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655 results for “constrain”
Data from: Latitudinal limit not a cold limit: Cold temperatures do not constrain an endangered tree species at its northern edge
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X chromosome drive is constrained by sexual selection and influences ornament evolution
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Bathymetry of the Antarctic continental shelf and ice shelf cavities from a 3D inversion of circumpolar gravity anomalies constrained by other data
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Social groups constrain the spatiotemporal dynamics of wild sifaka gut microbiomes
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Data from: Cross-feeding constrains the evolution of antibiotic resistance in <em>Escherichia coli</em>
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Data for: Earlier leaf senescence dates are constrained by soil moisture
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Uneven substrates constrain walking speed in ants through modulation of stride frequency more than stride length
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Supplementary Data for Multiform: Multi-objective Evolution of Requirements Models Constrained by Formal Verification Results
<p>This data set provides supplementary material for the article "<em>Multiform: Multi-objective Evolution of Requirements Models Constrained by Formal Verification Results</em>" (to appear). It contains the following files:</p> <ul> <li><strong>experiment-input-models.zip</strong> which contains the SML input models for the EBEAS and production cell examples that were used to conduct the experiment</li> <li><strong>experiment-results.tar</strong> which contains the computed candidate SML models as well as H2 database files that contain measurements.</li> <li><strong>experiment-results.pdf</strong> which summarizes the conducted controlled experiment and results.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Input models</strong> (example for EBEAS)</p> <ul> <li><strong>ebeas.sml</strong> contains the actual SML input model to be evolved</li> <li><strong>ebeas.ecore</strong> contains the metamodel of the EBEAS example</li> <li><strong>ebeas.xmi</strong> contains the object system of the EBEAS example that is used for the SML realizability check</li> <li><strong>ebeas.runconfig</strong> contains the runtime configuration for ScenarioTools that binds the SML input model with the object system</li> <li><strong>ebeas.cspec</strong> contains the solution space model used by Multiform.</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Measurements</strong> are stored in an <a href="http://h2database.com/html/main.html">H2 database</a> file. To open one of the database files for the EBEAS or production cell examples extract the appropriate zip file to a local folder, navigate to the folder in a terminal, and start H2 with the appropriate database file as follows:</p> <pre><code>java -jar h2-1.4.199.jar -url jdbc:h2:./Statistics</code></pre> <p>A web-based SQL client will open in your browser. H2 cann be obtained free of charge from their homepage.</p> <p> </p> <p>The <strong>database schema</strong> consists of three simple tables:</p> <p><strong>SMLCANDIDATESTATISTICS</strong> contains measurements for each evolved candidate SML model and consists of the following columns:<br> <strong>ALGORITHM </strong>- one of 'Random', 'NSGA2', 'tabu-75-intensify'<br> <strong>SEED </strong>- seed id for which the measurement was taken<br> <strong>ITERATION </strong>- iteration id during whch the measurement was taken<br> <strong>CANDIDATE </strong>- unique id of the evaludated candidate SML model<br> <strong>SYNTHESISTIME </strong>- synthesis time of the evaludated candidate SML model<br> <strong>O1_SCENARIOS </strong>- objective value for o1<br> <strong>O2_FRAGMENTSRATIO </strong>- objective value for o2<br> <strong>O3_ENVFRAGMENTSRATIO </strong>- objective value for o3<br> <strong>C1_REALIZABILITY </strong>- constraint value for c1<br> <strong>C2_REACHABILITY </strong>- constraint value for c1</p> <p><strong>SMLITERATIONSTATISTICS </strong>contains aggregated statistical data for each iteration and consists of the following columns:<br> <strong>ALGORITHM </strong>- one of 'Random', 'NSGA2', 'tabu-75-intensify'<br> <strong>SEED </strong>- seed id for which the data was aggregated<br> <strong>ITERATION </strong>- unique id of this aggregated iteration data<br> <strong>ITERATIONSUCCESSRATE </strong>- achieved success rate in this iteration<br> <strong>ACCUMULATEDSUCCESSRATE </strong>- achieved aggregated success reate until this iteration<br> <strong>ACCUMULATEDHYPERVOLUMEINDICATOR </strong>- achieved hypervolume until this iteration<br> <strong>NUMITERATIONPARETOEQUIVALENTCANDIDATES </strong>- number of pareto-equivalent candidate SML models in this iteration<br> <strong>NUMACCUMULATEDPARETOEQUIVALENTCANDIDATES </strong>- number of pareto-equivalent candidate SML models until this iteration<br> <strong>NUMITERATIONPARETODOMINANTCANDIDATES </strong>- number of pareto-dominant candidate SML models in this iteration<br> <strong>NUMACCUMULATEDPARETODOMINANTCANDIDATES </strong>- number of pareto-dominant candidate SML models until this iteration<br> <strong>ITERATIONSYNTHESISTIME </strong>- total synthesis time of this iteration<br> <strong>ACCUMULATEDSYNTHESISTIME </strong>- accumulated total synthesis time until this iteration</p> <p><strong>SMLSEEDSTATISTICS</strong> contains aggregated statistical data for each seed and consists of the following columns:<br> <strong>ALGORITHM </strong>- one of 'Random', 'NSGA2', 'tabu-75-intensify'<br> <strong>SEED </strong>- unique id of this aggregated seed data<br> <strong>SUCCESSRATE</strong>- achieved success rate in this seed<br> <strong>HYPERVOLUMEINDICATOR </strong>- achieved hypervolume in this seed<br> <strong>NUMPARETOEQUIVALENTCANDIDATES </strong>- number of pareto-equivalent candidate SML models in this seed<br> <strong>NUMPARETODOMINANTCANDIDATES </strong>- number of pareto-dominant candidate SML models in this seed<br> <strong>TOTALSYNTHESISTIME </strong>- total synthesis time of this seed</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Please note</strong>: the database files contain data for algorithms 'tabu-50-intensify' and 'tabu-25-intensify' representing evaluation runs with different Tabu search configurations. However, these still need to be analyzed and <strong>experiment-results.pdf</strong> refers to '<strong>tabu-75-intensify</strong>' only.</p>
Database for "Accurate estimates of past spatiotemporal temperature variability could strongly constrain future warming"
<p>This repository contains data used to support findings of the study "Accurate estimates of past spatiotemporal temperature variability could strongly constrain future warming", which is currently under review.</p>
Data from: Avian developmental rates are constrained by latitude and migratoriness – a global analysis.
<p><b>Aim</b>: It has long been recognized that tropical bird species demonstrate a wide range of traits characteristic for slow life histories, as indicated by lower investment in reproduction, slower senescence or slower physiological pace of life. Nevertheless, evidence for latitudinal variation in avian developmental rates has, so far, been inconclusive and based on limited geographic or phylogenetic sampling. The aim of this study was to test for global associations of avian developmental rates with latitude and migratoriness.</p> <p><b>Location</b>: Global.</p> <p><b>Taxon</b>: Birds.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: We compiled data on developmental (incubation and fledging) periods of 3500 passerine and non-passerine bird species distributed worldwide, which represented nearly all extant avian orders and families. Associations of developmental periods with latitude and migratoriness were analysed with phylogenetically-informed comparative models that controlled for major sources of variation in developmental rates (body mass, clutch size, and developmental mode across altricial-precocial spectrum).</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Our analyses provided support for a negative latitudinal gradient in the duration of fledging, but not incubation period. After controlling for latitude, we also found that migratory birds showed faster developmental rates than resident species. Finally, we found that developmental rates were non-linearly associated with clutch size (fastest developmental rates at intermediate clutch size) and that duration of fledging period had higher evolutionary lability than incubation period.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b>: Our global comparative analysis provided convincing and phylogenetically-robust evidence for a long-held hypothesis on latitudinal variation in avian developmental rates, although the pattern was apparent only at the post-embryonic stage of development (fledging period). This challenges a common belief on longer incubation periods in tropics and indicates that incubation and fledging periods may differently respond to external environmental factors, which can possibly be driven by their different evolutionary lability. The results may contribute to our understanding of biogeographic variation in species diversity.</p>
Data from: Cyanophage propagation in the freshwater cyanobacterium Phormidium is constrained by phosphorus limitation and enhanced by elevated pCO2
<p>Intensification of human activities has led to changes in the availabilities of CO<sub>2</sub> and nutrients in freshwater ecosystems, which may greatly alter the physiological status of phytoplankton. Viruses require hosts for their reproduction and shifts in phytoplankton host physiology through global environmental change may thus affect viral infections as well. Various studies have investigated the impacts of single environmental factors on phytoplankton virus propagation, yet little is known about the impacts of multiple factors, particularly in freshwater systems. We therefore tested the combined effects of phosphorus limitation and elevated pCO<sub>2</sub> on the propagation of a cyanophage infecting a freshwater cyanobacterium. To this end, we cultured Phormidium in P-limited chemostats under ambient (400 µatm) and elevated (800 µatm) pCO<sub>2</sub> at growth rates of 0.6, 0.3, and 0.05 d<sup>-1</sup>. Host C:P ratios generally increased with strengthened P-limitation and with elevated pCO<sub>2</sub>. Upon host steady state conditions, virus growth characteristics were obtained in separate infection assays where hosts were infected by the double-stranded DNA cyanophage PP. Severe P-limitation (host growth 0.05 d<sup>-1</sup>) led to a 85% decrease in cyanophage production rate and a 73% decrease in burst size compared to the 0.6 d<sup>-1</sup> grown P-limited cultures. Elevated pCO<sub>2</sub> induced a 96% increase in cyanophage production rate and a 57% increase in burst size, as well as an 85% shorter latent period as compared to ambient pCO<sub>2</sub> at the different host growth rates. In addition, elevated pCO<sub>2</sub> caused a decrease in the plaquing efficiency and an increase in the abortion percentage for the 0.05 d<sup>-1</sup> P-limited treatment, while the plaquing efficiency increased for the 0.6 d<sup>-1</sup> P-limited cultures. Together, our results demonstrate interactive effects of elevated pCO<sub>2</sub> and P-limitation on cyanophage propagation, and show that viral propagation is generally constrained by P-limitation but enhanced with elevated pCO<sub>2</sub>. Our findings indicate that global change will likely have a severe impact on virus growth characteristics and thereby on the control of cyanobacterial hosts in freshwater ecosystems.</p>
Stability Constrained Characterization of Multiplanet Systems
<p>REBOUND simulation archives of initial conditions used in Tamayo, Gilbertson and Foreman-Mackey (2020)</p>
Rapid reversal of a potentially constraining genetic covariance between leaf and flower traits in Silene latifolia
Genetic covariance between two traits generates correlated responses to selection, and may either enhance or constrain adaptation. Silene latifolia exhibits potentially constraining genetic covariance between specific leaf area and flower number in males. Flower number is likely to increase via fecundity selection but the correlated increase in specific leaf area increases mortality, and specific leaf area is under selection to decrease in dry habitats. We selected on trait combinations in two selection lines for four generations to test whether genetic covariance could be reduced without significantly altering trait means. In one selection line, the genetic covariance changed sign and eigenstructure changed significantly, while in the other selection line eigenstructure remained similar to the control line. Changes in genetic variance-covariance structure are therefore possible without the introduction of new alleles, and the responses we observed suggest that founder effects and changes in frequency of alleles of major effect may be acting to produce the changes.
Dataset for: Buffer Management for Trust Computation in Resource-constrained IoT Networks
<p>Dataset for Buffer Management for Trust Computation in Resource-constrained IoT Networks</p>
Data from: Sisters' curse: sexually antagonistic effects constrain the spread of a mitochondrial haplogroup superior in sperm competition
Maternal inheritance of mitochondria creates a sex-specific selective sieve with implications for male longevity, disease susceptibility and infertility. Because males are an evolutionary dead end for mitochondria, mitochondrial mutations that are harmful or beneficial to males but not females cannot respond directly to selection. Although the importance of this male/female asymmetry in evolutionary response depends on the extent to which mitochondrial mutations exert antagonistic effects on male and female fitness, few studies have documented sex-specific selection acting on mitochondria. Here, we exploited the discovery of two highly divergent mitochondrial haplogroups (A and B2) in central Panamanian populations of the pseudoscorpion Cordylochernes scorpioides. Next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analyses suggest that selection on the ND4 and ND4L mitochondrial genes may partially explain sexually antagonistic mitochondrial effects on reproduction. Males carrying the rare B2 mitochondrial haplogroup enjoy a marked advantage in sperm competition, but B2 females are significantly less sexually receptive at second mating than A females. This reduced propensity for polyandry is likely to significantly reduce female lifetime reproductive success, thereby limiting the spread of the male beneficial B2 haplogroup. Our findings suggest that maternal inheritance of mitochondria and sexually antagonistic selection can constrain male adaptation and sexual selection in nature.
Data from: Female Infidelity Is Constrained by El Niño Conditions in a Long-lived Bird
Explaining the remarkable variation in socially monogamous females' extra-pair (EP) behaviour revealed by decades of molecular paternity testing remains an important challenge. One hypothesis proposes that restrictive environmental conditions (e.g. extreme weather, food scarcity) limit females' resources and increase EP behaviour costs, forcing females to reduce EP reproductive behaviours. For the first time, we tested this hypothesis by directly quantifying within-pair and EP behaviours rather than inferring behaviour from paternity. We evaluated whether warmer sea surface temperatures depress total pre-laying reproductive behaviours, and particularly EP behaviours, in socially paired female blue-footed boobies (Sula nebouxii). Warm waters in the Eastern Pacific are associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation and lead to decreased food availability and reproductive success in this and other marine predators. With warmer waters, females decreased their neighbourhood attendance, total copulation frequency, and laying probability, suggesting that they contend with restricted resources by prioritizing self-maintenance and committing less to reproduction, sometimes abandoning the attempt altogether. Females were also less likely to participate in EP courtship and copulations, but when they did, rates of these behaviours were unaffected by water temperature. Females' neighbourhood attendance, total copulation frequency, and EP courtship probability responded to temperature differences at the between-season scale, and neighbourhood attendance and EP copulation probability were affected by within-season fluctuations. Path analysis indicated that decreased EP participation was not attributable to reduced female time available for EP activities. Together, our results suggest that immediate time and energy constraints were not the main factors limiting females' infidelity. Our study shows that El Niño conditions depress female boobies' EP participation and total reproductive activity. In addition to increasing general self-maintenance and reproductive costs, warm waters may increase costs specific to EP behaviours including divorce, reduced male parental care or pathogen exposure. Our results suggest that female boobies strategically refrained from EP behaviours to avoid these or other longer term costs, rather than being compelled by immediate constraints. This study demonstrates that current environmental conditions affect females' mating decisions, contributing to variation in EP behaviours, even in a long-lived, iteroparous species that can buffer against temporary adversity.
Data from: Developmental instability is genetically correlated with phenotypic plasticity, constraining heritability, and fitness
Although adaptive plasticity would seem always to be favored by selection, it occurs less often than expected. This lack of ubiquity suggests that there must be trade-offs, costs, or limitations associated with plasticity. Yet, few costs have been found. We explore one type of limitation, a correlation between plasticity and developmental instability, and use quantitative genetic theory to show why one should expect a genetic correlation. We test that hypothesis using the Landsberg erecta × Cape Verde Islands recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Arabidopsis thaliana. RILs were grown at four different nitrogen (N) supply levels that span the range of N availabilities previously documented in North American field populations. We found a significant multivariate relationship between the cross-environment trait plasticity and the within-environment, within-RIL developmental instability across 13 traits. This genetic covariation between plasticity and developmental instability has two costs. First, theory predicts diminished fitness for highly plastic lines under stabilizing selection, because their developmental instability and variance around the optimum phenotype will be greater compared to nonplastic genotypes. Second, empirically the most plastic traits exhibited heritabilities reduced by 57% on average compared to nonplastic traits. This demonstration of potential costs in inclusive fitness and heritability provoke a rethinking of the evolutionary role of plasticity.
Data from: Temperature drives abundance fluctuations, but spatial dynamics is constrained by landscape configuration: implications for climate-driven range shift in a butterfly
1. Prediction of species distributions in an altered climate requires knowledge on how global- and local-scale factors interact to limit their current distributions. Such knowledge can be gained through studies of spatial population dynamics at climatic range margins. 2. Here, using a butterfly (Pyrgus armoricanus) as model species, we first predicted based on species distribution modelling that its climatically suitable habitats currently extend north of its realized range. Projecting the model into scenarios of future climate, we showed that the distribution of climatically suitable habitats may shift northward by an additional 400 km in the future. 3. Second, we used a 13-year monitoring data set including the majority of all habitat patches at the species' northern range margin to assess the synergetic impact of temperature fluctuations and spatial distribution of habitat, microclimatic conditions and habitat quality, on abundance and colonisation-extinction dynamics. 4. The fluctuation in abundance between years was almost entirely determined by the variation in temperature during the species' larval development. In contrast, colonisation and extinction dynamics were better explained by patch area, between-patch connectivity, and host plant density. This suggests that the response of the species to future climate change may be limited by future land-use and how its host plants respond to climate change. It is thus probable that dispersal limitation will prevent P. armoricanus from reaching its potential future distribution. 5. We argue that models of range dynamics should consider the factors influencing metapopulation dynamics, especially at the range edges, and not only broad-scale climate. It includes factors acting at the scale of habitat patches such as habitat quality and microclimate, and landscape-scale factors such as the spatial configuration of potentially suitable patches. Knowledge of population dynamics under various environmental conditions, and the incorporation of realistic scenarios of future land-use, appear thus essential to provide predictions useful for actions mitigating the negative effects of climate change.
Data from: Climate constrains lake community and ecosystem responses to introduced predators
Human activities have resulted in rising temperatures and the introduction or extirpation of top predators worldwide. Both processes generate cascading impacts throughout food webs and can jeopardize important ecosystem services. We examined the impact of fish stocking on communities and ecosystems in California mountain lakes across an elevation (temperature and dissolved organic carbon) gradient to determine how trophic cascades and ecosystem function vary with climate. Here, we show that the impact of fish on the pelagic consumer-to-producer biomass ratio strengthened at low elevation, while invertebrate community composition and benthic ecosystem rates (periphyton production and litter decomposition) were most influenced by predators at high elevation. A warming climate may therefore alter the stability of lake ecosystems by shifting the strength of top-down control by introduced predators over food web structure and function.
Data from: Genetic architecture constrains exploitation of siderophore cooperation in the bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia.
Abstract. Explaining how cooperation can persist in the presence of cheaters, exploiting the cooperative acts, is a challenge for evolutionary biology. Microbial systems have proved extremely useful to test evolutionary theory and identify mechanisms maintaining cooperation. One of the most widely studied system is the secretion and sharing of iron-scavenging siderophores by Pseudomonas bacteria, with many insights gained from this system now being considered as hallmarks of bacterial cooperation. Here, we introduce siderophore secretion by the bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia H111 as a novel parallel study system, and show that this system behaves differently. For ornibactin, the main siderophore of this species, we discovered a novel mechanism of how cheating can be prevented. Particularly, we found that secreted ornibactin cannot be exploited by ornibactin-defective mutants because ornibactin receptor and synthesis genes are co-expressed from the same operon, such that disruptive mutations in synthesis genes compromise receptor availability required for siderophore uptake and cheating. For pyochelin, the secondary siderophore of this species, we found that cheating was possible, but the relative success of cheaters was positive frequency-dependent, thus diametrically opposite to the Pseudomonas and other microbial systems. Altogether, our results highlight that expanding our repertoire of microbial study systems leads to new discoveries and suggest that there is an enormous diversity of social interactions out there in nature, and we might have only looked at the tip of the iceberg so far.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.