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371 results for “growth rate”
Data from: Revisiting the relative growth rate hypothesis for gymnosperm and angiosperm species co‐occurrence
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Collateral benefits of targeted supplementary feeding on demography and growth rate of a threatened population
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Raw data used in: Variations in effects of ectosymbiotic microbes on the growth rates among different species and genotypes of Daphnia fed different algal diets
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Data from: Creosote growth rate and reproduction increase in post-fire environments
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Latitudinal cline of larval growth rate and its proximate mechanisms in a rhinoceros beetle
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Data from: Suppression of the invasive plant mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha) by local crop sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) by means of higher growth rate and competition for soil nutrients
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Alpine and Arctic tundra shrub populations show similar ontogenetic growth trends but differing absolute growth rates and lifespan
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Data from: Combined effects of cold snaps and agriculture on the growth rates of Tree Swallows (<em>Tachycineta bicolor</em>)
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Pico-phytoplankton abundance, growth and grazing rates along 110°E in the eastern Indian Ocean
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Investigating the relationship between tree stem respiration and growth rate
<b>Description: </b><p>This study was conducted at the Maliau Basin Conservation area (4.747°, 116.970°) in an old-growth forest, the Belian plot. The sample consisted of ten trees of variety of species and a range of growth rates. Sampling took place over 3 consecutive days (18/02/2020 - 20/02/2020) to compile a 24-hour cycle due to logistical constrains impeding continuous measurement. Stem Respiration was measured hourly using a closed chamber EGM-4 Infrared Gas Analyser. Each tree has a 5cm long PVC collar with a 10.6cm internal diameter sealed with glue at 1.1m height. For each measurement, the chamber was flushed and collar fanned to remove stagnant air. The chamber was then sealed onto the PVC collar and Rs measured for 120 seconds. The raw measurements provides CO2 concentration (ppm), the results were then downloaded and filtered to remove initial stabilisation period and outliers using the R package "egm_r_tools" (see https://github.com/davidorme/egm_r_tools), with the ideal measurement being a linear slope with minimal residuals. The filtered efflux slope for each tree was then scaled to hourly and summed to give a daily total per tree. Out of the 24-hour period, two hour slots were missing (14:00 and 04:00) due to logistical constraints .</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/152"><b>MRes Tropical Forest Ecology Field Course</b></a></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3952832">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: Stem_Resp_TFE2020.xlsx</p><p><b>Stem_Resp_TFE2020.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 4 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Respiration_data_corrected</b> (described in worksheet Respiration_data_corrected)</p><p>Description: 24 hour observations of CO2 flux patterns corrected using egm-r-tools R package</p><p>Number of fields: 7</p><p>Number of data rows: 240</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>date</b>: Calendar date (Field type: date)</li><li><b>hour</b>: Hour in which the measurement was taken and represents (Field type: time)</li><li><b>tree_tag</b>: ID number of tree sampled (Field type: id)</li><li><b>corrected_flux</b>: EGM corrected flux using egm_r_tools R package (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>subplot</b>: Subplot number within Belian Plot (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Subplot_code</b>: Subplot (Field type: location)</li><li><b>EGM_unit</b>: Number of EGM unit used (Field type: id)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Respiration_data_uncorrected</b> (described in worksheet Respiration_data_uncorrected)</p><p>Description: Raw uncorrected 24 hour observations of CO2 flux patterns from EGM machine</p><p>Number of fields: 5</p><p>Number of data rows: 219</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>date</b>: Calendar date (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Time</b>: time respiration measurement was taken (Field type: time)</li><li><b>tree_tag</b>: ID number of tree sampled (Field type: id)</li><li><b>EGM_Record_No</b>: file number of measurement taken on EGM (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>CO2_Concentration</b>: Measured CO2 (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Tree_data</b> (described in worksheet Tree_data)</p><p>Description: Description of tree information for sampled trees</p><p>Number of fields: 10</p><p>Number of data rows: 10</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Plot</b>: SAFE Project plot code (Field type: location)</li><li><b>tree_tag</b>: ID number of tree sampled (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Species</b>: Species of tree (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>WoodDensity</b>: Estimated wood density of tree (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Census_date1</b>: Calendar date of most recent census (Field type: date)</li><li><b>D.POM_cm1</b>: Diamater of tree at measurement point at census 1 (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Height_m</b>: Height of tree (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>H.POM_m</b>: Height at which tree diameter is measured (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Census_date2</b>: Calendar date of previous census (Field type: date)</li><li><b>D.POM_cm2</b>: Diamater of tree at measurement point at census 2 (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Hourly_data</b> (described in worksheet Hourly_data)</p><p>Description: Hourly records of temperature and weather observations during the study</p><p>Number of fields: 4</p><p>Number of data rows: 24</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Date</b>: Calendar date (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Hour</b>: Hour of which measurments were taken (Field type: time)</li><li><b>Temperature (DegC)</b>: Air temperature (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Weather_Observations</b>: weather observations (Field type: comments)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2018-08-21 to 2020-02-20</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.7467 to 4.7480</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.9693 to 116.9706</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Plantae <br> -  -  Tracheophyta <br> -  -  -  Magnoliopsida <br> -  -  -  -  Ericales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ebenaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros pilosanthera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapotaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena microphylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Laurales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lauraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon zwageri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Malvales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dipterocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Magnoliales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Annonaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia sumatrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Sapindales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia odoratissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia silvestris</i> <br></div><p></p>
Metabolic rates and growth data for: Do small precocial birds enter torpor to conserve energy during development?
<p>Precocial birds hatch feathered and mobile, but when they become fully endothermic soon after hatching, their heat loss is high and they may become energy-depleted. These chicks could benefit from using energy-conserving torpor, which is characterised by controlled reductions of metabolism and body temperature (T<sub>b</sub>). We investigated at what age the precocial king quail <i>Cortunix chinensis</i> can defend a high T<sub>b</sub> under a mild thermal challenge and whether they can express torpor soon after achieving endothermy to overcome energetic and thermal challenges. Measurements of surface temperature (T<sub>s</sub>) using an infrared thermometer showed that king quail chicks are partially endothermic at 2-10 days, but can defend high T<sub>b</sub> at a body mass of ~13 g. Two chicks expressed shallow nocturnal torpor at 14 and 17 days for 4 to 5 hours with a reduction of metabolism by > 40% and another approached torpor threshold. Although chicks were able to rewarm endogenously from the first torpor bout, metabolism and T<sub>s</sub> decreased again by the end of the night, but they rewarmed passively when removed from the chamber. The total metabolic rate increased with body mass. All chicks measured showed a greater reduction of nocturnal metabolism than previously reported in quails. Our data show that shallow torpor can be expressed during the early postnatal phase of quails, when thermoregulatory efficiency is still developing, but heat loss is high. We suggest that torpor may be a common strategy for overcoming challenging conditions during the development in small precocial and not only altricial birds.</p>
Data from: Size evolution in microorganisms masks trade-offs predicted by the growth rate hypothesis
Adaptation to local resource availability depends on responses in growth rate and nutrient acquisition. The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) suggests that growing fast should impair competitive abilities for phosphorus and nitrogen due to high demand for biosynthesis. However, in microorganisms, size influences both growth and uptake rates, which may mask trade-offs and instead generate a positive relationship between these traits (size hypothesis, SH). Here, we evolved a gradient of maximum growth rate (μmax) from a single bacterium ancestor to test the relationship among μmax, competitive ability for nutrients and cell size, while controlling for evolutionary history. We found a strong positive correlation between μmax and competitive ability for phosphorus, associated with a trade-off between μmax and cell size: strains selected for high μmax were smaller and better competitors for phosphorus. Our results strongly support the SH, while the trade-offs expected under GRH were not apparent. Beyond plasticity, unicellular populations can respond rapidly to selection pressure through joint evolution of their size and maximum growth rate. Our study stresses that physiological links between these traits tightly shape the evolution of competitive strategies.
Data from: Resource availability and sexual size dimorphism: differential effects of prey abundance on the growth rates of tropical snakes
1. Broad phylogenetic patterns in sexual size dimorphism (SSD) are shaped by sex differences in net selection pressures (e.g., sexual selection, fecundity selection, survival selection), but environmental and ecological factors can also affect the expression of SSD. 2. Discussions of proximate ecological influences on SSD have focused on niche divergence; for example, increase in a prey type used by only one sex can elevate growth rates of that sex but not the other. Food limitation also can generate spatial and temporal variation in SSD. Under restricted prey abundance, curtailed growth may mask SSD even if the optimal size is greater for one sex than the other. Because an increase in food availability then elicits increased feeding and growth by the sex that benefits more from increased body size, variation in prey abundance can generate variation in SSD. 3. We used mark-recapture methods to study growth rates relative to prey (frog) abundance in two species of sexually dimorphic colubrid snake species in tropical Australia. 4. In Slatey-grey snakes (Stegonotus cucullatus), a species in which larger body size enhances reproductive output in both sexes (because larger males win combat bouts, and larger females produce more / heavier eggs), increased abundance of frogs caused equivalent increases in growth rates in both sexes, and hence did not affect SSD. In Keelbacks (Tropidonophis mairii), a species in which larger size enhances reproductive output in females more than males (reflecting a lack of male-male combat), increased abundance of frogs elicited higher growth rates of females only. Thus, SSD in Keelbacks was modified by prey abundance. 5. Our results show that the magnitude of sex differences in adult body size can be influenced by proximate environmental factors, and support the hypothesis of sex-specific targets for maximum feeding rates.
Data from: Rapid shifts in the thermal sensitivity of growth but not development rate causes temperature-size response variability during ontogeny in arthropods
Size at maturity in ectotherms commonly declines with warming. This near-universal phenomenon, formalised as the temperature-size rule, has been observed in over 80% of tested species, from bacteria to fish. The proximate cause has been attributed to the greater temperature dependence of development rate than growth rate, causing individuals to develop earlier but mature smaller in the warm. However, few studies have examined the ontogenetic progression of the temperature-size response at high resolution. Using marine planktonic copepods, we experimentally determined the progression of the temperature-size response over ontogeny. Temperature-size responses were not generated gradually from egg to adult, contrary to the predictions of a naïve model in which development rate was assumed to be more temperature-dependent than growth rate, and the difference in the temperature dependence of these two rates remained constant over ontogeny. Instead, the ontogenetic progression of the temperature-size response in experimental animals was highly episodic, indicating rapid changes in the extent to which growth and development rates are thermally decoupled. The strongest temperature-size responses occurred temporally mid-way through ontogeny, corresponding with the point at which individuals reached between ~5- 25% of their adult mass. Using the copepod Oithona nana, we show that the temperature-dependence of growth rate varied substantially throughout ontogeny, whereas the temperature dependence of development rate remained constant. The temperature-dependence of growth rate even exceeded that of development rate in some life stages, leading to a weakening of the temperature-size response. Our analyses of arthropod temperature-size responses from the literature, including crustaceans and insects, support these conclusions more broadly. Overall, our findings provide a better understanding of how the temperature-size rule is produced over ontogeny. Whereas we find support for the generality of developmental rate isomorphy in arthropods (shared temperature dependence of development rate across life stages), this concept should not apply to growth rates.
Data from: Paleohistological estimation of bone growth rate in extinct archosaurs
The clade Archosauria contains two very different sister groups in terms of diversity (number of species) and disparity (phenotypic variation): Crurotarsi (taxa more closely related to crocodiles than to birds) and Ornithodira (pterosaurs and dinosaurs including birds). The extant species of Crurotarsi may constitute a biased sample of past biodiversity regarding growth patterns and metabolic rates. Bone histological characters can be conserved over hundreds of millions of years in the fossil record and potentially contain information about individual age at death, age at sexual maturity, bone growth rates, and basal metabolic rates of extinct vertebrates. Using a sample of extant amniotes, we have constructed a paleobiological model to estimate bone growth rate from bone histological traits. Cross-validation tests show that this model is reliable. We then used it to estimate bone growth rates in a sample of extinct archosaurs including Crurotarsi and Ornithodira. After testing for phylogenetic signal, optimization of femoral growth rates through squared change parsimony onto a time-calibrated tree of amniotes shows two divergent evolutionary trends: whereas bone growth rates increase from the last common ancestor of Ornithodira to extant birds, they decrease from the last common ancestor of Crurotarsi to extant crocodiles. However, we conclude, on the basis of recent evidence for unidirectional airflow in the lungs of alligators, that crocodiles may have retained the capacity of growing at high rates.
Data from: A genotypic trade-off between constitutive resistance to viral infection and host growth rate
Genotypic trade-offs are fundamental to the understanding of the evolution of life-history traits. In particular, the evolution of optimal host defence and the maintenance of variation in defence against infectious disease is thought to be underpinned by such evolutionary trade-offs. However, empirical demonstrations of these trade-offs that satisfy the strict assumptions made by theoretical models are rare. Additionally, none of these trade-offs have yet been shown to be robustly replicable using a variety of different experimental approaches to rule out confounding issues with particular experimental designs. Here, we use inbred isolines as a novel experimental approach to test whether a trade-off between viral resistance and growth rate in Plodia interpunctella, previously demonstrated by multiple selection experiments, is robust and meets the strict criteria required to underpin theoretical work in this field. Critically, we demonstrate that this trade-off is both genetic and constitutive. This finding helps support the large body of theory which relies on these assumptions, and makes this trade-off for resistance unique in being replicated through multiple experimental approaches and definitively shown to be genetic and constitutive.
Data from: The genetic architecture of growth rate in juvenile Takifugu species.
Closely related species have often evolved dramatic differences in body size. Takifugu rubripes (fugu) is a large marine pufferfish whose genome has been sequenced, whereas T. niphobles is the smallest species among Takifugu. We show that, unsurprisingly, the juvenile growth rate of T. rubripes is higher than that of T. niphobles in a laboratory setting. We produced F2 progenies of their F1 hybrids and found one quantitative trait locus (QTL) significantly associated with variation in juvenile body size. This QTL region (3.5 Mb) contains no known genes directly related to growth phenotype (such as IGFs) except Fgf21, which inhibits growth hormone signaling in mouse. The QTL in Takifugu spp. is distinct from the region previously known to control body size variations in stickleback or tilapia. Our results suggest that in the fish tested herein, genomic regions underlying body size evolution might have different genetic origins. They also suggest that many diverse traits in Takifugu spp. are amenable to genetic mapping.
Data from: Do parasites and antioxidant availability affect begging behaviour, growth rate and resistance to oxidative stress?
Early-life trade-offs faced by developing offspring can have long-term consequences for their future fitness. Young offspring use begging displays to solicit resources from their parents and have been selected to grow fast to maximize survival. However, growth and begging behaviour are generally traded-off against self-maintenance. Oxidative stress, a physiological mediator of life-history trade-offs, may play a major role in this trade-off by constraining, or being costly to, growth and begging behaviour. Yet, despite implications for the evolution of life-history strategies and parent-offspring conflicts, the interplay between growth, begging behaviour and resistance to oxidative stress remains to be investigated. We experimentally challenged wild great tit (Parus major) offspring by infesting nests with a common ectoparasite, the hen flea (Ceratophyllus gallinae), and simultaneously tested for compensating effects of increased vitamin E availability, a common dietary antioxidant. We further quantified the experimental treatment effects on offspring growth, begging intensity and oxidative stress. Flea-infested nestlings of both sexes showed reduced body mass during the first half of the nestling phase but this effect vanished short before fledging. Begging intensity and oxidative stress of both sexes were unaffected by both experimental treatments. Feeding rates were not affected by the experimental treatments but parents of flea-infested nests fed nestlings with a higher proportion of caterpillars, the main source of antioxidants. Additionally, female nestlings begged significantly less than males in control nests, while both sexes begged at similar rates in vitamin E supplemented nests. Our study shows that a parasite exposure does not necessarily affect oxidative stress levels or begging intensity, but suggests that parents can compensate for negative effects of parasitism by modifying food composition. Furthermore, our results indicate that the begging capacity of the less competitive sex is constrained by antioxidant availability.
Data from: Nonlinear averaging of thermal experience predicts population growth rates in a thermally variable environment
As thermal regimes change worldwide, projections of future population and species persistence often require estimates of how population growth rates depend on temperature. These projections rarely account for how temporal variation in temperature can systematically modify growth rates relative to projections based on constant temperatures. Here,we tested the hypothesis that time-averaged population growth rates in fluctuating thermal environments differ from growth rates in constant conditions as a consequence of Jensen's inequality, and that the thermal performance curves (TPCs) describing population growth in fluctuating environments can be predicted quantitatively based on TPCs generated in constant lab conditions. With experimental populations of the green alga Tetraselmis tetrahele, we show that nonlinear averaging techniques accurately predicted increased as well as decreased population growth rates influctuating thermal regimes relative to constant thermal regimes. We extrapolate from these results to project critical temperatures for population growth and persistence of 89 phytoplankton species in naturally variable thermal environments. These results advance our ability to predict population dynamics in the context of global change.
Data from: Generation time, net reproductive rate, and growth in stage-age structured populations
Major insights into the relationship between life-history features and fitness have come from Lotka's proof that population growth rate is determined by the level (expected amount) of reproduction and the average timing of reproduction of an individual. But this classical result is limited to age-structured populations. Here we generalize this result to populations structured by stage and age by providing a new, unique measure of reproductive timing (Tc) that, along with net reproductive rate (R0), has a direct mathematical relationship to and approximates growth rate (r). We use simple examples to show how reproductive timing Tc and level R0 are shaped by stage dynamics (individual trait changes), selection on the trait, and parent-offspring phenotypic correlation. We also show how population structure can affect dispersion in reproduction among ages and stages. These macroscopic features of the life history determine population growth rate r and reveal a complex interplay of trait dynamics, timing, and level of reproduction. Our results contribute to a new framework of population and evolutionary dynamics in stage-and-age-structured populations.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.