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562 results for “genetic divergences”
Figure 10. Gonostyli. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 10. Gonostyli. A, Pseudoanthidium nanum (Thüringen, Germany); B, P. scapulare (Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone, France); C, P. tenellum (Krasnoperekopsk, Crimea).
Figure 8. Lectotype Icteranthidium floripetum A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 8. Lectotype Icteranthidium floripetum A, face; B, dorsal view; C, labels; D, vertex; E, T1–T3.
Figure 18. Gonostyli, Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 18. Gonostyli, Pseudoanthidium stigmaticorne. A, Cape Lukull, Crimea; B, Bet She'an, Israel; C, Agadir, Morocco; D, Restinclières, France; E, Cacela Velha, Portugal; F, Seui, Sardinia.
Figure 25. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 25. A, Pseudoanthidium canariense, female (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); B, P. tropicum, female (Bandar Abbas, Iran); C, P. canariense, male (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); D, P. tropicum, male (Bandar Abbas, Iran); E, T7, P. canariense (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); F, T7, P. tropicum (Bandar Abbas, Iran).
Figure 7. Lectotype, Anthidium sinuatum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 7. Lectotype, Anthidium sinuatum. A, lateral view; B, labels; C, metasoma; D, T5–T6; E, mesonotum.
Figure 21. Dorsal habitus, females.A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 21. Dorsal habitus, females.A, vertex Pseudoanthidium tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); B, vertex P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel); C, mesonotum P. tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); D, mesonotum P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel); E, metasoma P. tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); F, metasoma P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel).
Figure 6 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 6. Palaearctic distribution of A, Pseudoanthidium nanum; B, P. scapulare; C, P. stigmaticorne; D, P. tenellum.
Figure 24 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 24. Third coxal tooth (circled by white ring), Pseudoanthidium cribratum, male. A, ventral view (Damascus, Syria); B, lateral view (Yasuj, Iran).
Figure 16. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium karakalense. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 16. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium karakalense. A, labels; B, dorsal view; C, latero-ventral view S2; D, gonostyli; E, S8; F, S3; G, S4; H, S5 (showing sternal combs), S6.
Figure 2 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 2. Best-scoring maximum likelihood tree based on analysis of COI data. Numbers shown at nodes are maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 1000 bootstrap replicates in RAxML. Only bootstrap values greater than 50% are shown. Terminals are labelled with a DNA extraction code, species name, collection locality and either as male (m) or female (f). Barcodes were obtained using Sanger sequencing technology, except for those corresponding to specimens 1802 and 1805, which were obtained from non-UCE assemblies generated during UCE sequencing. A, Pseudoanthidium tenellum, Burgenland, Austria (m), photo Bernhard Jacobi; B, P. cribratum, Bukhara, Uzbekistan (f), photo Jessica Litman; C, P. canariense, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (m), photo Jessica Litman; D, P. stigmaticorne, Crimea, Russia, photo Alexander V. Fateryga; E, P. scapulare, Portugal, photo Ian Cross; F, P. nanum, photo Entomologie/Botanik, ETH Zürich / Albert Krebs; G, P. palestinicum, photo Jessica Litman.
Genotype data for: Population genetics reveals divergent lineages and ongoing hybridization in a declining migratory fish species complex
<p>Deciphering the effects of historical and recent demographic processes responsible for the spatial patterns of genetic diversity and structure is a key objective in evolutionary and conservation biology. Using population genetic analyses, we investigated the demographic history, the contemporary genetic diversity and structure, and the occurrence of hybridization and introgression of two species of anadromous fish with contrasting life history strategies and which have undergone recent demographic declines, the allis shad (<em>Alosa alosa</em>) and the twaite shad (<em>Alosa fallax</em>). We genotyped 706 individuals from 20 rivers and 5 sites at sea in Southern Europe at thirteen microsatellite markers. Genetic structure between populations was lower for the nearly semelparous species <em>A. alosa</em>, which disperses greater distances compared to the iteroparous species, <em>A. fallax</em>. Individuals caught at sea were assigned at the river level for <em>A. fallax</em> and at the region level for A. alosa. Using an approximate Bayesian computation framework, we inferred that the most likely long term historical divergence scenario between both species and lineages involved historical separation followed by secondary contact accompanied by strong population size decline. Accordingly, we found evidence for contemporary hybridization and bidirectional introgression due to gene flow between both species and lineages. Moreover, our results support the existence of at least one distinct species in the Mediterrannean sea: <em>A. agone</em> in Golfe du Lion area, and another divergent lineage in Corsica. Overall, our results shed light on the interplay between historical and recent demographic processes and life history strategies in shaping population genetic diversity and structure of closely related species. The recent demographic decline of these species' populations and their hybridization should be carefully considered while implementing conservation programs.</p>
Is species richness mediated by functional and genetic divergence? A global analysis in birds
<p class="MsoNormal">Unravelling why species richness varies shows such dramatic spatial variation is an ongoing challenge. Common to many theories is that increasing species richness requires a compensatory trade-off on an axis of species' ecology. Spatial variation in species richness may also affect genetic diversity if large numbers of coexisting, related species result in smaller population sizes. Here, we test whether increasing species richness results in differential occupation of morphospace by the constituent species, or decreases species' genetic diversity. We test for two potential mechanisms of morphological accommodation: denser packing in ecomorphological space, and expansion of the space. We then test whether species differ in their nucleotide diversity depending on allopatry or sympatry with relatives, indicative of potential genetic consequences of coexistence that would reduce genetic diversity in sympatry. We ask these questions in a spatially explicit framework, using a global database of avian functional trait measurements in combination with >120,000 sequences downloaded from GenBank. We find that higher species richness within families is not systematically correlated with either packing in morphological space or overdispersion but, at the Class level, we find a general positive relationship between packing and species richness, but that packing is comparatively greater in tropical points relative to their species richness. We find limited evidence that geographical co-occurrence with closely related species or tropical distributions decreases nucleotide diversity of nuclear genes; however, this requires further analysis. Our results suggest that avian families can accumulate species regionally with minimal tradeoffs or cost, implying that external biotic factors do not limit species richness.</p>
Figure 27. Dorsal habitus, females. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 27. Dorsal habitus, females. A, vertex Pseudoanthidium kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); B, vertex P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan); C, mesonotum P. kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); D, mesonotum P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan); E, metasoma P. kaspareki (Between Kula and Usak, Turkey); F, metasoma P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 25. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 25. A, Pseudoanthidium canariense, female (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); B, P. tropicum, female (Bandar Abbas, Iran); C, P. canariense, male (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); D, P. tropicum, male (Bandar Abbas, Iran); E, T7, P. canariense (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); F, T7, P. tropicum (Bandar Abbas, Iran).
Figure 23. Gonostyli. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 23. Gonostyli. A, Pseudoanthidium palestinicum (Nahal Keziv, Israel); B, P. cribratum (Karatau, Kazakhstan); C, P. canariense (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands); D, P. tropicum (Bandar Abbas, Iran); E, P. kaspareki (Side, Turkey); F, P. rozeni (Hanna, Pakistan).
Figure 22 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 22. Distribution of A, Pseudoanthidium palestinicum; B, P. cribratum; C, P. canariense; D, P. tropicum.
Figure 24 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 24. Third coxal tooth (circled by white ring), Pseudoanthidium cribratum, male. A, ventral view (Damascus, Syria); B, lateral view (Yasuj, Iran).
Figure 21. Dorsal habitus, females.A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 21. Dorsal habitus, females.A, vertex Pseudoanthidium tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); B, vertex P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel); C, mesonotum P. tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); D, mesonotum P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel); E, metasoma P. tenellum (Pestszentimre, Hungary); F, metasoma P. palestinicum (Rehovot, Israel).
Figure 20. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium eversmanni. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 20. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium eversmanni. A, dorsal view; B, ventral metasoma; C, labels; D, S5 showing sternal combs; E, S7.
Figure 19. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium tenellum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 19. Lectotype Pseudoanthidium tenellum. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, T1–T3; D, labels.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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