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1,047 results for “constraint”
Data from: Extreme neck elongation evolved despite strong developmental constraints in bizarre Triassic reptiles – implication for neck modularity in archosaurs
<p>The Triassic radiation of vertebrates saw the emergence of the modern vertebrate groups, as well as numerous extinct animals exhibiting conspicuous, unique anatomical characteristics. Among these, members of Tanystropheidae (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) displayed cervical vertebral elongation to an extent unparalleled in any other vertebrate. Tanystropheids were exceptionally ecologically diverse and had a wide spatial and temporal distribution. This may have been related to their neck anatomy, yet its evolution and functional properties remain poorly understood. We used geometric morphometrics to capture the intraspecific variation between the vertebrae comprising the cervical column among early archosauromorphs, to trace the evolutionary history of neck elongation in these animals. Our results show that the cervical series of these reptiles can be divided into modules corresponding to those of extant animals. Tanystropheids achieved neck elongation through somite elongation and a shift between cervical and thoracic regions, without presacral vertebrae count increase - contrary to crown archosaurs. This suggests a peculiar developmental constraint that strongly affected the evolution of tanystropheids. The data obtained just at the base of the archosauromorph phylogenetic tree is crucial for further studies on the modularity of vertebral columns of not only Triassic reptile groups but extant and other extinct animals as well.</p>
Correlation-based Analysis of the Influence of Bound Constraint Handling Methods on Population Dynamics in Differential Evolution
<p>The dataset is based on the average values collected over 5 independent runs, considering the largest common number of<br>iterations for LSHADE algorithm coupled with ’sat’, ’midT’, ’midB’, ’unif’, ’beta’, ’mir’, ’tor’, ’expC_R’, ’expC_T’, ’expC_B’, ’vectR’, ’vectT’, ’vectB’, ’mahalanobis’ correction methods, on BBOB function f3, 4, 5, 16, 23, instance 1</p> <p>Plots for the averaged values are included for measures 'pop_size', 'best', 'error', 'prob_infeas', 'genMutatedComponent', 'genSuccessMutants','meanImprovements', 'varPop', 'avgF', 'avgCR', 'extension', 'shape', 'eccentricity', 'kl_unif'</p>
Dataset associated with "Constraints on the subsecond modulation of striatal dynamics by physiological dopamine signaling"
<p>This repository contains behavioral data, dLight photometry measurements, smoothed spiking data from recorded striatal neurons, and miniscope recordings. Text files with further explanation are provided to assist with replication of the main analyses. Matlab code to perform key analyses can be found in the accompanying GitHub repository (https://github.com/sotmasman/Dopamine-constraints)</p>
Data+Analysis+Plotting scripts for "Constraint on the dissipative tidal deformability of neutron stars"
<p>The .zip file contains three directories. </p> <p>1. GW170817-Strain: the raw data (glitch free). Downloaded from https://gwosc.org/events/GW170817/.<br>2. Bilby-Output: the output from running our Bilby sampling scripts. These can be found at https://github.com/JLRipley314/NRTidal-D/tree/main<br>3. Plotting-Scripts: the plotting scripts we used in our paper https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11659.</p> <p>NOTE: If you want to make sure the plotting scripts work properly, you should download bilby and related dependencies as described in https://github.com/JLRipley314/NRTidal-D/tree/main (or at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11589416)</p>
Energy-Dependent, Self-Adaptive Mesh h(p)-Refinement of a Constraint-Based Continuous Bubnov-Galerkin Isogeometric Analysis Spatial Discretisation of the Self-Adjoint Angular Flux Form of the Multi-Group Neutron Transport Equation with Dual-Weighted Residual Error Measures
<p>This repository holds all of the raw data generated by my (Modern) Fortran code for a paper "Energy-Dependent, Self-Adaptive Mesh h(p)-Refinement of a Constraint-Based Continuous Bubnov-Galerkin Isogeometric Analysis Spatial Discretisation of the Self-Adjoint Angular Flux Form of the Multi-Group Neutron Transport Equation with Dual-Weighted Residual Error Measures".</p> <p>The (Modern) Fortran code solves the SAAF form of the multi-group neutron transport equation using novel NURBS-based, IGA spatial discretisations.</p>
Constraints on Bygone Nucleosynthesis of Accreting Neutron Stars
<p>MESA inlists and run_star_extras associated with <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2017ApJ...837...73M/abstract">Meisel & Deibel (2017)</a>. MESA version 9575.</p> <p>Publication DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa618d">10.3847/1538-4357/aa618d</a></p>
Data for: Model-based myocardial T1 mapping with sparsity constraints using single-shot inversion-recovery radial FLASH Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging measurement data used in our paper about model-based myocardial T1 mapping with sparsity constraints. The data was obtained using a single-short inversion-recovery radial FLASH sequence and is provided in a file format used by the BART toolbox (<a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.592960">DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.592960</a>).</p>
Agriculture erases climate constraints on soil nematode communities across large spatial scales
<p>Data supporting "Agriculture erases climate constraints on soil nematode communities across large spatial scales".</p>
Supplementary XRD Material for "Experimental Constraints on Barium Isotope Fractionation during Adsorption-Desorption Reactions: Implications for Weathering and Erosion Tracer Applications"
<p><strong>Repository Overview:</strong> Supplementary powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data for the study "Experimental Constraints on Barium Isotope Fractionation during Adsorption-Desorption Reactions: Implications for Weathering and Erosion Tracer Applications"</p> <p><strong>Data Provided:</strong> Powder X-ray diffractograms of the minerals used in the laboratory batch experiments. Pow</p> <p><strong>Minerals Analysed:</strong></p> <p><span>Clay Minerals:</span></p> <ul> <li>Kaolinite (KGa-2): purchased from the Clay Minerals Society (CMS).</li> <li>Montmorillonite (SWy-2): purchased from the Clay Minerals Society (CMS).</li> </ul> <p><span>Iron Oxyhydroxide Minerals:</span></p> <ul> <li>Goethite synthesised under alkaline conditions in the laboratories at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, following the method detailed in Schwertmann and Cornell (2008).</li> <li>2-line ferriydrite synthesised in the laboratories at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, following the method detailed in Schwertmann and Cornell (2008) methods.</li> </ul> <p><strong>XRD Methods:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Instrument and Set Up: Theta-Theta D8 Bruker Advance diffractometer with a Mo anode, Lynxeye XE-T PSD detector and 2 mm divergent slit.</li> <li>Sample Preparation: Zero-background monocrystalline silicon plate was used to minimize sample mass. The X-ray diffractogram of the silicon plate was measured prior to each sample measurement.</li> <li>Clay Minerals: 0.02° step size and a 3s step rate.</li> <li>Iron Oxyhydroxide Minerals: 0.03° increments and a 1s step rate.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Purpose of XRD Analyses:</strong></p> <ul> <li>To verify the correct synthesis of iron oxyhydroxide phases and to detect impurities.</li> <li>To monitor any mineralogical changes that occurred during adsorption-desorption reactions with water.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Data Format</strong></p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Column Name</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> <td><strong>Unit</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>twotheta</td> <td>2θ</td> <td>°</td> </tr> <tr> <td>intensity</td> <td>intensity</td> <td>counts per second (cps)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ID</td> <td>mineral ID</td> <td>unitless</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mineral</td> <td>mineral name</td> <td>unitless</td> </tr> <tr> <td>duration</td> <td>reaction duration</td> <td>minutes</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Extra Notes</strong></p> <p>A reaction duration of zero minutes corresponds to an unreacted mineral sample.</p>
HydroWIRES B1: Monthly and Weekly Hydropower Constraints Based on Disaggregated EIA-923 Data
<p>This dataset provides both monthly and weekly constraints (maximum and minimum generation) and power targets for hundreds of hydropower plants across the United States. The data is intended for use in Production Cost Models (PCMs) and Capacity Expansion Models (CEMs). The hydropower data is based on disaggregated annual power data which is part of the EIA-923 dataset.</p> <p>The code to reproduce this data is available here: <a href="https://github.com/HydroWIRES-PNNL/B1-data">https://github.com/HydroWIRES-PNNL/B1-data</a></p> <p>The original disaggregation procedure is detailed here:</p> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01748-x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01748-x</a><br><a href="https://github.com/immm-sfa/turner_voisin_nelson_2022_scientific_data">https://github.com/immm-sfa/turner_voisin_nelson_2022_scientific_data</a><br><a href="https://github.com/pnnl/hydrofixr">https://github.com/pnnl/hydrofixr</a></p> <p>A paper describing the weekly data is in preperation.</p> <p>Corresponding author: cameron.bracken@pnnl.gov, nathalie.voisin@pnnl.gov</p> <p> </p> <p>Version 1.3.0 Uses RectiHyd 1.3 which includes several hundred new observed data locations from a variety of sources</p> <p>Version 1.2.0 Adds hydro plant data (forebay, inflow, outflow) for some Pacific Northwest plants and HUC4 flow data for most plants</p> <p>Version 1.1.2 Updates the data using final EIA 2022 data </p> <p>Version 1.1.1 Fixes the zip format </p> <p>Version 1.1.0 Extends the data to 2022 using updated versions of the underlying data</p> <p> </p>
Mass harvested per trunkload as a constraint to forage consumption by the African elephant
<p>Data in the form of comma delimited text files and R-scripts for analyses for paper on the influence of trunkload mass on food selection by African elephants.</p>
Paper: "Sensitivity analysis for linear changes of the constraint matrix of a linear program" output
<p>Output generated from the experiments in the paper "Sensitivity analysis for linear changes of the constraint matrix of a linear program"</p>
Code and Data for Sturm and Silva (2024) A nudge to the truth: atom conservation as a hard constraint in models of atmospheric composition using an uncertainty-weighted correction
<p>This record contains the Julia photochemical model (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13385541) output in csv format used for training XGBoost in ProjectionConservationRF.py to emulate ozone photochemical formation. Nonphysical predictions that violate conservation of atoms are corrected using a closed-form, constrained least-squares approach that factors in uncertainty and scale using species-level weights. The file ozoneNOx_visualization.py contains an example and visualization for a smaller system, the primary photolytic cycle from which the Leighton relationship can be derived.</p> <p>The corresponding preprint is available here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.16109">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.16109</a></p>
The burden of size and growth for the juveniles of large mammalian herbivores: structural and functional constraints in the feeding biology of juveniles relative to adults in red kangaroos, Osphranter rufus
<p>Juvenile mammals in their post weaning developmental stages face many challenges in transitioning to adulthood. Among large grazing species such as ruminant bovids and cervids an overarching challenge is acquiring and processing sufficient nutrients to survive and grow, with a gut that may not yet be fully developed. Marsupial kangaroos of Australia face similar challenges; they also digest vegetation by fermentation in a large foregut. In red kangaroos, Osphranter rufus (= Macropus rufus), the dominant species of Australia's arid interior, females may breed continuously; however, juvenile recruitment to the adult population is irregular and coincident with sporadic rainfall. As compared with adult females the nutritional requirements of juvenile O. rufus are high in relation to their body mass (BM), largely due to the cost of their rapid growth. We examined processes that juveniles have in their morphology, physiology and behaviours to meet their elevated nutritional needs, by comparing recently weaned juveniles of both sexes and adult female O. rufus in their desert habitat. Features studied include relative body sizes, relative dimensions and capacities of principal gut regions, the foregut, small intestine, caecum and large intestine with rectum. Also examined were digesta attributes and rates of digesta excretion. Additionally, the rates of change in skull parameters and dental characteristics to maturity were assessed. Field determinations of diet choice were made for both age classes. In juveniles the content masses of major gut structures were related to body mass (BM), as were those of adult females, i. e. ~BM1.0. In both age classes the digesta mass of the foreguts exceeded 75 % of the total digesta mass. Diets of both juvenile and adult O. rufus largely focused on grasses. Juveniles had higher rates of digesta excretion while foraging than adults. In addition, the foregut contents in juveniles occupies proportionally less of the total gut than in adult females. Together, the higher excretion rate and smaller relative foregut of juveniles suggests that they necessarily focus on forage that can be rapidly digested, such as young, green grasses or herbage. Comparison of the skulls of juveniles and adults revealed how this harvest can occur. Relative to BM juveniles had skulls of larger volume than adults. Additionally, during growth the skull lengthens proportionally faster than increasing. By weaning the dimensions of the incisor bite of juveniles neared those of adult females. The area of wear on premolars/molars increased only slowly relative to the development of incisors, further pointing to juveniles selecting more digestible forage than adults. The intermittent availability of such forage, principally young grasses, appears key to the significant recruitment into the O. rufus population in their arid habitat.</p>
Constraint violation summaries (Dump: Dec 7th, 2020)
<p>Wikidata constraint violation summary files (dumps from 7 Dec, 2020), calculated from running the notebooks in https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5119983 and the scripts in https://github.com/usc-isi-i2/wd-quality/tree/main/Scripts.</p> <ul> <li>Item requires statement constraint: codepConstDFAnalysis.csv</li> <li>Inverse constraint: invConstDFAnalysis.csv</li> <li>Symmetric constraint: symmConstDFAnalysis.csv</li> <li>Type constraint (domain): typeConstDFAnalysis.csv</li> <li>Value type (range): valueTypeConstDFAnalysis.csv<br> <br> <br> </li> </ul>
Constraints on the cycling of iron isotopes from a global ocean model
<p>Annual netcdf output files of NEMO/PISCES Fe isotope model experiments on the ORCA2 grid, as described and discussed in König, et al., <em>Constraints on the cycling of iron isotopes from a global ocean model</em>, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2021.</p>
Dataset and script to: Morphometric variance, evolutionary constraints and their change through time in Late Devonian Palmatolepis conodonts
<p>Phenotypic variation is the raw material of evolution. Standing variation can facilitate response to selection along "lines of least evolutionary resistance", but selection itself might alter the structure of the variance. Shape was quantified using 2D geometric morphometrics in <i>Palmatolepis </i>conodonts through the Late Devonian period. Patterns of variance were characterized along the record by the variance-covariance matrix (P-matrix) and its first axis (Pmax). The Late Frasnian was marked by environmental oscillations culminating with the Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction. A shape response was associated with these fluctuations, together with a deflection of the Pmax and the P-matrix. Thereafter, along the Famennian, <i>Palmatolepis </i>mean shape shifted from broad elements with a large platform to slender elements devoid of platform. This shift in shape was associated with a reorientation of Pmax and the P-matrix, due to profound changes in the functioning of the elements selecting for new types of variants. Both cases provide empirical evidences that moving adaptive optimum can reorient phenotypic variation, boosting response to environmental changes. On such time scales, the question seems thus not to be whether the P-matrix is stable, but how it is varying in response to changes in selection regimes and shifts in adaptive optimum.</p>
Evolutionary history of quadrupedal walking gaits shows mammalian release from locomotor constraint
<p>Vertebrates employ an impressive range of strategies for coordinating their limb movements while walking. Although this gait variation has been quantified and hypotheses for its origins tested in select tetrapod lineages, a comprehensive understanding of gait evolution in a macroevolutionary context is currently lacking. We used freely-available internet videos to nearly double the number of species with quantitative gait data and used phylogenetic comparative methods to test key hypotheses about gait origin and evolution. We find strong support for an ancestral Lateral-Sequence Diagonal-Couplet gait in gnathostomes, and this mode is remarkably conserved throughout tetrapod phylogeny. Evolutionary rate analyses show that mammals overcame this ancestral constraint, resulting in a greater range of gait values than any other tetrapod lineage. Diagonal-Sequence Diagonal-Couplet gaits are significantly associated with arboreality in mammals, though this relationship is not recovered for other tetrapod lineages. Notably, the Lateral-Sequence Lateral-Couplet gait, unique to mammals among extant tetrapods, is not associated with any traditional explanations. The complex drivers of gait diversification in mammals remain unclear, but our analyses suggest that their success was due, in part, to released from a locomotor constraint that has likely persisted in other extant tetrapod lineages for over 375 million years.</p>
Thermal modulation of Zebrafish exploratory statistics reveals constraints on individual behavioral variability
<p><span><strong>Background</strong>: </span>Variability is a hallmark of animal behavior. It contributes to survival by endowing individuals and populations with the capacity to adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions. Intra-individual variability is thought to reflect both endogenous and exogenous modulations of the neural dynamics of the central nervous system. However, how variability is internally regulated and modulated by external cues remains elusive. Here we address this question by analyzing the statistics of spontaneous exploration of freely swimming zebrafish larvae, and by probing how these locomotor patterns are impacted when changing the water temperatures within an ethologically relevant range.<br> <br> <span><strong>Results</strong>: </span>We show that, for this simple animal model, five short-term kinematic parameters - interbout interval, turn amplitude, travelled distance, turn probability and orientational flipping rate - together control the long-term exploratory dynamics. We establish that the bath temperature consistently impacts the means of these parameters, but leave their pairwise covariance unchanged. These results indicate that the temperature merely controls the sampling statistics within a well-defined kinematic space delineated by this robust statistical structure. At a given temperature, individual animals explore the behavioral space over a timescale of tens of minutes, suggestive of a slow internal state modulation that could be externally biased through the bath temperature. By combining these various observations into a minimal stochastic model of navigation, we show that this thermal modulation of locomotor kinematics results in a thermophobic behavior, complementing direct gradient-sensing mechanisms.<br> <br> <span><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span>This study establishes the existence of a well-defined locomotor space accessible to zebrafish larvae during spontaneous exploration, and quantifies self-generated modulation of locomotor patterns. Intra-individual variability reflects a slow diffusive-like probing of this space by the animal. The bath temperature in turn restricts the sampling statistics to sub-regions, endowing the animal with basic thermophobicity. This study suggests that in Zebrafish, as well as in other ectothermic animals, ambient temperature could be used to efficiently manipulate internal states in a simple and ethological way.</p>
Figure 1 in Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution
Figure 1. Cartoon to show a simplified consensus phylogeny of Mesozoic birds.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.