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Figures 36–44. Boreocanthon and Canthon spp. 36–42 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 36–44. Boreocanthon and Canthon spp. 36–42) Boreocanthon ateuchiceps (Bates). 36) Habitus, dorsal view. 37) Dorsal view of head and pronotal margin. 38) Dorsolateral view of pronotum. 39) Dorsolateral view of anterior portion of left elytron. 40) Ventral view of left hypomeron (arrow indicates hypomeral carina). 41) Lateral view of genital capsule. 42) Apical view of parameres. 43) Canthon floridanus Brown (= Canthon imitator auct.). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres. 44) Canthon (Bajacanthon) obliquus (Horn). a) Lateral view of genital capsule. b) Apical view of parameres.
Figures 54–62 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 54–62. Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte). 54) Habitus, dorsal view. 55) Habitus, frontal view. 56–57) Apical views of parameres. 58) Lateral view of genital capsule. 59) Dorsal view of mid-body (note triangular, posteromedian depression of pronotum and swelling of interstriae). 60) Ventral view of submentum and gula. 61) Oblique dorsal view of pronotum and elytron. 62) Comparison of unworn (above) and heavily worn (below) head margin (dorsal views).
Figures 46–53 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 46–53. Boreocanthon coahuilensis (Howden). 46) Habitus, dorsal view (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 47) Frontal view of head and pronotal margin. 48) Dorsal view of portion of pronotum. 49) Lateral view of genital capsule. 50) Apical view of parameres. 51) Anterior view of protibia. 52) Dorsal view of head. 53) Comparison of body shape in profile. a) Boreocanthon simplex. b) Boreocanthon coahuilensis.
Figures 11–18 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 11–18. Boreocanthon depressipennis (LeConte). 11) Dorsal habitus (inset magnifies elytral sculpturing). 12) Oblique ventral view of meso- and metaventrites. 13) Comparison of posterolateral margin of pronotum; asterisks mark posterolateral angle of pronotum; arrows mark posterior extension of circumnotal ridge in B. depressipennis. a) Boreocanthon ebenus. b) Boreocanthon depressipennis. 14) Posterior view of pygidium. 15) Ventral view of mentum and gula. 16) Anterior view of protibia (arrow indicates apical tooth). 17) Apical view of parameres. 18) Lateral view of genital capsule.
Figure 10 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figure 10. Boreocanthon praticola (LeConte). Upper diagrams depict consolidation of ranges of the prairie dog species, Cynomys gunnisoni and C. ludovicianus. Inset depicts approximate distribution of B. praticola.
Figures 29–35 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 29–35. Boreocanthon lecontei (Harold). 29) Habitus, dorsal view. 30) Habitus, anterolateral view. 31) Partial dorsal view of head and pronotum. 32) Dorsal view of head. 33) Dorsal view of left elytron. 34) Posterior view of pygidium. 35) Male genitalia. a) Apical view of parameres. b) Lateral view of genital capsule.
Figures 6–11. 6 in New synonyms and records of Costa Rican and Panamanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 6–11. 6) Red morph of P. pyrois.7). Dark blue morph of P. pyrois. 8). Dark green morph of P. pyrois. 9). Red with green reflections morph of P. pyrois. 10). Dark red morph of P. pyrois. 11). Color pie-chart of the Costa Rican P. pyrois populations, n = 665.
Figures 12–17. 12 in New synonyms and records of Costa Rican and Panamanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 12–17. 12) Color pie-chart of the northern Caribbean P. pyrois populations, northward of the 10° N latitude line, n = 462. 13). Color pie-chart of the southern Caribbean P. pyrois populations, southward of the 10° N latitude line, n = 203. 14). Male Onthophagus bidentatus. 15). Male Onthophagus marginicollis. 16). Known distribution of O. bidentatus. 17). Known distribution of O. marginicollis.
Figures 29–33 in New synonyms and records of Costa Rican and Panamanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 29–33. Head of hypothelic O. cyanellus green morph male (Estación Barva, Heredia). Note almost nonexistent frontal keel horns and the characteristic circular clypeus shape. 30). Lamella copulatrix of a euthelic green morph specimen (Estación Barva, Heredia). Disassembled lamella copulatrix: a) main copulatory lamella, b) secondary lamella, c) lamellar band, d) keel of the right branch, e) keel of the basal margin. Terminology from Zunino and Halffter (1988). 31). Lamella copulatrix of a euthelic green morph specimen (Estación Barva, Heredia). Disassembled lamella copulatrix: a) main copulatory lamella, b) secondary lamella, c) lamellar band, d) keel of the right branch, e) keel of the basal margin. Terminology from Zunino and Halffter (1988). 32). Hypothelic main copulatory lamella from a copper color morph (Monte de la Cruz, Heredia. 33). Hyperthelic main copulatory lamella from a copper color morph (La Unión, Cartago).
Figures 1–5. Phanaeus spp. 1 in New synonyms and records of Costa Rican and Panamanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 1–5. Phanaeus spp. 1) Elytra of P. olsoufieffi. 2) Elytra of Phanaeus pyrois. 3) Lamella copulatrix of P. olsoufieffi from Valle de Antón, Panama. 4) Lamella copulatrix of P. olsoufieffi from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. 5) Known distribution of Phanaeus malyi, P. pyrois, and P. olsoufieffi in lower Central America. Right arrow, Barro Colorado Island; left arrow, Valle de Antón.
Figure 40 in New synonyms and records of Costa Rican and Panamanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figure 40. Mitochondrial DNA barcode analysis (COI) of different color morphs of Costa Rican O. cyanellus specimens: blue, copper, and green (copper ●, green ■, blue ▲). Specimens marked in light green (◘) are the two "mesoamericanus" photographs referenced by Moctezuma (2021) labeled Bosque del Niño, Est. Guardaparques and Cerro Pico Blanco, respectively.
Figures 18–23. Male hyperthelic O in New synonyms and records of Costa Rican and Panamanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 18–23. Male hyperthelic O. cyanellus, dorsal view, blue morph Zarcero, Alajuela. 19). Male hyperthelic O. cyanellus, lateral view, blue morph. 20). Male hyperthelic O. cyanellus, dorsal view, green morph La Unión, Cartago. 21). Male hyperthelic O. cyanellus, lateral view, green morph. 22). Male hyperthelic O. cyanellus, dorsal view, copper morph La Unión, Cartago. 23). Male hyperthelic O. cyanellus, lateral view, copper morph.
Figures 34–39 in New synonyms and records of Costa Rican and Panamanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 34–39. Male paratype of hypothelic O. mesoamericanus, Rancho Redondo, Cartago. 35). Labels and genitalia slide of male hypothelic O. mesoamericanus paratype. 36). Female paratype of O. mesoamericanus, Rancho Redondo, Cartago. 37). Labels and genitalia slide of female O. mesoamericanus paratype. 38). Endophallite of the holotype of P. panamensis photographed by TAMUIC (Cerro Campana, Panama). 39). Photograph of the endophallite of the holotype of P. panamensis as depicted by Moctezuma and Halffter (2021, fig. 1L).
Figures 24–28 in New synonyms and records of Costa Rican and Panamanian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Figures 24–28. Distribution of the three-color morphs of O. cyanellus in Costa Rica. 25). Map showing the localities from where the mtDNA barcode population analysis has been done for this paper. 26). Mitochondrial DNA barcode analysis (COI) of some O. chevrolati species group species. Onthophagus cyanellus and its three-color morphs: green (La Unión, Cartago); copper, and blue (Grecia, Alajuela) (copper ●, green ■, blue ▲). 27) Head of hyperthelic O. cyanellus green morph male (La Unión, Cartago). Note developed frontal keel horns and the characteristic sub-quadrate clypeus shape. 28). Head of euthelic O. cyanellus green morph male (Cerro Turú, Heredia). Note poorly developed frontal keel horns and the characteristic sub-circular clypeus shape.
Data from: A transcriptome-based phylogeny of Scarabaeoidea confirms the sister group relationship of dung beetles and phytophagous pleurostict scarabs (Coleoptera)
<p><span>Scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) are a diverse and ecologically important group of angiosperm-associated insects. As conventionally understood, scarab beetles comprise two major lineages: dung beetles and the phytophagous Pleurosticti. However, previous phylogenetic analyses have not been able to convincingly answer the question whether or not the two lineages form a monophyletic group. Here we report our results from phylogenetic analyses of more than 4,000 genes mined from transcriptomes of more than 50 species of Scarabaeidae and non-scarabaeid Scarabaeoidea. Our results provide convincing support for the monophyly of Scarabaeidae, confirming the debated sister group relationship of dung beetles and phytophagous pleurostict scarabs. Supermatrix-based maximum likelihood and multispecies coalescent phylogenetic analyses strongly imply the subfamily Melolonthinae as currently understood being paraphyletic. We consequently suggest various changes in the systematics of Melolonthinae: Sericinae Kirby, 1837 stat. rest. and sensu n. to include the tribes Sericini, Ablaberini and Diphucephalini, and Sericoidinae Erichson, 1847 stat. rest. and sensu n. to include the tribes </span><span>Automoliini, Heteronychini, Liparetrini, Maechidiini, Scitalini, Sericoidini, and Phyllotocini. Both subfamilies appear to consistently form a monophyletic sister group to all remaining subfamilies so far included within pleurostict scarabs except Orphninae. Our results represent a major step towards understanding the diversification history of one of the largest angiosperm-associated radiations of beetles.</span></p>
Figs 19–21 in Proposal of Karliella gen. n. for the Afrotropical 'Pegomya' sexpunctata Karl, 1935 (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a possible kleptoparasite of dung-breeding beetles
Figs 19–21. Karliella sexpunctata (Karl): (19, 20) oviscapt, dorsal and ventral views; (21) spermathecae. Scale bars: Figs 19, 20 = 0.25 mm, Fig. 21 = 0.1 mm.
Figs 15–18 in Proposal of Karliella gen. n. for the Afrotropical 'Pegomya' sexpunctata Karl, 1935 (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a possible kleptoparasite of dung-breeding beetles
Figs 15–18. Karliella sexpunctata (Karl): (15, 16) hypopygium, posterior and ventral views; (17) pre- and postgonite, lateral view; (18) phallus and ejaculatory apodeme, anterolateral view. Scale bars: Figs 15, 16 = 0.25 mm, Figs 17, 18 = 0.1 mm.
Figs 5, 6 in Proposal of Karliella gen. n. for the Afrotropical 'Pegomya' sexpunctata Karl, 1935 (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a possible kleptoparasite of dung-breeding beetles
Figs 5, 6. Karliella sexpunctata (Karl): (5) male thorax, dorsal view; (6) male wing, ventral view. Scale bars: Fig. 5 = 0.5 mm, Fig. 6 = 1.0 mm.
Figs 1–4 in Proposal of Karliella gen. n. for the Afrotropical 'Pegomya' sexpunctata Karl, 1935 (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a possible kleptoparasite of dung-breeding beetles
Figs 1–4. Karliella sexpunctata (Karl): (1, 2) male head, lateral and dorsal views; (3, 4) female head, dorsal and lateral views. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
Figs 10, 11 in Proposal of Karliella gen. n. for the Afrotropical 'Pegomya' sexpunctata Karl, 1935 (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a possible kleptoparasite of dung-breeding beetles
Figs 10, 11. Karliella sexpunctata (Karl), female abdomen, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
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