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874 results for “elongation”
Data from: Migrate small, sound big: functional constraints on body size promote tracheal elongation in cranes
Organismal traits often represent the outcome of opposing selection pressures. While social or sexual selection can cause the evolution of traits that constrain function or survival (e.g., ornamental feathers), it is unclear how the strength and direction of selection respond to ecological shifts that increase the severity of the constraint. For example, reduced body size might evolve by natural selection to enhance flight performance in migratory birds, but social or sexual selection favoring large body size may provide a countervailing force. Tracheal elongation is a potential outcome of these opposing pressures because it allows birds to convey an auditory signal of exaggerated body size. We predicted that the evolution of migration in cranes has coincided with a reduction of body size and a concomitant intensification of social or sexual selection for apparent large body size via tracheal elongation. We used a phylogenetic comparative approach to examine the relationships among migration distance, body mass, and trachea length in cranes. As predicted, we found that migration distance correlated negatively with body size and positively with proportional trachea length. This result was consistent with our hypothesis that evolutionary reductions in body size led to intensified selection for trachea length. The most likely ultimate causes of intensified positive selection on trachea length are the direct benefits of conveying a large body size in intraspecific contests for mates and territories. We conclude that the strength of social or sexual selection on crane body size is linked to the degree of functional constraint.
Data from: Directional selection in the evolution of elongated upper canines in clouded leopards and sabre-toothed cats
Extremely developed or specialised traits such as the elongated upper canines of extinct sabre-toothed cats are often not analogous to those of any extant species, which limits our understanding of their evolutionary cause. However, an extant species may have undergone directional selection for a similar extreme phenotype. Among living felids, the clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa, has exceptionally long upper canines for its body size. We hypothesised that directional selection generated the elongated upper canines of clouded leopards in a manner similar to the process in extinct sabre-toothed cats. To test this, we developed an approach that compared the effect of directional selection among lineages in a phylogeny using a simulation of trait evolution and approximate Bayesian computation. This approach was applied to analyse the evolution of upper canine length in the Felidae phylogeny. Our analyses consistently showed directional selection favouring longer upper canines in the clouded leopard lineage and a lineage leading to the sabre-toothed cat with the longest upper canines, Smilodon. Most of our analyses detected an effect of directional selection for longer upper canines in the lineage leading to another sabre-toothed cat, Homotherium, although this selection may have occurred exclusively in the primitive species. In all the analyses, the clouded leopard and Smilodon lineages showed comparable directional selection. This implies that clouded leopards share a selection advantage with sabre-toothed cats in having elongated upper canines.
Data from: Contribution of cell proliferation to axial elongation in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
Most arthropods generate their posterior bodies by adding segments periodically, as the embryo grows, from a posteriorly located region called the segment addition zone. This mode of segmentation is shared with vertebrates and relies on oscillatory mechanisms, where the temporal periodicity of a clock is translated into repetitive spatial patterns. This ordered anterior-to-posterior pattern is achieved at the same time as the tissue elongates, opening the question of the functional coordination between the mechanisms of segmental patterning and posterior growth. The study of these processes in different arthropods has played an important role in unravelling some of the molecular mechanisms of segment formation. However, the behavior of cells during elongation and how cellular processes affect this segmental patterning has been poorly studied. Cell proliferation together with cell rearrangements are presumed to be the major forces driving axis elongation in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. However, there still no strong evidence about the role and distribution of cell proliferation within the embryo. In this study, we propose to address these questions by using whole embryo cultures and pharmacological manipulation. We show that considerable cell proliferation occurs during germband elongation, measured by incorporation of the nucleoside analog of thymidine 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, EdU. Moreover, proliferating cells appeared to be spread along the elongating embryo with a posterior bias at early segmentation. In addition, when we blocked cell division, treated germbands were always shorter than controls and in some cases not able to fully elongate, even when control embryos already started to retract and leg buds are evident. Finally, we found that the absence of cell proliferation has no apparent effect on segmental patterning, as evidenced by Tc-engrailed (Tc-en) gene expression.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of moray eel (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from Taiwan, with comments on related elongate unpatterned species
FIGURE 1. Gymnothorax pseudomelanosomatus sp. nov., holotype, TOU-AE 5302, 675 mm TL.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of elongate unpatterned moray eel of the genus Gymnothorax (Muraenidae: Muraeninae) from the Bay of Bengal
FIGURE 3. Dentition on upper jaw and lower jaw of Gymnothorax indicus sp. nov.
Fig. 16 in Evolution of genital asymmetry, exaggerated eye stalks, and extreme palpal elongation in Panjange spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Fig. 16. Known distribution of the Panjange lanthana group.
FIGURE 4 in Gymnothorax visakhaensis sp. nov., a new species of elongate unpatterned moray eel (Muraenidae: Muraeninae) from the Indian Coast
FIGURE 4. Biserial intermaxillary teeth in upper jaw of Gymnothorax visakhaensis sp. nov.
FIGURE 3 in Gymnothorax visakhaensis sp. nov., a new species of elongate unpatterned moray eel (Muraenidae: Muraeninae) from the Indian Coast
FIGURE 3. Dentition on upper jaw and lower jaw of Gymnothorax visakhaensis sp. nov.
LENGTH DIFFERENCES OF INDIVIDUAL YARN AND SINGLE YARN ELONGATION DEFORMATIONS IN COOKED YARN COMPOSITION.
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Load - Elongation curve for pvc coated fabrics
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Data from: Different evolutionary pathways lead to incomplete convergence of elongate body shapes in carnivoran mammals
<p><span>Although convergence is often recognized as a ubiquitous feature across the Tree of Life, whether the underlying traits also exhibit similar evolutionary pathways towards convergent forms puzzles biologists. In carnivoran mammals, "elongate," "slender," and "long" are often used to describe and even to categorize mustelids (martens, polecats, and weasels), herpestids (mongooses), viverrids (civets and genets), and other carnivorans together. But just how similar these carnivorans are and whether there is convergence in the morphological component that contribute to elongation has never been assessed. Here, I found that these qualitatively-described elongate carnivorans exhibited incomplete convergence towards elongate bodies compared to other terrestrial carnivorans. In contrast, the morphological components underlying body shape variation do not exhibit convergence despite evidence that these components are more elongate in elongate carnivorans compared to non-elongate carnivorans. Furthermore, these components also exhibited shorter but different phylogenetic half-lives towards more elongate adaptive peaks, indicating that different selective pressures can create multiple pathways to elongation. Incorporating the fossil record will facilitate further investigation of whether body elongation evolved adaptively or if it is simply a retained ancestral trait. </span></p>
Transcriptome for: MYB42 inhibits hypocotyl cell elongation by coordinating brassinosteroid homeostasis and signaling in Arabidopsis
<p><span>The precise control of brassinosteroids (BRs) homeostasis and signaling is a prerequisite for hypocotyl cell elongation in plants. Little is known, however, of such regulators of BR homeostasis and signaling. Here, we have demonstrated that MYB42 negatively regulates hypocotyl elongation through partial inhibition of BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) signaling and promotion of BR inactivation. Transgenic <i><span>Arabidopsis</span></i> plants repressing the expression of <i><span>MYB42</span></i> and its paralog <i><span>MYB85</span></i> (<i><span>MYB85 RNAi;myb42</span></i>) exhibited longer hypocotyls than wild-type (WT) plants in darkness, while <i><span>MYB42</span></i> or <i><span>MYB85 </span></i>overexpression inhibits hypocotyl elongation. Hypocotyl length of <i><span>MYB85 RNAi;myb42 </span></i><span>plants can</span><i> </i><span>be </span>resorted <span>into WT level by </span><i><span>MYB42 </span></i>overexpression<span>. </span><span>MYB</span><span>42</span> inhibits hypocotyl elongation by mediating BR signaling, because <i><span>MYB42 </span></i>expression is repressed with BR treatment and in the dominant BR mutant <i><span>bzr1-1D</span></i><span>,</span> and <span>mutation of</span><i> </i><span>both</span><i><span> MYB42</span></i><span> and </span><i><span>MYB85 </span></i>enhances the dwarf phenotype of the BR receptor mutant <i><span>bri1-5</span></i><span>. BZR1 directly represses </span><i><span>MYB42 </span></i><span>expression in response to BR, and </span>t<span>he</span><i> </i><span>hypocotyl length of </span><i><span>bzr1-1D</span></i> is reduced in <i><span>MYB42</span></i><span> overexpression plants but increased in</span><i><span> MYB85 RNAi;myb42 </span></i><span>plants. These results show </span><span><span>MYB42 is a negative target of BZR1</span></span><span>. Transcriptome data revealed that</span><span><span> a number of</span></span><span> BZR1-induced </span>genes associated with <span>cell elongation are down-regulated by MYB42, suggesting that </span><span><span>MYB42</span></span> may partially inhibit BZR1 signaling. In addition, MYB42 enlarges its action in BR signaling through feedback activation of <span>the </span>BR-inactivating enzyme<span> DOGT1</span>. The present study shows a MYB42-mediated multilevel system that contributes to fine regulation of BR-induced hypocotyl elongation.</span></p>
Leading edge elongation by follower cell interruption in advancing epithelial cell sheets
<p>Raw image data and numerical data used to generate plots and graphs included in the manuscript. Raw sequential images to make supplementary movies.</p>
Soft actuators that contract and elongate for 3D-printed biomimetic artificial muscles
<p>This dataset contains the results of mechanical tests performed on the GRACEs (GeometRy-based Actuators that Contract and Elongate) and the scripts used for the modelling of their contraction and elongation.</p> <p>Each subfolder contains a readme file that illustrates its content.</p>
Text-fig. 6. Quercus sp. Red Oak, UF 279-24550. a, b: Wood semi-ring-porous to diffuse-porous; vessels exclusively solitary; thinwalled tyloses in wide vessels; diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma; rays of two distinct sizes. TS. c: Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. d: Vessel-vasicentric tracheid pitting, RLS. e: Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, vertically elongate, RLS. f: Narrow rays 1-2 cells wide, TLS. g: Ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, b, c; 50 µm in d, f, g; 20 µm in e. in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa
Text-fig. 6. Quercus sp. Red Oak, UF 279-24550. a, b: Wood semi-ring-porous to diffuse-porous; vessels exclusively solitary; thinwalled tyloses in wide vessels; diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma; rays of two distinct sizes. TS. c: Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. d: Vessel-vasicentric tracheid pitting, RLS. e: Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, vertically elongate, RLS. f: Narrow rays 1-2 cells wide, TLS. g: Ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, b, c; 50 µm in d, f, g; 20 µm in e.
Supporting Data:A pleiotropic 'stretch' phenotype is associated with metaxylem vessel element length, axial hydraulic conductance, root elongation, water utilization, and drought adaptation in maize.
<p>These data were collected to assess how xylem perforation plates affect water use strategies in maize (<em>Zea mays </em>L.) under water deficit through empirical studies in controlled environments and in the field. In this work, our goals were to explore the extent of intraspecific variation for the structure of perforation plates within an annual monocot and assess how this variation affects transport and use of water under drought stress. Specifically, we test the hypotheses that (1) simple perforation plates have a significant effect on water transport, (2) intraspecific variation exists for these features in maize, and (3) this variation affects water use strategies under drought stress. </p>
Cell type-specific loops linked to RNA polymerase II elongation in human neural differentiation (Supplementary Tables)
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Drop deformation in a planar elongational flow: impact of surfactant dynamics
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FIGURE 2 in Waltheria glabribracteata (Byttnerioideae, Malvaceae), a new species with elongate-plumose stigmas from South America
FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution map of Waltheria glabribracteata.
A novel role for Eip74EF in male reproduction in promoting sperm elongation at the cost of fecundity
<p>Spermatozoa are the most morphologically variable cell type, yet little is known about genes controlling natural variation in sperm shape. <i>Drosophila</i> fruit flies have evolved the longest sperm known, which are evolving under postcopulatory sexual selection, driven by sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Long sperm outcompete short sperm but primarily when females have long seminal receptacles (SRs), the primary sperm storage organ. Thus, selection on sperm length is mediated by SR length, and the two traits are coevolving across the <i>Drosophila</i> lineage, driven by a genetic correlation and fitness advantage of long sperm and long SR genotypes in both males and females. <i>Ecdysone induced protein 74EF </i>(<i>Eip74EF</i>)<i> </i>is rapidly evolving under positive selection in <i>Drosophila</i>, and it is expressed during post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis, when spermatid elongation occurs. Partial knockdown of <i>Eip74EF</i> leads to shorter sperm but does not affect SR length, suggesting that <i>Eip74EF</i> is involved in promoting spermatid elongation but is not a genetic driver of male-female coevolution. We also found that <i>Eip74EF </i>knockdown has opposing effects on fecundity in males and females, with an increase in fecundity for males but a decrease in females, consistent with its documented role in oocyte maturation. It is possible that knockdown males produce more sperm that are also shorter, which would explain the increase in fecundity, but this hypothesis remains to be tested. Our results document a novel function of <i>Eip74EF</i> in spermatogenesis and demonstrates that this gene influences both male and female reproductive success.</p>
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