Amauris niavius and A. ellioti (†values before alignment). Tree statistics: characters in matrix 926, variable uninformative characters 19, parsimony informative characters 24, heuristic search length 52, CI = 0.83, HI = 0.17, RI = 0.72, RCI = 0.60. Other notes as in (A).
Cambridge butterfly wing collection - Patricio Salazar PhD wild and bred specimens batch 1
<p>EN:</p> <p>This upload contains photographs taken by Imogen Gavins in the Butterfly Genetics Group at the University of Cambridge from the 27th September 2018 until the 26th October 2018. </p> <p>This batch contains Patricio Salazar's wild and bred specimen collection. The wild specimens are from mostly across the H. m. plesseni/malleti and H. e. notabilits/lativitta hybrid zones in the Eastern slope of the Andes collected in 2009 - 2011. The broods are from these wild specimens. <br> Some images overlap with 'Cambridge butterfly wing collection batch 1', taken by Eva Whiltshire. Images here differ in having a white reflectance standard for calibration. Information on duplicates can be found in 'CAM.coll.patricio.batch1.csv'.</p> <p>ID range:</p> <p>CAM017449 - CAM017999</p> <p>Nomenclature</p> <p>CAMXXXXXX : unit ID corresponding to individual samples<br> _v _d: ventral or dorsal<br> _whitestandard: signifies the use of a white reflectance standard in the images. </p> <p>Information on individual samples from the Butterfly Genetics Group Collection can be found on the public database Earthcape (click <a href="https://heliconius.ecdb.io/#ViewID=ContentPage_DetailView&ObjectKey=843e8ec1-41a6-4706-9622-f643132da859&ObjectClassName=EarthCape.Module.Core.ContentPage&mode=View">here</a> for the database, and <a href="http://heliconius.zoo.cam.ac.uk/databases/earthcape-specimen-database/">here</a> for FAQ)</p> <p>Please contact Chris Jiggins (c.jiggins[at]zoo.cam.ac.uk), Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich (mgm49[at]cam.ac.uk) or Ian Warren (iaw22[at]cam.ac.uk) for requests.</p> <p> </p> <p>------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>ES:</p> <p>Este repositorio contiene fotografías tomadas por Imogen Gavins en el Butterfly Genetics Group de la Universidad de Cambridge desde el 27 de septiembre de 2018 hasta el 16 de octubre de 2018.</p> <p>Este lote contiene la colección de especímenes silvestres y criados por Patricio Salazar. Los especímenes silvestres son principalmente de la zona híbrida y alrededores de H. m. plesseni / malleti y H. e. notabilits / lativitta en la vertiente oriental de los Andes recogidas en 2009 - 2011. Las crías son de especímenes silvestres.<br> Algunas imágenes sobreplan en 'Cambridge butterfly collection batch 1', col las imágenes tomadas por Eva Whiltshire. Las imágenes en esta carpeta difieren en la reflectancia blanca para la calibración. La información sobre los duplicador puede encontrarse en 'CAM.coll.patricio.batch1.csv'.</p> <p> ID rango:</p> <p>CAM017449 - CAM017999</p> <p>Nomenclatura</p> <p>CAMXXXXXX: ID de unidad correspondiente a muestras individuales<br> _v _d: ventral o dorsal<br> _whitestandard: significa el uso de la reflectancia blanca en las imágenes.</p> <p>Puede encontrar información sobre muestras individuales de Butterfly Genetics Group Collection en la base de datos pública Earthcape (haga clic <a href="https://heliconius.ecdb.io/#ViewID=ContentPage_DetailView&ObjectKey=843e8ec1-41a6-4706-9622-f643132da859&ObjectClassName=EarthCape.Module.Core.ContentPage&mode=View">aquí</a> para la base de datos, y <a href="http://heliconius.zoo.cam.ac.uk/databases/earthcape-specimen-database/">aquí</a> para preguntas frecuentes)</p> <p>Por favor, póngase en contacto con Chris Jiggins (c.jiggins [arroba] zoo.cam.ac.uk), Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich (mgm49 [arroba] cam.ac.uk) o Ian Warren (iaw22 [arroba] cam.ac.uk) con sus preguntas o peticiones.</p> <p><br> </p>
[Data from:] Hypersensitive-like response in Brassica plants is specifically induced by molecules from egg-associated secretions of cabbage white butterflies
<p>Characterization at physiological and molecular level of a HR-like cell death induced by <em>Pieris </em>spp. butterfly eggs in <em>Brassica</em> plants.</p>
Removing invasive giant reed reshapes desert riparian butterfly and bird communities
<p>Giant reed (Arundo donax) is a prevalent invasive plant in desert riparian ecosystems that threatens wildlife habitat. From 2008 to 2018, under a United States–Mexico partnership, prescribed burns and herbicide applications were used to remove giant reed and promote native revegetation along the Rio Grande – Río Bravo floodplain in west Texas, USA, and Mexico. Our goal was to explore the effects of the removal efforts on butterfly and bird communities and their habitat along the United States portion of the Rio Grande – Río Bravo floodplain in Big Bend National Park, Texas. During spring and summer, 2016–2017, we surveyed butterflies, birds, and their habitat using ground-collected and remotely sensed data. Using a variety of generalized linear and N-mixture modeling routines and multivariate analyses, we found that the initial giant reed removal efforts removed key components of riparian habitat leading to reduced butterfly and bird communities. Within several years following management, giant reed levels remained low, while riparian habitat conditions and butterfly and bird communities largely rebounded, including many disturbance-sensitive butterfly species and riparian-associated bird species. Butterflies were most consistently associated with forb and grass cover, and birds with a remotely sensed index of greenness (the normalized difference vegetation index), several vegetation cover types, and habitat heterogeneity, habitat elements that were most common in locations that had the longest time to recover following management actions. Our results suggest that prescribed burns and herbicide applications, when used following protocols to minimize risk to wildlife, can limit the spread of giant reed in desert riparian systems and introduce habitat conditions that support diverse and abundant butterfly and bird communities. </p>
Data for: Combining environmental niche models, multi-grain analyses, and species traits identifies pervasive effects of land use on butterfly biodiversity across Italy
<p><span>Understanding how species respond to human activities is paramount to ecology and conservation science, one outstanding question being how large-scale patterns in land use affect biodiversity. To facilitate answering this question, we propose a novel analytical framework that combines Environmental Niche Models, multi-grain analyses, and species traits. We illustrate the framework capitalizing on the most extensive dataset compiled to date for the butterflies of Italy (106,514 observations for 288 species), assessing how agriculture and urbanization have affected biodiversity of these taxa from landscape to regional scales (3–48 km grains) across the country while accounting for its steep climatic gradients.</span></p> <p><span>Multiple lines of evidence suggest pervasive and scale-dependent effects of land use on butterflies in Italy. While land use explained patterns in species richness primarily at grains ≤ 12 km, idiosyncratic responses in species highlighted "winners" and "losers" across human-dominated regions. Detrimental effects of agriculture and urbanization emerged from landscape (3-km grain) to regional (48-km grain) scales, disproportionally affecting small butterflies and butterflies with a short flight curve. Human activities have therefore reorganized the biogeography of Italian butterflies, filtering out species with poor dispersal capacity and narrow niche breadth not only from local assemblages but also from regional species pools. </span></p> <p><span>These results suggest that global conservation efforts neglecting large-scale patterns in land use risk falling short of their goals, even for taxa typically assumed to persist in small natural areas (e.g., invertebrates). Our study also confirms that consideration of spatial scales will be crucial to implementing effective conservation actions in the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. In this context, applications of the proposed analytical framework have broad potential to identify which mechanisms underlie biodiversity change at different spatial scales. </span></p> <p><span><em>Funding statement: </em>FR is supported by the PROBAE project "Protect butterflies across Europe through climate refugia" funded by the European Commission through Horizon 2020, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) individual fellowship, reintegration panel (Grant agreement ID: 101024579). Open Access Funding provided by Universita degli Studi di Torino within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.</span></p>
Figure 57 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 57. Heads of Lerema 5th instar caterpillars from USA: Texas, 2015. a–f) Lerema ochrius sp. n. a) Starr Co., Roma 7-Aug. b–e) The type locality, 7-Sep. f) Cameron Co., River Dr., 1.4 mi S of Santa Maria, 25-Jun. g–m) Lerema accius. g–h) Dallas Co., Dallas: Norbuck Park, 7-Aug. Moss Park: i) 7-Aug, j) 11-Aug, l) 19-Jul. k, m) nr. White Rock Lake, 22-Jul. Numbered cyan arrows in 57a refer to characters discussed in text.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.