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Figure 1. Locality map. A in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 1. Locality map. A, map of China showing the location of the Tarim Basin in northwestern China; B, Map showing the outline of the Tarim Basin, outcrops of the Ordovician strata, and the location of the Dawangou section (red triangle), Kalpin, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China.

Figure 4 in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 4. Ansella jemtlandica (Löfgren, 1978). A, B, M element; A, NIGP 152839, anterior view (IY147-004); B, NIGP 152840, posterior view (IY147-005). C–F, Sa element; C–D, NIGP 152841, C, lateral view (IY146-040), D, anterior view (IY146-039); E–F, NIGP 152842, E, basal view (IY147-006), F, lateral view (IY147-008). G–H, Sb element, NIGP 152843, G, antero-basal view (IY147-010), H, inner lateral view (IY147-011). I–K, Sc element; I, NIGP 152844, outer lateral view (IY147-012); J, NIGP 152845, inner lateral view (IY147- 013); K, NIGP 152846, outer lateral view (IY146-043). L–M, Pa element; L, NIGP 152847, outer lateral view (IY147-003); M, NIGP 152848, inner lateral view (IY148-001). N–O, Pb element; N, NIGP 152849, inner lateral view (IY147-002); O, NIGP 152850, outer lateral view (IY147-001). All from sample Nj294; scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 21 in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 21. Protopanderodus graeai (Hamar, 1966). A–C, M element; A–B, NIGP 153034, A, anterior view (IY167-045), B, basalposterior view (IY167-044); C, NIGP 153035, posterior view (IY169-006). D–G, Sa element; D, NIGP 153036, lateral view (IY168- 001); E–F, NIGP 153037, E, basal-lateral view (IY168-003), F, lateral view (IY168-002); G, NIGP 153038, lateral view (IY167-030). H–J, Sb element; H, NIGP 153039, outer lateral view (IY167-036); I, NIGP 153040, outer lateral view (IY167-029); J, NIGP 153041, inner lateral view (IY167-037). K–P, Sc element; K–L, NIGP 153042, K, outer lateral view (IY167-038), L, inner lateral view (IY167- 039); M, NIGP 153043, inner lateral view (IY167-032); N, NIGP 153044, inner lateral view (IY167-033); O, NIGP 153045, outer lateral view (IY167-035); P, NIGP 153046, basal view (IY169-002). Q–R, Sd element, NIGP 153047… (continued on facing page)

Figure 18 in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 18. Protopanderodus calceatus Bagnoli & Stouge, 1997. A–E, M1 element; A, NIGP 153003, Nj297, posterior view (IY150-016); B, NIGP 153004, Nj295, posterior view (IY149-012); C, NIGP 153005, AFT-X-K13/13, posterior view (IY168-007); D, NIGP 153006, Nj296, posterior view (IY149-029); E, NIGP 153007, AFT-X-K13/13, anterior view (IY168-008). F, M2 element, NIGP 153008, AFT- X-K13/13, posterior view (IY168-006). G–J, Sa element; G–I, NIGP 153009, Nj297, G, H, lateral views (IY162-022, IY162-018), I, upper view showing cross section of cusp (IY162-021); J, NIGP 153010, AFT-X-K13/13, lateral view (IY168-013). K–L, Sb element, NIGP 153011, Nj294, K, inner lateral view (IY147-020), L, outer lateral view (IY147-021). M–P, Sc element; M–N, NIGP 153012, Nj294, M, inner lateral view (IY147-022), N, upper view showing cross section of cusp (IY147-023)… (caption continued on facing page)

Figure 7 in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 7. Costiconus ethingtoni (Fåhraeus, 1966). A–E, Sa element; A–C, NIGP 152874, Nj379, A–B, lateral views (IY154-010, IY154- 011), C, basal view (IY154-009); D–E, NIGP 152875, 14/45, lateral views (IY155-032, IY155-033). F–G, Sb element, NIGP 152876, 13/40, F, basal view (IY155-022), G, inner lateral view (IY155-021). H–L, Sc element; H, NIGP 152877, Nj388, inner lateral view (IY162- 010); I–J, NIGP 152878, Nj378, I, inner lateral view (IY160-016), J, outer lateral view (IY160-015); K–L, NIGP 152879, Nj297, K, outer lateral view (IY159-008), L, inner lateral view (IY159-009). M–T, Sd element; M–O, NIGP 152880, Nj298, M, upper view (IY151-001), N, outer lateral view (IY151-002), O, inner lateral view (IY151-003); P–S, NIGP 152881, Nj379, P–Q, lateral views (IY154-016, IY154- 014), R, basal view (IY154-015), S, posterior view (IY154-017); T, NIGP 152882, 13/45, posterior view (IY155-034). U, Pa element, NIGP 152883, Nj388, inner lateral view (IY162-013). Scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 14. A–B in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 14. A–B, Histiodella holodentata Ethington & Clark, 1982. Pa element, A, NIGP 152962, Nj296, outer lateral view (IY149-023); B, NIGP 152963, Nj296, inner lateral view (IY149-024). C–F, Histiodella kristinae Stouge, 1984. Pa element; C, NIGP 152964, AFT-X- K13/13, outer lateral view (IY163-001); D, NIGP 152965, AFT-X-K13/13, inner lateral view (IY163-005); E–F, NIGP 152966, AFT-X- K13/13, E, outer lateral view (IY163-003), F, outer lateral view, close up showing fine surface striation (IY163-004). G–L, Panderodus gracilis (Branson & Mehl, 1933). G–I, tortiform element, NIGP 152967, Nj379, G, outer lateral view (IY160-024), H, outer lateral view showing furrow and fine striation on the base (IY160-025), I, inner lateral view (IY160-026). J–L, falciform element, NIGP 152968, Nj379, J, inner lateral view (IY160-027), K, outer lateral view (IY160-028), L, basal view (IY160-029). Scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 10. Drepanodus arcuatus Pander, 1856. A–C, M in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 10. Drepanodus arcuatus Pander, 1856. A–C, M element; A, NIGP 152907, AFT-X-K13/13, posterior view (IY166-021); B, NIGP 152908, AFT-X-K13/13, anterior view (IY166-019); C, NIGP 152909, Nj297, posterior view (IY150-034). D, Sa element, NIGP 152910, Nj375, lateral view (IY162-024). E–G, Sb element; E, NIGP 152911, Nj297, inner view (IY150-036); F, NIGP 152912, Nj294, outer lateral view (IY147-035); G, NIGP 152913, Nj297, inner lateral view (IY150-035). H–I, Sc element; H, NIGP 152914, Nj297, inner lateral view (IY150-031); I, NIGP 152915, Nj406, outer lateral view (IY161-004). J–K, Pa element; J, NIGP 152916, Nj297, outer lateral view (IY150-033); K, NIGP 152917, Nj294, outer lateral view (IY147-036). L–N, Pb element; L, NIGP 152918, Nj295, inner lateral view (IY149-010); M, NIGP 152919, AFT-X-K13/13, outer lateral view (IY166-023); N, NIGP 152920, AFT-X-K13/13, inner lateral view (IY166-018). Scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 17. A–K in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 17. A–K, Polonodus newfoundlandensis Stouge, 1984. A–D, Pa (polyplacognathiform) element; A, NIGP 152992, AFT-X-K13/13, sinistral, upper view (IY165-026); B, NIGP 152993, AFT-X-K13/13, dextral, upper view (IY165-027); C, NIGP 152994, AFT-X-K13/13, sinistral, upper view (IY165-031); D, NIGP 152995, AFT-X-K13/13, dextral, upper view (IY165-025). E–K, dextral Pb (ambalodiform) element; E, NIGP 152996, AFT-X-K13/13, upper view (IY165-032); F–G, NIGP 152997, AFT-X-K13/13, F, upper view (IY165-029), G, upper view, close up showing reticulate surface structure (IY165-030); H–I, NIGP 152998, AFT-X-K13/13, H, upper view (IY165- 020), I, lateral view (IY165-022); J–K, NIGP 152999, AFT-X-K13/13, J, upper view (IY165-021), K, lateral view (IY165-023). L–M, Polonodus clivosus (Viira, 1974). Pa (polyplacognathiform) element, NIGP 153000, AFT-X-K13/13, L, upper view (IY163-018), M, outer lateral view (IY163-017). N–O, Gen. et sp. indet. Sd element, NIGP 153001, AFT-X-K13/13, N, basal view (IY163-014), O, inner lateral view (IY163-014). P–Q, Polonodus sp. A.?Pb element, NIGP 153002, AFT-X-K13/13, P, upper view (IY163-008), Q, inner lateral view (IY163-009). Scale bars 100 µm, unless otherwise indicated.

Figure 13. A–K in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 13. A–K, Dzikodus?tablepointensis (Stouge, 1984). A–B, Pb element; A, NIGP 152952, Nj297, upper view (IY150-001); B, NIGP 152953, Nj297, upper view (IY150-002). C–G, Sa element; C, NIGP 152954, Nj297, posterior view (IY150-003); D–E, NIGP 152955, Nj297, D, lateral view (IY150-008), E, anterior view (IY150-010); F–G, NIGP 152956, Nj297, F, lateral view (IY159-006), G, posterior view (IY159-007). H–I, Sb element, NIGP 152957, Nj297, H, outer lateral view (IY150-006), I, inner lateral view (IY150-007). J–K, Sd element, NIGP 152958, Nj297, J, postero-outer lateral view (IY159-005), K, posterior view (IY159-004). L–N, Polonodus sp. B. L, P element, NIGP 152959, Nj291, upper view (IY158-002); M, P element, NIGP 152960, Nj291, upper view (IY158-001); N, Sc element, NIGP 152961, Nj291, inner lateral view (IY158-003). Scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 9. A–C in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 9. A–C, Dapsilodus viruensis (Fåhraeus, 1966). A, Sc element, NIGP 152896, Nj375, outer lateral view (IY159-024). B–C, Sa element; B, NIGP 152897, Nj375, lateral view (IY159-025), tentatively assigned to this species; C, NIGP 152898, Nj375, lateral view (IY159-026). D–O, Scabbardella altipes (Henningsmoen, 1948). D–E, long-based acodiform element; D, NIGP 152899, Nj378, outer lateral view (IY153-016); E, NIGP 152900, Nj403, outer lateral view (IY161-021). F–G, medium-based acodiform element; F, NIGP 152901, Nj297, outer lateral view (IY159-012); G, NIGP 152902, AFT-X-K13/13, outer lateral view (IY167-002). H–O, asymmetrical distacodiform element; H, NIGP 152903, Nj376, outer lateral view (IY159-029); I–K, NIGP 152904, Nj378, I, outer lateral view (IY160- 017), J, inner lateral view (IY160-017), K, basal view (IY160-020); L–N, NIGP 152905, Nj379, L, upper view, close up of cross section of the cusp (IY160-035), M, inner lateral view (IY160-036), N, upper view (IY160-034); O, NIGP 152906, Nj379, outer lateral view (IY160-033). Scale bars 100 µm, unless otherwise indicated.

Figure 3 in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 3. Conodont occurrences recorded in this study from the Dawangou section (Dawangou, Saergan and Kanling formations), Kalpin, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China.

Figure 6 in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 6. Costiconus ethingtoni (Fåhraeus, 1966). A–D, M element; A–B, NIGP 152866, A, posterior view (IY166-016), B, basal-posterior view (IY166-017); C, NIGP 152867, posterior view (IY166-008); D, NIGP 152868, anterior view (IY166-015). E–I, Pb element; E–F, NIGP 152869, E, basal view (IY166-002), F, inner lateral view (IY166-001); G–H, NIGP 152870, G, outer lateral view (IY166-013), H, basal view (IY166-014); I, NIGP 152871, outer lateral view (IY166-009). J–L, Pa element; J, NIGP 152872, inner lateral view (IY166- 010); K–L, NIGP 152873, K, inner lateral view (IY166-004), L, inner-basal view (IY166-003). All from sample AFT-X-K13/13, scale bars 100 µm.

Figure 16. Periodon aculeatus Hadding 1913. A–B, M in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China

Figure 16. Periodon aculeatus Hadding 1913. A–B, M element; A, NIGP 152979, posterior view (IY145-001); B, NIGP 152980, anterior view (IY145-002). C–E, Sa element; C–D, NIGP 152981, C, anterior view (IY145-003), D, lateral view (IY145-004); E, NIGP 152982, lateral view (IY145-006). F–I, Sb element; F–G, NIGP 152983, F, inner lateral view (IY145-010), G, outer lateral view (IY145-013); H–I, NIGP 152984, H, upper view (IY145-018), I, inner lateral view (IY145-020). J–K, Sc element; J, NIGP 152985, outer lateral view (IY145-016); K, NIGP 152986, inner lateral view (IY145-017). L–N, Pa element; L, NIGP 152987, inner lateral view (IY145-023); M, NIGP 152988, outer lateral view (IY145-024); N, NIGP 152989, basal view (IY145-025N). O–P, Pb element; O, NIGP 152990, outer lateral view (IY145-027); P, NIGP 152991, inner lateral view (IY145-026). All from sample Nj294; scale bars 100 µm.

FIG. 11. — A-Q, T, U, W in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 11. — A-Q, T, U, W, Ozarkodina? aff. waugoolaensis Bischoff, 1986; A, B, E, Cn 6045, lateral and lower views of Pa element (B in translucent light); C, Cn 6057, posterior view of Sb element; D, G, K, Cn 6044, lateral and lower views of Pa element (G in translucent light); F, J, P, Cn 6046, lateral and lower views of Pa element (P in translucent light); H, Cn 6053, posterior view of Sb element; I, Cn 6050, lateral view of M element; L, O, Cn 6047, lateral and lower views of Pb element; M, Cn 6051, lateral view of Sc element; N, Cn 6055, posterior view of Sa element with denticulated posterior process; Q, Cn 6049, lateral view of M element; T, W, Cn 6047, lateral views of Pb element (W in translucent light); U, Cn 6057, posterior view of Sa element without posterior process; all specimens from the lowermost part of the Samojlovich Formation, Srednij Island, section 1(79), sample MF 1-1; R, S, V, Ozarkodina waugoolaensis Bischoff, 1986, Cn 6082, lateral and lower views of Pa element (S in translucent light); uppermost part of the Srednij Formation, October Revolution Island, Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-20. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 8. — A-D, G, J in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 8. — A-D, G, J, Ozarkodina guiyangensis Zhou, Zhai & Xian, 1981; A, B, G, Cn 5981, lateral and lower views of Pa element (A in translucent light); C, D, Cn 5983, lateral and lower views of Pa element; J, Cn 5980, lateral view of Pa element in translucent light; all elements from the lower part of the Golomyannyj Formation, October Revolution Island: A, B, G, J, from Strojnaya River, section 52, sample MF 52-23; C, D from Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-14; E, F, Ozarkodina aldridgei Uyeno & Barnes, 1983, specimen Cn 5960, lateral and lower views of Pa element; from the lower part of the Vodopad Formation, October Revolution Island, Strojnaya River, section 51, sample MF 51-9; H, I, K, M-P, R-T, Ozarkodina sp. A.; H, N, Cn 5971, lateral and lower views of Pa element; I, K, Cn 5973, lateral and lower views of Pa element; M, O, Cn 5972, lateral and lower views of Pa element; P, Cn 5974, lateral view of Pb element; R, Cn 5975, lateral view of M element; S, Cn 5977, posterior view of Sa element, T, Cn 5976, posterior view of Sb element; all specimens from the lowermost part of the Vodopad Formation, October revolution Island, Strojnaya River, section 51, sample MF 51-3; L, Q Ozarkodina confluens bucerus (Viira, 1983); L, Cn 6091, lateral view of Pa element; Q, Cn 6089, lateral view of Pa element; both specimens from the upper part of the Samojlovich Formation, October Revolution Island: L, from Matusevich River, section 2, sample 5-2-68k; Q, from the Spokojnaya River region, section 157, sample MF 157-6. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 7. — A-F in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 7. — A-F, Ozarkodina polinclinata estonica Männik, 1992; A, D, Cn 5992; lateral view of Pa element (D in translucent light); B, Cn 5988, lateral view of Pa element; C, Cn 5995, lateral view of Sc element; E, Cn 5993, lateral view of Pb element; F, Cn 5998, lateral view of M element; all specimens from the middle part of the Srednij Formation, Srednij Island: A, C-E, from section 1(79), sample MF 1-12a; B, from section 1(79), sample MF 2-1; F, from section 5(74), sample 5-3 (74); G, J, Ozarkodina aldridgei Uyeno & Barnes, 1983, specimen Cn 5957, lateral and lower views of Pa element, from the lower part of the Vodopad Formation, October Revolution Island, Strojnaya River, section 51, sample MF 51-9; H, I, K, L, Ozarkodina guiyangensis Zhou, Zhai & Xian, 1981; H, K, Cn 5980; lateral and lower views of Pa element; I, L, Cn 5985, lateral views of Pb element (L in translucent light); all specimens from the lower part of the Golomyannyj Formation, October Revolution Island; H, K, from Strojnaya River, section 52, sample MF 52-23; I, L, from Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-14. Scale bar: 0.5 mm

FIG. 9. — A-C in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 9. — A-C, Ozarkodina aff. waugoolaensis Bischoff, 1986, Cn 6075, lateral and lower views of Pa element (C in translucent light), upper part of the Srednij Formation, October Revolution Island, Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-19; D-M, Ozarkodina waugoolaensis Bischoff, 1986; D, E, Cn 6059, lower and lateral views of Pa element; F, H, I, Cn 6058, lower and lateral views of Pa element (I in translucent light); G, L, M, Cn 6072, lower and lateral views of Pa element (M in translucent light); J, K, Cn 6040, lateral views of Pb element (K in translucent light); D-F, H, I, from the lowermost part of the Srednij Formation, October Revolution Island, Strojnaya River, section 53, sample MF 53-10; G, (L-M), from the middle part of the Golomyannyj Formation, October Revolution Island, Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-14; J, K, from the lowermost part of the Srednij Formation, Srednij Island, section 1(79), sample MF 2-10. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 5 in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 5. — Distribution of selected conodont taxa. Outcrops on the Matusevich River, October Revolution Island. For location of outcrops refer to Männik et al. 2002: figs 1, 2, 4. See also explanations to Fig. 1.

FIG. 4 in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 4. — Distribution of selected conodont taxa. Outcrops on the Ushakov River, October Revolution Island. For location of outcrops refer to Männik et al. 2002: figs 1, 6. See also explanations to Fig. 1.

FIG. 3 in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 3. — Distribution of selected conodont taxa; A, outcrops in the Spokojnaya River region, October Revolution Island; B, composite sequence from the northern part of Pioneer Island: numbers in the left column indicate to the beds and in the right to the thicknesses of these beds according to Klubov et al. 1980. For location of outcrops refer to Männik et al. 2002: figs 1, 9. See also explanations to Fig. 1.