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407 results for “greenhouses”
The interplay between climate warming driven by greenhouse gas emissions and the ecotoxicological effects of microplastics: Insights from a meta-analysis
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Laboratory mesocosm data measuring the impact of bioturbation frequency on greenhouse gas emissions from reservoir sediments
Inland aquatic systems are major global contributors to the atmospheric carbon budget through greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, although the amount and form of carbon released varies widely across and within systems. Bioturbation of aquatic sediments can impact biogeochemical conditions and physically release sediment-bound bubbles containing GHGs, but variation in the frequency of such disturbance may modify the rate and composition of resulting GHG emissions. We hypothesized that an intermediate bioturbation frequency would result in the greatest methane (CH4) releases due to mechanical release of trapped bubbles, while frequent disturbance would result in greater diffusive carbon dioxide (CO2) releases relative to CH4, due to increased aeration of the sediment. We tested this bioturbation frequency hypothesis using laboratory mesocosms containing homogenized reservoir sediment. We used mechanical disturbance to simulate bioturbation at 3, 7, 14, or 21-day intervals; a control treatment was undisturbed for the duration of the experiment. We measured GHG emission (ebullition and diffusion) rates. An intermediate frequency of disturbance (7 days) produced the highest total GHG emission rate, while the most frequent disturbance interval (3 days) and least frequent interval (0 days) reduced overall GHG emissions relative to weekly disturbance by 24% and 15%, respectively. These patterns were primarily driven by differences in CH4 ebullition. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no relationship between disturbance frequency and diffusive CO2 emissions. For all disturbance treatments, the majority of ebullition occurred during disturbance events, suggesting mechanical release of entrapped bubbles is an important emission mechanism. The frequency of disturbance has variable effects on GHG emissions and may explain conflicting results in prior studies of bioturbation. Our study provides insight into bioturbation as a driver of within-system variation in GHG emissions and h
Growth, gas exchange and hydraulic conductivity of greenhouse grown willows under pre-drought conditions: Investigating patterns of habitat specialization in fifteen co-occurring willow and poplar species.
Thirteen willow (Salix) species occur in southeastern Minnesota and often co-occur within the same wetlands. This high local diversity is challenging to explain since closely related species are often functionally similar and density-dependent interactions such as competition and susceptibility to pests and pathogens should limit their co-occurrence. However, if willow species are partitioning resources, or if they are phylogenetically structured so that closely related species rarely co-occur, then the impact of these density-dependent processes could be reduced. In this study, I examined the role of niche partitioning in maintaining local willow diversity by documenting species distributions in plots across a water availability gradient and comparing species physiology in the field and greenhouse. By taking a phylogenetic approach, I also investigated whether willow communities exhibit phylogenetic community structure and whether there is evidence for environmental filtering.
Functional traits measured in a greenhouse common garden: Investigating patterns of habitat specialization in fifteen co-occurring willow and poplar species.
Thirteen willow (Salix) species occur in southeastern Minnesota and often co-occur within the same wetlands. This high local diversity is challenging to explain since closely related species are often functionally similar and density-dependent interactions such as competition and susceptibility to pests and pathogens should limit their co-occurrence. However, if willow species are partitioning resources, or if they are phylogenetically structured so that closely related species rarely co-occur, then the impact of these density-dependent processes could be reduced. In this study, I examined the role of niche partitioning in maintaining local willow diversity by documenting species distributions in plots across a water availability gradient and comparing species physiology in the field and greenhouse. By taking a phylogenetic approach, I also investigated whether willow communities exhibit phylogenetic community structure and whether there is evidence for environmental filtering.
Greenhouse test of pesticide effects on plant growth:Natural Enemies, Plant Diversity and Plant Community Composition
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the influences of natural enemies, including plant pathogenic fungi and insect pests, influence plant community composition, productivity, and diversity over time. The experiment is being conducted in a subset of plots within the Big Biodiversity field, including monoculture, 2-species, 4-species, 8-species, 16-species, and 32-species plots. There are 5 different treatments: foliar fungicide, soil drench fungicide, foliar insecticide, the combination of all pesticides, and nontreated control. The pesticides are applied repeatedly throughout the growing season. Within the plots, community productivity, species composition, percent cover, and pest damage are being quantified over time.
Data from: Reported U.S. Wild Game Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings
<p>These two tables present raw data utilized to calculated greenhouse gas savings associated with hunting within the US. Appendix I shows the estimated numbers of "big game" animals legally harvested in each state and the mean yield from each species. Appendix II shows total number of migratory waterfowl harvested in the US and the mean yield for each species. Both of these tables refer to the paper "Reported US Wild Game Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Savings" published in Human Dimensions of Wildlife.</p>
Data offspring performance following two-donor crosses at different floral stages and with different competitor types in greenhouse studies of Collinsia heterophylla
<p>Data on two offspring performance traits (seeds per capsule and flower number) in greenhouse studies of Collinsia heterophylla to investigate indirect benefits of mate choice. We performed two-donor pollinations during successive floral stages and with different competitor types (outcross and self) to assess how stigma receptivity and two pollen traits known to affect siring success influence offspring performance. We also investigated the link between seed production in mothers and offspring as an indication of heritability of this trait, and differential resource allocation by studying the influence of sibling performance in the same capsule.</p>
Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions data of activated carbon production using different biomass
<p>This dataset includes the energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas emissions data of activated carbon production using 73 different types of woody biomass.</p> <p>Understanding the environmental implications of activated carbon (AC) produced from diverse biomass feedstocks is critical for biomass screening and process optimization for sustainability. Many studies have developed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for biomass-derived AC. However, most of them either focused on individual biomass species with differing process conditions or compared multiple biomass feedstocks without investigating the impacts of feedstocks and process variations. Developing LCA for AC from diverse biomass is time-consuming and challenging due to the lack of process data (e.g., energy and mass balance).</p> <p>This study addresses these knowledge gaps by developing a modeling framework that integrates artificial neural network (ANN), a machine learning approach, and kinetic-based process simulation. The integrated framework is able to generate Life Cycle Inventory data of AC produced from 73 different types of woody biomass with 250 characterization data samples. The results show large variations in energy consumption and GHG emissions across different biomass species (43.4–277 MJ/kg AC and 3.96–22.0 kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq/kg AC). The sensitivity analysis indicates that biomass composition (e.g., hydrogen and oxygen content) and process operational conditions (e.g., activation temperature) have large impacts on energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with AC production.</p>
Targeting diamondback moth in greenhouses by attracting specific native parasitoids with herbivory-induced plant volatiles
<p>We investigated whether recruitment of specific parasitoids using a specific blend of synthetic herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) could be a novel method of pest control in greenhouses. In the Miyama rural area in Kyoto, Japan,diamondback moth (DBM) (<i>Plutella xylostella</i>) larvae are an important pest of cruciferous crops in greenhouses, and <i>Cotesia vestalis</i>, a larval parasitoid of DBM, are found in the surrounding areas. Dispensers of HIPVs that attracted <i>C. vestalis</i> and honey feeders were set inside greenhouses (treated greenhouses). The monthly incidence of DBM in the treated greenhouses was significantly lower than that in the untreated greenhouses across a two-year period. The monthly incidences of <i>C. vestalis</i> and DBM were not significantly different in the untreated greenhouses, whereas the monthly incidence of <i>C. vestalis</i> was significantly higher than that of DBM in the treated greenhouses. Poisson regression analyses showed that, in both years, a significantly higher number of <i>C. vestalis</i> was recorded in the treated greenhouses than in the untreated greenhouses when the number of DBM adults increased. We concluded that DBM was suppressed more effectively by <i>C. vestalis</i> in the treated greenhouses than in the untreated greenhouses.</p>
FIGURES 1–6 in A new species of Bithoracochaeta Stein (Diptera: Muscidae) with comments on Mexican species of the genus and their implication as possible biocontrol agents for greenhouses pests
FIGURES 1–6. Bithoracochaeta couriae sp. nov. 1. Male, lateral view of thorax showing setae on anepisternum and katepisternum. 2. Male, sternite 5. 3-6. Male terminalia (Holotype). 3. Cercal plate, surstyli and epandrium, dorsal view. 4. Cercal plate, surstyli and epandrium, left lateral view. 5. Aedeagus, dorsal view. 6. Aedeagus, lateral view. Abbreviations: Aede= aedeagus; Anst= anepisternum; Cept= cercal plate; Epan= epandrium; Pregt= pregonite; Hypa= hypandrium; Ktst= katepisternum; Surs= surstylus.
FIGURES 7–8 in A new species of Bithoracochaeta Stein (Diptera: Muscidae) with comments on Mexican species of the genus and their implication as possible biocontrol agents for greenhouses pests
FIGURES 7–8. Bithoracochaeta couriae sp. nov. 7. Male feeding upside down. 8. Female feeding on Psychodidae.
Data from: Canopy soil greenhouse gas dynamics in response to indirect fertilization across an elevation gradient of tropical montane forests
Canopy soils can significantly contribute to aboveground labile biomass, especially in tropical montane forests. Whether they also contribute to the exchange of greenhouse gases is unknown. To examine the importance of canopy soils to tropical forest-soil greenhouse gas exchange, we quantified gas fluxes from canopy soil cores along an elevation gradient with 4 yr of nutrient addition to the forest floor. Canopy soil contributed 5–12 percent of combined (canopy + forest floor) soil CO2 emissions but CH4 and N2O fluxes were low. At 2000 m, phosphorus decreased CO2 emissions (>40%) and nitrogen slightly increased CH4 uptake and N2O emissions. Our results show that canopy soils may contribute significantly to combined soil greenhouse gas fluxes in montane regions with high accumulations of canopy soil. We also show that changes in fluxes could occur with chronic nutrient deposition.
Data from: Technical note: rapid image-based field methods improve the quantification of termite mound structures and greenhouse-gas fluxes
Termite mounds (TMs) mediate biogeochemical processes with global relevance, such as turnover of the important greenhouse gas methane (CH4). However, the complex internal and external morphology of TMs impede an accurate quantitative description. Here we present two novel field methods, photogrammetry (PG) and cross-section image analysis, to quantify TM external and internal mound structure of 29 TMs of three termite species. Photogrammetry was used to measure epigeal volume (VE), surface area (AE) and mound basal area (AB) by reconstructing 3D models from digital photographs, and compared against a water-displacement method and the conventional approach of approximating TMs by simple geometric shapes. To describe TM internal structure, we introduce TM macro- and micro-porosity (θM and θµ), the volume fractions of macroscopic chambers, and microscopic pores in the wall material, respectively. Macro-porosity was estimated using image analysis of single TM cross-sections, and compared against full x-ray tomography (CT) scans of 17 TMs. For these TMs we present complete pore fractions to assess species-specific differences in internal structure. The PG method yielded VE nearly identical to a water-displacement method, while approximation of TMs by simple geometric shapes led to errors of 4–200 %. Likewise, using PG substantially improved the accuracy of CH4 emission estimates by 10–50 %. Comprehensive CT scanning revealed that investigated TMs have species-specific ranges of θM and θµ, but similar total porosity. Image analysis of single TM cross-sections produced good estimates of θM for species with thick walls and evenly distributed chambers. The new image-based methods allow rapid and accurate quantitative characterisation of TMs to answer ecological, physiological and biogeochemical questions. The PG method should be applied when measuring greenhouse-gas emissions from TMs to avoid large errors from inadequate shape approximations.
Data from: Using greenhouse gas fluxes to define soil functional types
Aim: Soils provide key ecosystem services and directly control ecosystem functions; thus, there is a need to define the reference state of soil functionality. Most common functional classifications are vegetation-centered, such as plant functional types (PFTs), and neglect soil characteristics and processes. We propose Soil Functional Types (SFTs) as a conceptual approach to represent and describe the functionality of soils based on characteristics of their greenhouse gas (GHG) flux dynamics. Methods: We used automated measurements of CO2, CH4 and N2O soil fluxes in a forested area to define SFTs as surface areas with similar GHG dynamics. We performed mixed effects models, and independent cluster analyses of our environmental variables and SFT classifications. Results Unique groupings based on SFTs, but not environmental variables, supported the hypothesis that SFTs provide additional insights on the spatial variability of soil functionality beyond information represented by commonly measured soil parameters (e.g., soil moisture, soil temperature, litter biomass). Conclusions: This approach could complement vegetation-based functional classifications to better represent the broad range of ecosystem functions. A global application of the proposed SFT framework will only be possible if there is a community-wide effort to share data and create a global database of GHG emissions from soils.
Data from: Marine life in a greenhouse world: cephalopod biodiversity and biogeography during the early Late Cretaceous
Two end-member models are proposed to explain marine biotic responses to greenhouse conditions. Global warming and increasing sea level may: (1) promote dispersal of marine species, leading to larger geographic ranges and decreased speciation and biodiversity, or (2) form isolated epicontinental basins that host endemic radiations, leading to smaller geographic ranges and increased speciation and biodiversity. The Cenomanian–Turonian (C–T) interval, marked by greenhouse warming, sea level rise, ocean anoxia, and biotic turnover, presents an opportunity to test these two end-member models. In particular, how cephalopods responded to these global changes has not been clear. A global database of 7,262 cephalopod occurrences was used to evaluate biodiversity changes through the C–T interval. Both species- and genus-level diversity peaked in the Late Cenomanian. The global diversity drop across the C/T boundary was modest; rather, diversity was low during the Middle Cenomanian and Middle Turonian, times of brief cooling. Regional variations in diversity responses may reflect the degree and timing of environmental perturbations within different oceanographic settings. Surprisingly, cephalopod faunas in the European Platform, Western Interior, and South Atlantic all shifted equatorward across the C/T boundary, whereas other regions saw no change in latitudinal distributions. Global generic geographic ranges did not change through the C–T interval, but the percentage of cosmopolitan genera did increase significantly across the C/T, both globally and within the Western Interior and Europe, whereas cosmopolitans dropped in the Pacific and South Atlantic. Neither end-member model for biodiversity change in a greenhouse world is supported for C–T cephalopods, as diversity increased without an associated increase in geographic range. It may be that sea level rise and global warming led to both endemic radiations in epicontinental basins and an increase in cosmopolitan taxa in some regions, demonstrating the importance of combining global and regional scale analyses.
FIGURES 10–15 in Description and biology of Euborellia arcanum sp. nov., an alien earwig occupying greenhouses in Germany and Austria (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae)
FIGURES 10–15. Euborellia arcanum sp. nov. 10. Female with clutch of eggs. 11. 1st- instar nymph. 12. 2nd-instar nymph. 13. 3rd-instar nymph. 14. 4th-instar nymph. 15. 5th-instar nymph. All photographs from breeding culture.
FIGURES 1–9 in Description and biology of Euborellia arcanum sp. nov., an alien earwig occupying greenhouses in Germany and Austria (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae)
FIGURES 1–9. Euborellia arcanum sp. nov. 1. Habitus of male holotype. 2. Male penultimate sternite, ventral view. 3. Male genitalia. 4. Right paramere of male genitalia. 5. Detail of denticulated pads on the tip of genital lobe. 6. Tip of virga with seminal vesicle. 7. Female head and pronotum. 8. Female penultimate sternite, ventral view. 9. Ultimate tergite and forceps of female.
FIGURES 1–3. Polygonarea silvicola Lawrence, 1955 in Out of Africa: The first introduced African geophilomorph centipede record from a European greenhouse (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)
FIGURES 1–3. Polygonarea silvicola Lawrence, 1955: 1, habitus, dorsal view; 2, head, dorsal view; 3, sternites 7–10, ventral view.
Figure 3 in New species of Megastylus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae) reared from larvae of Keroplatidae fungus gnats (Diptera) in a Dutch orchid greenhouse
Figure 3. (a) Keroplatid larva parasitized by Megastylus woelkei sp. nov.ι inside the keroplatid larva the larva of M. woelkei is visible; (b) cocoon of M. woelkei sp. nov. from which the adult wasp has already emergedι scale bar 1.0 mm; (c) keroplatid pupa from orchid nurseryι scale bar 1.0 mm; (d) female of Lyprauta cambriaι one of the three probable host species for M. woelkei sp. nov.ι scale bar 1.0 mm.
Figure 2 in New species of Megastylus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae) reared from larvae of Keroplatidae fungus gnats (Diptera) in a Dutch orchid greenhouse
Figure 2. Megastylus woelkei sp. nov.ι paratype male: (a) whole insectι scale bar 0.5 mm; (b–d) variation of face colour (anterior view)ι scale bar 0.2 mm; (e) head (dorsal view)ι scale bar 0.2 mm; (f) parameres (lateral view)ι scale bar 0.2 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.