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697 results for “fish parasite”
Data from: Strong population structure deduced from genetics, otolith chemistry and parasite abundances explains vulnerability to localised fishery collapse in a large Sciaenid fish, Protonibea diacanthus
As pressure on coastal marine resources is increasing globally, the need to quantitatively assess vulnerable fish stocks is crucial in order to avoid the ecological consequences of stock depletions. Species of Sciaenidae (croakers, drums) are important components of tropical and temperate fisheries and are especially vulnerable to exploitation. The black-spotted croaker, Protonibea diacanthus, is the only large sciaenid in coastal waters of northern Australia where it is targeted by commercial, recreational and indigenous fishers due to its food value and predictable aggregating behaviour. Localised declines in the abundance of this species have been observed, highlighting the urgent requirement by managers for information on fine and broad-scale population connectivity. This study examined the population structure of P. diacanthus across northwestern Australia using three complementary methods: genetic variation in microsatellite markers, otolith elemental composition and parasite assemblage composition. The genetic analyses demonstrated that there were at least five genetically distinct populations across the study region, with gene flow most likely restricted by inshore biogeographic barriers such as the Dampier Peninsula. The otolith chemistry and parasite analyses also revealed strong spatial variation among locations within broad-scale regions, suggesting fine-scale location fidelity within the lifetimes of individual fish. The complementarity of the three techniques elucidated patterns of connectivity over a range of spatial and temporal scales. We conclude that fisheries stock assessments and management are required at fine scales (100's km) to account for the restricted exchange among populations (stocks) and to prevent localised extirpations of this species. Realistic management arrangements may involve the successive closure and opening of fishing areas to reduce fishing pressure.
Data from: Abiotic environmental variation drives virulence evolution in a fish host-parasite geographic mosaic
1.Parasite virulence varies greatly. Theory predicts that this arises from parasites optimising a trade-off between the mortality they inflict on current hosts, and their transmission to future hosts. The effect of the environment on this coevolution is rarely considered. 2.Geographic mosaics are fertile systems for studying coevolution, but again, the diversity of outcomes is often assumed to result from co-evolutionary dynamism, rather than being moulded by the environment. 3.Here we quantify variation in virulence among lakes in a geographic mosaic of coevolution between a trematode ectoparasite (Gyrodactylus arcuatus) and its three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) host. 4.Virulence varies greatly in this system, and parasites are generally locally adapted to their hosts. 5.Parasites are also locally adapted to the water in their own lake, and virulence is strongly related to lake pH, the dominant axis of abiotic environmental variation in this system. 6.These results suggest that the evolution of virulence can be substantially affected by the abiotic environment, which has important implications for understanding coevolution. There are also implications for the evolutionary management of disease e.g. ectoparasites in aquaculture, the impacts of which might be expected to reduce given ongoing acidification of aquatic ecosystems.
Data from: No evidence for host specialization or host-race formation in the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), a fish that parasitizes freshwater mussels
Coevolutionary relationships between parasites and hosts can elevate the rate of evolutionary changes due to reciprocal adaptations between coevolving partners. Such relationships can result in the evolution of host specificity. Recent methodological advances have permitted the recognition of cryptic lineages, with important consequences for our understanding of biological diversity. We used the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), a freshwater fish that parasitizes unionid mussels, to investigate host specialization across regions of recent and ancient sympatry between coevolving partners. We combined genetic data (12 microsatellite and 2 mitochondrial markers) from five populations with experimental data for possible mechanisms of host species recognition (imprinting and conditioning). We found no strong evidence for the existence of cryptic lineages in R. amarus, though a small proportion of variation among individuals in an area of recent bitterling-mussel association was statistically significant in explaining host specificity. No other measures supported the existence of host-specific lineages. Behavioural data revealed a weak effect of conditioning that biased behavioural preferences toward specific host species. Host imprinting had no effect on oviposition behaviour. Overall, we established that populations of R. amarus show limited potential for specialization, manifested as weak effects of host conditioning and genetic within-population structure. Rhodeus amarus is the only species of mussel-parasitizing fish in Europe, which contrasts with the species-rich communities of bitterling in eastern Asia where several host-specific bitterling occur. We discuss costs and constraints on the evolution of host-specific lineages in our study system and more generally.
Data from: Parasitic versus nutritional regulation of natural fish populations
1. Although parasites are expected to affect their host's fitness, quantitative proof for impacts of parasitism on wild populations is hampered by confounding environmental factors, including dietary resource. 2. Herein, we evaluate whether the physiological conditions of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in three large peri-alpine lakes (Geneva, Annecy, and Bourget) depend on (a) the nutritional status of the juvenile fish, as revealed by stable isotope and fatty acid compositions, (b) the prevalence of the tapeworm Triaenophorus nodulosus, a parasite transmitted to perch through copepod preys, or (c) interactive effects of both factors. 3. At the scale of lake populations, the deficit in growth and fat storage of juvenile perch during their first summer coincides with a high parasite prevalence and also a low quality of dietary resource. 4. Yet, at the individual level, parasites had no evident effect on the growth of the juvenile perch, while impacts on fat storage appeared only at the highest prevalence of the most infected lake. Fatty acid and stable isotope analyses of fish tissue do not reveal any impact of T. nodulosus on diet, physiology, and feeding behaviour of fish within lakes. 5. Overall, we found a low impact of parasitism on the physiological condition and trophic status of juvenile perch at the end of their first summer. We find instead that juvenile perch growth and fat storage, both factors tied to their winter survival, are under strong nutritional constraints. 6. However, the coinciding nutritional constraints and parasite prevalence of perch juveniles in these three lakes may result from the indirect effect of lake nutrient concentrations, which, as a major control of zooplankton communities, simultaneously regulate both the dietary quality of fish prey and the host–parasite encounter rates.
Data from: Increased behavioural lateralization in parasitized coral reef fish
Preferential use of one side of the body for cognitive or behavioural tasks (lateralization) is common in many animals, including humans. However, few studies have demonstrated whether lateralization is phenotypically plastic, and varies depending on the ecological context. We studied lateralization (measured as a turning preference) in the bridled monocle bream (Scolopsis bilineatus). This coral reef fish is commonly infected by a large, ectoparasitic isopod (Anilocra nemipteri) that attaches to the left or right side of its host's head. Fish that were parasitized showed no turning bias with respect to the side on which the parasite had attached. On average, however, parasitised fish were significantly more lateralized (i.e. had a strong side bias) than unparasitized fish. The extent of lateralization declined significantly when we experimentally removed the parasite. Our results indicate that lateralization can vary with the ecological context. One possible explanation is that lateralization shortens the response time until fish flee after encountering a predator. A stronger side bias might be advantageous for parasitized individuals to overcome their recently documented lower maximum swimming speed.
Data from: An invasive species reverses the roles in a host-parasite relationship between bitterling fish and unionid mussels
The impact of multiple invading species can be magnified due to mutual facilitation, termed "invasional meltdown", but invasive species can also be adversely affected by their interactions with other invaders. Using a unique reciprocal host-parasite relationship between a bitterling fish, Rhodeus amarus, and unionid mussels, we show that an invasive mussel reverses the roles in the relationship. Bitterling lay their eggs into mussel gills, and mussel larvae parasitize fish. Bitterling recently colonized Europe and parasitize all sympatric European mussels, but are unable to utilize a recently invasive mussel, Anodonta woodiana. The parasitic larvae of A. woodiana successfully develop on R. amarus, while larvae of European mussels are rejected by bitterling. This demonstrates that invading species may temporarily benefit from a coevolutionary lag by exploiting evolutionarily naïve hosts, but the resulting relaxed selection may facilitate its exploitation by subsequent invading species, leading to unexpected consequences for established interspecific relationships.
Data from: Invasion of the Hawaiian Islands by a parasite infecting imperiled stream fishes
Points of origin and pathways of spread are often poorly understood for introduced parasites that drive disease emergence in imperiled native species. Co-introduction of parasites with non-native hosts is of particular concern in remote areas like the Hawaiian Islands, where the introduced nematode Camallanus cotti has become the most prevalent parasite of at-risk native stream fishes. In this study, we evaluated the prevailing hypothesis that C. cotti entered the Hawaiian Islands with poeciliid fishes from the Americas, and spread by translocation of poeciliid hosts across the archipelago for mosquito control. We also considered the alternative hypothesis of multiple independent co-introductions with host fishes originating from Asia. We inferred conduits of introduction and spread of C. cotti across the archipelago from geographic patterns of mtDNA sequence variation and allelic variation across 11 newly developed microsatellite markers. The distribution of haplotypes suggests that C. cotti spread across the archipelago following an initial introduction on O'ahu. Approximate Bayesian Computation modeling and allelic variation also indicate that O'ahu is the most likely location of introduction, from which C. cotti dispersed to Maui followed by spread to the other islands in the archipelago. Evidence of significant genetic structure across islands indicates that contemporary dispersal is limited. Our findings parallel historical records of non-native poeciliid introductions and suggest that remediating invasion hotspots could reduce the risk of infection in native stream fishes, which illustrates how inferences on parasite co-introductions can improve conservation efforts by guiding responses to emerging infectious disease in species of concern.
FIGURE 102 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 102. *Pharurus pallasii (Van Beneden, 1870) Arnold & Gaskin, 1975. A. 1st-stage larva, lateral view; B. 2nd-stage larva within loose cuticle of 1st-stage larva, lateral view. (Redrawn from Houde et al. 2003)
FIGURE 100 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 100. Haplonema immutatum Ward & Magath, 1917. A. male, anterior end, ventral view; B. male, posterior end, lateral view; C. female, vulvar region, lateral view. (Redrawn from Arthur & Margolis 1975)
FIGURE 101 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 101. Paraquimperia tenerrima (von Linstow, 1878) Baylis, 1934. A. anterior end, dorsal view; B. male, posterior end, lateral view; C. female, tail, lateral view. (Redrawn from Moravec 2013)
FIGURE 97 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 97. Cucullanellus kanabus Walder & Arai, 1974. A. male, anterior end, lateral view; B. male, posterior end, lateral view; C. female, posterior end, ventral view. (Redrawn from Walder & Arai 1974)
FIGURE 98 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 98. Cucullanellus minutus Törnquist, 1931. A. anterior end, lateral view; B. male, posterior end, lateral view; C. female, posterior end, lateral view. (Redrawn from Berland 1970)
FIGURE 99. Haplonema hamulatum Moulton, 1932. A in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 99. Haplonema hamulatum Moulton, 1932. A. female, anterior end, ventral view; B. male, posterior end, ventral view; C. female, vulvar region, lateral view. (Redrawn from Arthur & Margolis 1975)
FIGURE 96 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 96. Cucullanellus cotylophora (Ward & Magath, 1917) Petter, 1974. A. large male [> 5 mm long], anterior end, lateral view; B. large male, posterior end, ventral view; C. phasmid of gravid female, dorsal view. (Redrawn from Baker 1984a)
FIGURE 92 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 92. Cucullanus cirratus Müller, 1777. A. anterior end, lateral view; B. male, posterior end, lateral view; C. female, vulvar region. (Redrawn from Berland 1970)
FIGURE 95 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 95. Dichelyne robustus (Van Cleave & Mueller, 1932) Mueller, 1933. A. female, anterior end, dorsal view; B. male, posterior end, ventral view; C. female, tail, ventral view. (Redrawn from Van Cleave & Mueller 1932)
FIGURE 93. Cucullanus elongatus Smedley, 1933. A in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 93. Cucullanus elongatus Smedley, 1933. A. anterior end, lateral view; B. male, posterior end, ventral view; C. female, posterior end, lateral view. (Redrawn from Berland 1983)
FIGURE 83 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 83. Hysterothylacium reliquens (Norris & Overstreet, 1975) Deardorff & Overstreet, 1981. A. head, lips, ventral view showing interlabium (il); B. male, posterior end showing caudal papillae, lateral view; C. multispinous process on tail tip, lateral view. (Redrawn from Deardorff & Overstreet 1981)
FIGURE 88 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 88. **Truttaedacnitis pybusae Anderson, 1992. Female, posterior end showing phasmids, ventral view. (Redrawn from Pybus et al. 1978a)
FIGURE 76 in Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda
FIGURE 76. *Contracaecum rudolphii Hartwich, 1964. A. L3, anterior end, lateral view; B. L3, posterior end, lateral view. (Redrawn from Bartlett 1996)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.