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458 results for “incubator”
Carbon respiration from soil incubation:BioCON : Biodiversity, Elevated CO2, and N Enrichment
BioCON (Biodiversity, CO2, and Nitrogen) is an ecological experiment started in 1997 at the University of Minnesota's Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve. BioCON's goal is to explore the ways in which plant communities will respond to three environmental changes that are known to be occurring on a global scale: increasing nitrogen deposition, increasing atmospheric CO2, and decreasing biodiversity. Why Biodiversity, CO2, and Nitrogen? While there are many uncertainties in global change biology, there are also some well documented facts. Some of these are: 1. The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is rising. Since the industrial revolution, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased from approximately 275 parts per million (ppm) to about 378 ppm today. This has been largely the result of fossil fuel burning. It is expected that CO2 levels will continue to rise, and that by the year 2050 these levels will be approximately 550 ppm. CO2 is the raw material for photosynthesis and is known to affect plant growth and development. 2. The amount of nitrogen moving through terrestrial ecosystems has increased in the recent past. While natural "background" levels of nitrogen fixation have remained constant, human additions to the system through fertilizer production and fossil fuel use have increased dramatically. Nitrogen is a key nutrient for plant growth and plays a critical role in plant community structure and composition in many environments. 3. Biodiversity levels are falling. While the research and data are not as complete as they are for CO2 and nitrogen, data indicate that the number of species globally, is being reduced. Perhaps more important for ecosystem function, diversity levels on local to regional scales have fallen due to land use change, biotic invasion and many other drivers. While much is known about how each of these factors affects ecosystem functioning, many questions remain. There is also little data on how these issues affe
Fig. 8 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 8. Histological section of ovary of adult female smaller than 20 cm of Genidens genidens in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Where: AF – atretic follicles; YB – yellow bodies.
Fig. 9. Relationship between fecundity and a. total length, b. total weight and c in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 9. Relationship between fecundity and a. total length, b. total weight and c. gonad weight of Genidens genidens females, in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Fig. 5 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 5. Genidens genidens reproductive cycle in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fishes images are a modification of Fischer et al. (2011).
Fig. 6 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 6. Lengths of sexual maturation for males and females of Genidens genidens in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Points are the observed values and the continuous line the calculated values.
Fig. 7 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 7. Frequency of gonad development stages of Genidens genidens females (N = 730) per total length class in Gua- nabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. There was no capture of females on lengths classes 8 cm, 42 cm and 44 cm. The values at the top indicate the number of females caught in each length class.
Fig. 3 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 3. Monthly distribution of the gonad development stages, GSI (mean ± CI) and ΔK (mean ± CI) of Genidens genidens females and males in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 2014 to January 2015. a. frequency of gonad development stages of females (N = 730); b. frequency of gonad development stages of males (N = 377); c. females GSI (N = 715); d. males GSI (N = 352); e. females ΔK (N = 715); f. males ΔK (N = 352). The values at the top of the graphs indicate the number of individuals caught each month. The juveniles were excluded from GSI and ΔK analyzes.
Fig. 4 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 4. Monthly distribution of the relative frequency (%) of Genidens genidens males (N = 377) performing oral incuba- tion of eggs and juveniles in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 2014 to January 2015. The values at the top indicate the total number of adult males caught each month.
Fig. 2 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 2. Monthly distribution of Genidens genidens males and females in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from January 2014 to January 2015. The values at the top indicate the number of individuals caught each month. (*) Signifi- cant difference (p <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Management proposal based on the timing of oral incubation of eggs and juveniles in the sentinel species Genidens genidens (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in a tropical estuary
Fig. 1. Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, indicating the sampling stations: 1- Bancários, 2- Magé, 3- Paquetá Island, 4- Fundão Island, 5- central channel. Black circles indicate artisanal fishing landing sites and white circles indicate experimental sampling sites.
Linking potential greenhouse gas and nitric oxide fluxes to soil microbial communities in incubation experiments with soil from the SAFE landscape
<b>Description: </b><p>Controlled lab experiment to measure potential GHG emissions and associated parameters from SAFE soil. Soil taken Nov 2016, lab experiment carried out Apr-May 2017. Day 0 is before fertilisation, day 1 application of NH4NO3 solution to simulate N deposition of approx. 5 kg N ha-1 y-1 . Day 15 for (OP2,OP7 and RR) application of NH4NO3 solution to simulate N deposition of approx 50 kg N ha-1 y-1.</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/126"><b>Characterising soil microbial communities and measuring associated biogeochemical fluxes</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC HMTF (Research Programme, (NE/K016091/1), <a href=" http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/"> http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/</a>)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/3 JLD.2 (115))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3897394">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: Lab_experiment_Melissa_corrected.xlsx</p><p><b>Lab_experiment_Melissa_corrected.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 2 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>parameters_repeated_measures</b> (described in worksheet parameters_repeated_measures)</p><p>Description: soil characteristics</p><p>Number of fields: 16</p><p>Number of data rows: 207</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>core_id</b>: Location measurement was taken (Field type: id)</li><li><b>site</b>: Location measurement was taken (Field type: location)</li><li><b>landuse</b>: Land use of location (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>day_of_exp</b>: day number (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>flux_CH4</b>: Soil CH4 flux (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>flux_CO2</b>: Soil CO2 flux (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>flux_N2O-N</b>: Soil N2O flux (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>flux_NO</b>: Soil NO flux (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>NH4-N</b>: Soil NH4 concentration (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>NO3-N</b>: Soil NO3 concentration (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>soil_moisture</b>: Soil moisture around the flux chamber (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>archaeal amoA</b>: Gene transcript abundance (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Proteobacteria_nirS</b>: Gene transcript abundance (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AniA_nirK</b>: Gene transcript abundance (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>nosZ-I</b>: Gene transcript abundance (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>nosZ-II</b>: Gene transcript abundance (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>parameters_one_off</b> (described in worksheet parameters_one_off)</p><p>Description: soil pH and density</p><p>Number of fields: 5</p><p>Number of data rows: 18</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>core id</b>: Location measurement was taken (Field type: id)</li><li><b>site</b>: Location measurement was taken (Field type: location)</li><li><b>landuse</b>: Land use of location (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>pH</b>: Soil pH (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>bulk_density</b>: dry weight of soil (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2016-11-01 to 2017-05-30</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p>
Using naturalistic incubation temperatures to demonstrate how variation in the timing and continuity of heat wave exposure influences phenotype
<p>Most organisms are exposed to bouts of warm temperatures during development, yet we know little about how variation in the timing and continuity of heat exposure influences biological processes. If heat waves increase in frequency and duration as predicted, it is necessary to understand how these bouts could affect thermally sensitive species, including reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). In a multi-year study using fluctuating temperatures, we exposed <i>Trachemys scripta</i> embryos to cooler, male-producing temperatures interspersed with warmer, female-producing temperatures (heat waves) that varied in either timing during development or continuity and then analyzed resulting sex ratios. We also quantified the expression of genes involved in testis differentiation (<i>Dmrt1</i>) and ovary differentiation (<i>Cyp19A1</i>) to determine how heat wave continuity affects the expression of genes involved in sexual differentiation. Heat waves applied during the middle of development produced significantly more females compared to heat waves that occurred just 7 days before or after this window, and even short gaps in the continuity of a heat wave decreased the production of females. Continuous heat exposure resulted in increased <i>Cyp19A1 </i>expression while discontinuous heat exposure failed to increase expression in either gene over a similar time course. We report that even small differences in the timing and continuity of heat waves can result in drastically different phenotypic outcomes. This strong effect of temperature occurred despite the fact that embryos were exposed to the same number of warm days during a short period of time, which highlights the need to study temperature effects under more ecologically relevant conditions where temperatures may be elevated for only a few days at a time. In the face of a changing climate, the finding that subtle shifts in temperature exposure result in substantial effects on embryonic development becomes even more critical.</p>
Wilson, et al., Functional capacities of microbial communities during anaerobic incubation
<p>These files contain the Fourier transform ion cyclostron resonance results from porewater, Fourier transform infrared results from solid phase, greenhouse gas measurements from the field (Stordalen Mire, Sweden) and their respective incubations of peat. Finally the optical results include ultra violet-visible and lfuorescence spectroscopy results from the field and the incuabtions. </p>
Data from: Magnetic field inhomogeneities due to CO 2 incubator shelves: a source of experimental confounding and variability?
A thorough assessment of the static magnetic field (SMF) inside a CO2 incubator allowed us to identify non-negligible inhomogeneities close to the floor, ceiling, walls and the door. Given that incubator's shelves are made of a non-magnetic stainless steel alloy, we did not expect any important effect of them on the SMF. Surprisingly, we did find relatively strong distortion of the SMF due to shelves. Indeed, our high-resolution maps of the SMF revealed that distortion is such that field intensities differing by a factor of up to 36 were measured on the surface of the shelf at locations only few millimetres apart from each other. Furthermore, the most intense of these fields was around five times greater than the ones found inside the incubator (without the metallic shelves in), while the lowest one was around 10 times lower, reaching the so-called hypomagnetic field range. Our findings, together with a survey of the literature on biological effects of hypomagnetic fields, soundly support the idea that SMF inhomogeneities inside incubators, especially due to shelves' holes, are a potential source of confounding and variability in experiments with cell cultures kept in an incubator.
Data from: Exposure of avian embryos to cycling incubation temperatures reduces adult bactericidal ability
In birds, the temperature at which eggs are incubated shapes many aspects of hatchling phenotype, but long-term effects are less studied. We studied the effect of incubation temperature and pattern on the subsequent development of innate immune function in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). We incubated quail eggs in one of three replicated treatments: Control (37.5°C), Low (36.0°C), and Cyclical incubation. The Cyclical treatment had the same average temperature as the Low temperature treatment (36.0°C), and an upper temperature that was the same as the Control. When individuals were 5-, 20-, and 55-days of age (i.e., adults) we measured the ability of blood plasma to kill Escherichia coli. Throughout development there was a non- significant trend for immune function to be lower in the Cycling treatment. In adulthood however, individuals incubated at Cycling temperatures had significantly lower immune function than control birds but did not differ from individuals incubated at constant low temperatures. Males and females responded similarly to the incubation treatment, but females developed a greater bactericidal ability than males. We conclude that variation in innate immune function of adult birds is shaped by temperature fluctuations experienced during incubation.
Data from: Partial incubation during egg laying reduces eggshell microbial loads in a temperate‐breeding passerine
Incubation prior to clutch completion may be adaptive if it maintains egg viability by inhibiting eggshell microbial growth, thus reducing the likelihood that the embryo becomes infected. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of partial incubation during egg laying on eggshell microbial loads in eastern bluebirds Sialia sialis breeding at a temperate‐zone site. We sampled eggshell microbes prior to and following four days of exposure to either partial incubation during the laying period or ambient environmental conditions without incubation (experimental eggs). Microbial colony counts declined significantly for eggs left in the nest during the laying period but did not vary significantly for eggs exposed to ambient conditions. Initial microbial loads were more similar to those previously reported from tropical than temperate environments, and microbes from potentially pathogenic groups were detected on 88% of first‐laid eggs on the day of laying. Egg viability was maintained when eggs were held indoors for four days without incubation but declined sharply thereafter. Our results suggest that partial incubation during egg laying may enhance egg viability in eastern bluebirds by reducing eggshell microbial loads; these effects appear stronger than those usually reported from the temperate zone.
Data from: Constant and cycling incubation temperatures have long-term effects on the morphology and metabolic rate of Japanese quail
Incubation temperature can have profound effects on growth and development of embryos and young birds. However, few studies have examined the role that cycling incubation temperature may play in phenotypic variation and whether these effects persist to adulthood. We incubated Japanese quail eggs at control temperatures (37.5°C), at low temperatures (36.0°C), and under a cyclical treatment that maintained the same average temperature as the low treatment (36.0°C) with high temperatures that were the same as the control (37.5°C) and low temperatures that still allowed for development of the embryo (28.0°C). Individuals in the low treatment group were smaller in mass and size than individuals in the control group but had an increased basal metabolic rate relative to individuals in the cyclical treatment group. Temperature cycling offset the effects of low incubation temperatures on metabolic rate and embryonic development but not the effects on adult mass and size. Although Japanese quail are sexually size dimorphic, with females larger than males, we could detect no evidence of sex-specific sensitivity to suboptimal incubation temperatures. These results highlight the importance of incubation temperature and pattern as sources of morphological and physiological variation of adult birds.
Data from: In vitro aging behavior of dental composites considering the influence of filler content, storage media and incubation time
1. Objective: Over time dental composites age due to mechanical impacts such as chewing and chemical impacts such as saliva enzymes and food ingredients. For this research, the focus was placed on chemical degradation.The objective of this study was to simulate hydrolysis by using different food simulating liquids and to assess their impact on the mechanical parameter Vickers microhardness (MHV) and the physicochemical parameter contact angle (CA). 2. Methods: Specimen of three composites (d = 6 mm, h = 2 mm; n = 435) classified with respect to their filler content (wt%), namely low-filled, medium-filled and highly-filled, were stored for 0, 14, 30, 90 and 180 days in artificial saliva (pH 7), citric acid (pH 3; pH 5), lactic acid (pH 3; pH 5) and ethanol (40 %vol; 60 %vol) and assessed regarding to MHV and CA.Statistics: Kruskal-Wallis test, stepwise linear regression, bivariate Spearman Rank Correlation (p < 0.05). 3. Results: While stored in artificial saliva, acid and ethanol the CA decreased especially for the low- and medium-filled composites. It was shown that rising the filler content caused less surface changes in the CA. Storage in ethanol led to a significant decrease of MHV of all composites. Regression analysis showed that the effect of in vitro aging on MHV was mainly influenced by the composite material and therefore by filler content (R² = 0.67; p < 0.05). In contrast, the CA is more influenced by incubation time and filler content (R² = 0.2; p < 0.05) leading to a higher risk of plaque accumulation over time. Significance: In vitro aging showed significant changes on the mechanical and physicochemical properties of dental composites which may shorten their long-term functionality. In conclusion, it can be stated, that the type of composite material, especially rising filler content seems to improve the materials' resistance against the processes of chemical degradation.
Data from: Broad-scale variation in sexual dichromatism in songbirds is not explained by sex differences in exposure to predators during incubation
The evolution of sexual dichromatism provoked one of the greatest disagreements between Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. According to Darwin the main driving force is sexual selection, whereby choosy females prefer showy males, leading to the evolution of conspicuous male plumage. On the other hand, Wallace suggested that dichromatism may arise because nest predation favors more cryptic females. To test the role of natural selection in the evolution of dichromatism we combined quantitative data on differences in parental share in nest attentiveness (representing the strength of natural selection on males vs. females) with spectrophotometric measurements of dichromatism in 412 species of songbirds from 69 families. We expected to find stronger dichromatism in open-nesting species with more divergent parental roles and in body parts exposed during incubation. Dichromatism was not related to the differences in parental share during incubation, but it was most pronounced in lekking species, migrants, and small species. Our results thus suggest that Wallace's hypothesis is not able to explain broad-scale variation in the dichromatism of songbirds, but point to a role for sexual selection, mutual mate choice, and migration strategy in shaping the extraordinary variation in dichromatism exhibited by songbirds.
Data from: The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success
The main mechanism to achieve hatching asynchrony (HA) for incubating birds is to start heating the eggs before clutch completion. This might be achieved through partial incubation and/or early incubation. Even in the absence of incubation behaviour during the laying phase, clutches still experience a certain degree of asynchrony. Recent studies have shown that eggs located in the centre of the nest receive more heat than peripheral ones during incubation. Since eggs receiving more heat would develop faster, we hypothesised that HA should be shorter in nests where eggs were moved homogeneously along the centre-periphery space during incubation compared to those nests where eggs repeatedly remained in the same locations, either centrally or peripherally. We explored the relative roles of egg repositioning and partial incubation in determining HA in wild birds by (1) removing eggs from 20 Great Tit Parus major nests on day of laying and replacing them with fake eggs to avoid partial incubation, and returning them when full incubation began; (2) monitoring twice a day the position of each individually marked egg relative to the clutch centre during incubation, and estimating the coefficient of variation of the distances (CVdistance); (3) determining HA in each nest. Preventing partial incubation reduced HA by 51% days in experimental nests. It also caused negative effects for the incubating females (lengthening the full incubation period) and positive effects for the brood (increasing fledging success). However, our hypothesis about the role of egg repositioning on HA was not supported: all the females moved the eggs with remarkable consistency, generally attaining a CVdistance around 33%, and it was not related to the HA experienced. We therefore conclude that partial incubation is an important factor regulating HA, and females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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