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Figs 8–9. Proandricus species. Clitellar region, ventral view. 8. P in Nine new earthworm species of Proandricus Plisko, 1992 from South Africa and Lesotho (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Figs 8–9. Proandricus species. Clitellar region, ventral view. 8. P. michelleae sp. n. 9. P. richerti sp. n. [C= clitellum; T = tuberculum pubertatis.]
Fig. 2 in Nine new earthworm species of Proandricus Plisko, 1992 from South Africa and Lesotho (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Fig. 2. Proandricus crookesi sp. n. Clitellar region, ventral view. [C = clitellum; T= tuberculum pubertatis.]
Figs 6–7. Proandricus species. Clitellar region, ventral view. 6. P in Nine new earthworm species of Proandricus Plisko, 1992 from South Africa and Lesotho (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Figs 6–7. Proandricus species. Clitellar region, ventral view. 6. P. injasuti sp. n. 7. P. martensi sp. n. [C = clitellum; T = tuberculum pubertatis.]
Fig. 10 in Nine new earthworm species of Proandricus Plisko, 1992 from South Africa and Lesotho (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Fig. 10. Proandricus armstrongi sp. n. Clitellar region, ventral view. [C = clitellum; T = tuberculum pubertatis.]
Fig. 3 in Nine new earthworm species of Proandricus Plisko, 1992 from South Africa and Lesotho (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Fig. 3. Proandricus hlatikulu sp. n. Clitellar region, lateral view. [C = clitellum; T= tuberculum pubertatis.]
Fig. 2 in Eco-taxonomic profile of an iconic vermicomposter - the 'African Nightcrawler' earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867)
Fig. 2. Eudrilus eugeniae: (a) ventral view of Qld specimen, (b) vasa deferentia unite to form the muscular euprostates ducting to the centre of the copulatory chamber (characteristic Y-shaped gland on rhs ducts to lhs), (c) 'spermathecal' aperture and combined oviduct (unravelled) to ovisac opposite saccular gland at junction of duct and 'ampulla' (ovary not shown), (d) prostomium, (e) calciferous glands, hearts and dorsal vessel, (f) dorso-lateral view of caudal segments narrowing to pygomere, (g) cocoon. BoXed are: Perrier's (1872: figs 27, 28, 30) figures of male organs – with penis both retracted and everted – plus an enlargement of a seta (his fig. 29 differs somewhat in its internal organ details); Michaelsen's (1892: fig. 10) figure of female organs also showing ovary "ov" (or ovisac?) on 12/13; plus Beddard's (1895: fig. 30) figure of male organs with glandular appendices to bursa copulatriX sometimes fused to form a "single horseshoe-shaped" appendiX neXt to what Eisen (1900: fig. 44) called the silk-producing "Y-shaped gland" (indicated as "Y-sg").
Fig. 3 in Eco-taxonomic profile of an iconic vermicomposter - the 'African Nightcrawler' earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg, 1867)
Fig. 3. Distribution map from Michaelsen (1903: chart 1) (hash marks family distribution). Note that New Zealand was in error but other records outside its West African homeland are due mainly to human transportation and the worm's acclimatisation; early Caribbean and Latin American introductions possibly relate to the 16th – 19th century Atlantic slave trade.
Figs 9, 10 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)
Figs 9, 10. Okudrilus sulcatus sp. n.: (9) ventral view of the clitellar region; (10) ovo-spermathecal apparatus. Abbreviations: Fch = fertilization chamber, Fp = female pore, Ov = ovarium, Ovnd = ovarian duct, Ovs = ovisac, Pph = porophore, Pr = prostate pore, Sta = spermathecal ampulla, Stp = spermathecal pore.
Figs 11–14 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)
Figs 11–14. Dichogaster (Diplothecodrilus) asymmetrica sp. n.: (11) ventral view of the clitellar region; (12) ectal third of the larger penial seta; (13) ectal third of the smaller penial seta; (14) spermatheca. Abbreviations: Fp = female pore, Pr = prostate pore.
Figs 7, 8 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)
Figs 7, 8. Okudrilus nyosensis sp. n.: (7) ventral view of the clitellar region; (8) ovo-spermathecal apparatus. Abbreviations: Fch = fertilization chamber, Fp = female pore, Gsw = genital swelling, Ov = ovarium, Osd = ovo-spermathecal duct, Ovnd = ovarian duct, Ovs = ovisac, Pph = porophore, Pr = prostate pore, Sta = spermathecal ampulla, Stp = spermathecal pore.
Figs. 2–4 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)
Figs. 2–4. (2) Eminoscolex steindachneri, spermathecal apparatus, after COgnetti (1909 fig. 10); (3) Eminoscolex franzi, spermathecal apparatus; (4) Eminoscolex franzi, sperm reservoir.Abbreviations: Fch = fertilization chamber, Nc = nerve cord, Osd = ovo-spermathecal duct, Ov = ovarium, Ovd = oviduct, Ovs = ovisac, S = septum, Sr = sperm reservoir, Sta = spermathecal ampulla, Stp = spermathecal pore.
Fig. 1 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)
Fig. 1. Map showing sample localities for earthworms, plus locations of mountains (Manengouba and Bamboutos). Letters in parentheses indicate geopolitical regions of Cameroon (SW = South West, NW = North West, W = West, C = Central, LT = Littoral, AD = Adamaua).
Figs 5, 6 in Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae)
Figs 5, 6. Okudrilus monticolus sp. n.: (5) ventral view of the clitellar region; (6) ovo-spermathecal apparatus. Abbreviations: Fch = fertilization chamber, Fp = female pore (exits close to intersegment 14/15), Ov = ovarium, Osd = ovo-spermathecal duct, Ovnd = ovarian duct, Ovs = ovisac, Pr = prostate pore, Sta = spermathecal ampulla, Stp = spermathecal pore.
Data for linked disturbance in the temperate forest: earthworms, deer, and canopy gaps
<p>Despite the large body of theory concerning multiple disturbances, there have been relatively few attempts to test the theoretical assumptions of how and if disturbances interact. Of particular importance is whether disturbance events are linked, as this can influence the probability and intensity of ecological change. Disturbances are linked when one disturbance event increases or decreases the likelihood or extent of another. To this end, we used two long-term, multi-disturbance experiments in northern Wisconsin to determine whether earthworm invasion is linked to canopy gap creation and white-tailed deer browsing. These three disturbances are common and influential within North American temperate forests, making any interactions among them particularly important to understand. We expected both deer and canopy gaps to favor invasive earthworms, particularly species that live close to or on the soil surface. However, we found only partial support for our hypotheses, as both deer exclosures and canopy gaps decreased earthworms in each experiment. Further, earthworm density increased the most over time in areas far from the gap center and in areas with deer present. Deer exclosures primarily decreased <em>Aporrectodea</em> and <em>Lumbricus</em> species, while gaps decreased <em>Dendrobaena</em> and <em>Lumbricus</em> species. Our findings show that earthworm invasion is linked to deer presence and gap-creating disturbances, which provides new insight toward multiple disturbance theory, aboveground-belowground dynamics, and temperate forest management.</p>
Figs 2–5 in Pre-testical spermathecal pores and unusual setal arrangement in the South African endemic microchaetid earthworms of presumed Gondwanan origin (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Figs 2–5. Habitus and enlarged clitellar area of Proandricus species: (2) P. lesothoensis, (3) P. pajori, (4) P. bourquini, (5) P. sani. Scale bars = 1 cm.
Figs 11, 12 in Pre-testical spermathecal pores and unusual setal arrangement in the South African endemic microchaetid earthworms of presumed Gondwanan origin (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Figs 11, 12. Habitus and enlarged clitellar area of Geogenia distasmosa (11) and G. quaera (12). Scale bars = 1 cm.
Fig. 1 in Pre-testical spermathecal pores and unusual setal arrangement in the South African endemic microchaetid earthworms of presumed Gondwanan origin (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Fig. 1. Geographical distribution of endemic earthworm species with irregular locations of the spermathecal pores. Abbreviations: ad – Proandricus adami, am – P. amphius, be – Geogenia benhami, bo – Proandricus bourquini, di – Geogenia distasmosa, le – Proandricus lesothoensis, mk – Geogenia mkuzi, na – G. namaensis, or – Proandricus oresbiosus, pa – P. pajori, ph – Tritogenia phinda, qu – Geogenia quaera, sa – Proandricus sani, ti – P. timmianus. South African provinces: NC – Northern Cape, FS – Free State, KZN – KwaZulu-Natal, WC – Western Cape, EC – Eastern Cape.
Figs 6–8 in Pre-testical spermathecal pores and unusual setal arrangement in the South African endemic microchaetid earthworms of presumed Gondwanan origin (Oligochaeta: Microchaetidae)
Figs 6–8. Habitus and enlarged clitellar area of Proandricus species: (6) P. adami, (7) P. amphius, (8) P. oresbiosus. Scale bars = 1 cm.
Figs 6, 7 in New species of South African acanthodriline earthworms of the genera Eodriloides and Chilota, with a redescription of Chilota quindecimus (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae)
Figs 6, 7. Chilota quindecimus, spermathecae, 400×: (6) holotype; (7) new material. Abbreviations: A – ampulla, U – unilobate diverticulum.
Figs 3–5 in New species of South African acanthodriline earthworms of the genera Eodriloides and Chilota, with a redescription of Chilota quindecimus (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae)
Figs 3–5. Chilota dilatus sp. n.: (3, 4) ventral area of prostatic pores with prostatic pores and papillae, holotype and specimen NMSA/Olig.04525, respectively; (5) anterior right spermatheca, holotype, 400×. Abbreviations: A – ampulla, D – duct, U – unilobate diverticulum.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.