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FIGURE 7. Scarus frenatus. A in Parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae: Scarini) of the Socotra Archipelago: Diversity and distributional biogeography, including a range extension of Scarus zufar Randall & Hoover, 1995

FIGURE 7. Scarus frenatus. A: terminal male, Di Hamri, Socotra Island, 3 m depth; B: terminal male, Qariah, Socotra Island, 5 m depth.

FIGURE 11. Scarus rubroviolaceus. A in Parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae: Scarini) of the Socotra Archipelago: Diversity and distributional biogeography, including a range extension of Scarus zufar Randall & Hoover, 1995

FIGURE 11. Scarus rubroviolaceus. A: small initial phase, Roosh, Socotra Island, 3 m depth; B: initial phase, Di Hamri, Socotra Island, 10 m depth; C: terminal male, Abd al-Kuri Island, Socotra Archipelago, 8 m depth.

FIGURE 6. Scarus ferrugineus. A in Parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae: Scarini) of the Socotra Archipelago: Diversity and distributional biogeography, including a range extension of Scarus zufar Randall & Hoover, 1995

FIGURE 6. Scarus ferrugineus. A: terminal male, Di Hamri, Socotra Island, 5 m depth; B: terminal male, Roosh, Socotra Island, 14 m depth.

FIGURE 4. Scarus arabicus. A in Parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae: Scarini) of the Socotra Archipelago: Diversity and distributional biogeography, including a range extension of Scarus zufar Randall & Hoover, 1995

FIGURE 4. Scarus arabicus. A: initial phase, Abd al-Kuri Island, Socotra Archipelago, 7 m depth; B: SMF uncatalogued, initial phase, 26 cm SL, Hadibo fishmarket, Socotra Island; C: SMF uncatalogued, terminal male, 46 cm SL, Hadibo fishmarket, Socotra Island.

FIGURE 14. Scarus zufar. A in Parrotfishes (Teleostei: Labridae: Scarini) of the Socotra Archipelago: Diversity and distributional biogeography, including a range extension of Scarus zufar Randall & Hoover, 1995

FIGURE 14. Scarus zufar. A: initial phase, Eryssel, Socotra Island, 12 m depth; B: terminal male, Ras Bidou, Socotra Island, 14 m depth; C: terminal male, Eryssel, Socotra Island, 12 m depth.

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American mistletoes: A dataset of Phoradendron species and their hosts across their distribution range

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Distribution. Endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Ranges from the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal to the S tip of the Indian peninsula, also in Bangladesh and Pakistan. in Canidae

Distribution. Endemic to the Indian subcontinent. Ranges from the foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal to the S tip of the Indian peninsula, also in Bangladesh and Pakistan.

Distribution. Widespread in N and NE Africa, occurring from Senegal on the W coast of Africa to Egypt in the E, in a range that includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the N to Nigeria, Chad, and Tanzania in the S. They have expanded their range from the Arabian Peninsula into Western Europe, to Bulgaria, Austria, and NE Italy and E into Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia, the entire Indian subcontinent, then E and S to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of Indochina. in Canidae

Distribution. Widespread in N and NE Africa, occurring from Senegal on the W coast of Africa to Egypt in the E, in a range that includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya in the N to Nigeria, Chad, and Tanzania in the S. They have expanded their range from the Arabian Peninsula into Western Europe, to Bulgaria, Austria, and NE Italy and E into Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia, the entire Indian subcontinent, then E and S to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and parts of Indochina.

Distribution. Widespread in the C and W regions of S Africa, reaching to about 15° N in SW Angola. Occupies mainly arid and semi-arid areas, but also occurs in regions with higher precipitation and denser vegetation, such as the fynbos biome of South Africa's Western Cape Province. Cape Foxes have expanded their range over recent decades to the SW, where the species reaches the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coastlines. May occur in SW Swaziland, and possibly also in Lesotho. in Canidae

Distribution. Widespread in the C and W regions of S Africa, reaching to about 15° N in SW Angola. Occupies mainly arid and semi-arid areas, but also occurs in regions with higher precipitation and denser vegetation, such as the fynbos biome of South Africa's Western Cape Province. Cape Foxes have expanded their range over recent decades to the SW, where the species reaches the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coastlines. May occur in SW Swaziland, and possibly also in Lesotho.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. ¢. corsac Linnaeus, 1768 — N part of range to pre-Altai steppe. Vc. kalmykorum Ognev, 1935 — Volgo-Ural steppes and Volga Basin. V. ¢. scorodumovi Dorogostaiski, 1935 — N China, Mongolia, and Russia (Transbaikalia). V. ¢. turemenicus Ognev, 1935 — plains of C Asia and N Afghanistan, NE Iran, and Kazakhstan. in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. ¢. corsac Linnaeus, 1768 — N part of range to pre-Altai steppe. Vc. kalmykorum Ognev, 1935 — Volgo-Ural steppes and Volga Basin. V. ¢. scorodumovi Dorogostaiski, 1935 — N China, Mongolia, and Russia (Transbaikalia). V. ¢. turemenicus Ognev, 1935 — plains of C Asia and N Afghanistan, NE Iran, and Kazakhstan.

Subspecies and Distribution. G. p. pulverulenta Wagner, 1839 — Namibia, South Africa (Western, Eastern and Northern Cape & Free State). G. p. basutica Roberts, 1936 — E Lesotho to South Africa (W KwaZulu-Natal). G. p. rudd: Thomas, 1903 — South Africa (extreme NW portion of the species range). in Herpestidae

Subspecies and Distribution. G. p. pulverulenta Wagner, 1839 — Namibia, South Africa (Western, Eastern and Northern Cape & Free State). G. p. basutica Roberts, 1936 — E Lesotho to South Africa (W KwaZulu-Natal). G. p. rudd: Thomas, 1903 — South Africa (extreme NW portion of the species range).

Distribution. Widely distributed, ranges from the sub-Saharan belt, from Senegal to the Red Sea Coast in Sudan, and S to South Africa, also occurs on Zanzibar I. in Herpestidae

Distribution. Widely distributed, ranges from the sub-Saharan belt, from Senegal to the Red Sea Coast in Sudan, and S to South Africa, also occurs on Zanzibar I.

Distribution. Altai, Tien Shan, Pamir, and Himalayan ranges; also C, W, SW & NE China, Mongolia, and Russia (S & SE Siberia) to North Korea. in Mustelidae

Distribution. Altai, Tien Shan, Pamir, and Himalayan ranges; also C, W, SW & NE China, Mongolia, and Russia (S & SE Siberia) to North Korea.

Distribution. Throughout mainland SE Asia, from C & S Myanmar to W & SE Thailand, C & S Laos, Cambodia, C & S Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia; also present in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, and several adjacent small islands. Most likely extinct from E Bangladesh, where it has not been reported for more than 40 years. Northern and western limits of its range are poorly known. in Manidae

Distribution. Throughout mainland SE Asia, from C & S Myanmar to W & SE Thailand, C & S Laos, Cambodia, C & S Vietnam, and Peninsular Malaysia; also present in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, and several adjacent small islands. Most likely extinct from E Bangladesh, where it has not been reported for more than 40 years. Northern and western limits of its range are poorly known.

Distribution. Widely but patchily distributed in open areas ranging from E Chad and N Central African Republic to extreme W Ethiopia, then south through most of E Africa to N South Africa, Namibia, and C Angola. in Manidae

Distribution. Widely but patchily distributed in open areas ranging from E Chad and N Central African Republic to extreme W Ethiopia, then south through most of E Africa to N South Africa, Namibia, and C Angola.

Distribution. The Gedemsa is now restricted to five isolated locations in the Bale and Arsi Mt ranges of SC Ethiopia, S and SE of the Rift Valley. in Bovidae

Distribution. The Gedemsa is now restricted to five isolated locations in the Bale and Arsi Mt ranges of SC Ethiopia, S and SE of the Rift Valley.

Subspecies and Distribution. B. b. bison Linnaeus, 1758 — scattered in free-ranging conservation herds in W & C Canada (British Columbia & Saskatchewan), W USA (Alaska, Montana, Utah & Wyoming), and extreme N Mexico (Chihuahua). B. b. athabascae Rhoads, 1898 — scattered in free-ranging conservation herds in W & C Canada. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. B. b. bison Linnaeus, 1758 — scattered in free-ranging conservation herds in W & C Canada (British Columbia & Saskatchewan), W USA (Alaska, Montana, Utah & Wyoming), and extreme N Mexico (Chihuahua). B. b. athabascae Rhoads, 1898 — scattered in free-ranging conservation herds in W & C Canada.

Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments in the Congo Basin N and W of the range of the Zambezi Sitatunga in S Benin (Porto Novo), S Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, N DR Congo; also several isolated populations in W Africa (Senegal, Gambia & Guinea-Bissau), NE Nigeria and W Chad, and perhaps extreme S Ghana. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research. in Bovidae

Distribution. Discontinuous and limited to wetland environments in the Congo Basin N and W of the range of the Zambezi Sitatunga in S Benin (Porto Novo), S Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, N DR Congo; also several isolated populations in W Africa (Senegal, Gambia & Guinea-Bissau), NE Nigeria and W Chad, and perhaps extreme S Ghana. Maps and distributional information here are provisional pending future research.

Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear. in Tragulidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear.

Subspecies and Distribution. T.k.kanchilRaffles,1822—Sumatra,islandsoffESumatra(Mendol&Berhala). T.k.abruptusChasen,1935—SubiI,oftWBorneo. T.k.affinisGray,1861—Vietnam,Laos,SE&EThailand,Cambodia. T.k.anambensisChasen&Kloss,1928—AnambasArchipelago(MatakI). T.k.angustiaeKloss,1918—SMyanmar,SWThaimainland(probablylimitedtoWoftheChaoPhrayaRiver). T.k.everettiBonhote,1903—NatunaIs(Bunguran),offWBorneo. T.k.fulviventerGray,1836—SMalayPeninsula(Sof7°N). T.k.hosetBonhote,1903—Borneo(Sarawak,West,Central,East&SouthKalimantan). T.k.klossiChasen,1935—NBorneo(NEastKalimantan,E&CSabah,andpossiblyWSabahandBrunei. T.k.luteicollisLyon,1906—BangkaI,offESumatra. T.k.pidonisChasen,1940—KohPipidonI(=PhiPhiDon),offWMalayPeninsula. T.k.ravulusMiller,1903—islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(KohAdang&KohRawi). T.k.ravusMiller,1902—SThailand,NMalayPeninsula. T.k.rubeusMiller,1903—RiauArchipelago(BintanI). T.k.siantanicusChasen&Kloss,1928—AnambasArchipelago(SiantanI). T. k. subrufus Miller, 1903 — Lingga Archipelago (Lingga & Singkep Is). The range on the Asian mainland is poorly known and could occur as far north as China (S Yunnan). As stated in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of some areas of Borneo (W Sabah, Brunei & N Sarawak) and several other islands remains unclear. in Tragulidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T.k.kanchilRaffles,1822—Sumatra,islandsoffESumatra(Mendol&Berhala). T.k.abruptusChasen,1935—SubiI,oftWBorneo. T.k.affinisGray,1861—Vietnam,Laos,SE&EThailand,Cambodia. T.k.anambensisChasen&Kloss,1928—AnambasArchipelago(MatakI). T.k.angustiaeKloss,1918—SMyanmar,SWThaimainland(probablylimitedtoWoftheChaoPhrayaRiver). T.k.everettiBonhote,1903—NatunaIs(Bunguran),offWBorneo. T.k.fulviventerGray,1836—SMalayPeninsula(Sof7°N). T.k.hosetBonhote,1903—Borneo(Sarawak,West,Central,East&SouthKalimantan). T.k.klossiChasen,1935—NBorneo(NEastKalimantan,E&CSabah,andpossiblyWSabahandBrunei. T.k.luteicollisLyon,1906—BangkaI,offESumatra. T.k.pidonisChasen,1940—KohPipidonI(=PhiPhiDon),offWMalayPeninsula. T.k.ravulusMiller,1903—islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(KohAdang&KohRawi). T.k.ravusMiller,1902—SThailand,NMalayPeninsula. T.k.rubeusMiller,1903—RiauArchipelago(BintanI). T.k.siantanicusChasen&Kloss,1928—AnambasArchipelago(SiantanI). T. k. subrufus Miller, 1903 — Lingga Archipelago (Lingga & Singkep Is). The range on the Asian mainland is poorly known and could occur as far north as China (S Yunnan). As stated in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of some areas of Borneo (W Sabah, Brunei & N Sarawak) and several other islands remains unclear.