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Idiosyncratic shifts in life-history traits at species' geographic range edges
<p>Anthropogenic changes drive shifts in species' geographic distributions and increase the occurrence of leading or trailing-edge marginal populations. Theoretical predictions and empirical observations indicate substantial changes in life-history traits in marginal populations, often involving dispersal and reproductive abilities. Using a common garden experiment, we studied the variation of life-history traits of populations sampled on spatial gradients extending from range-core to range-edge habitats for three expanding (miner's lettuce <em>Claytonia perfoliata</em>, Danish scurvygrass <em>Cochlearia</em> <em>danica</em>, and rock samphire <em>Crithmum</em> <em>maritimum</em>) and one receding plant species (dune pansy <em>Viola</em> <em>tricolor</em> subs. <em>curtisii</em>). We monitored life-history traits related to dispersal, phenology, survival, reproductive output, and selfing ability. Significant shifts in life-history traits between central and marginal populations strongly differed among species. Marginal populations of the three expanding species displayed modified seed weight in natura, suggesting increased dispersal abilities in leading-edge populations. Discarding unassessed maternal effects, this trait modification can be due to phenotypic plasticity or to genetic differentiation. In miner's lettuce, marginal expanding populations show advanced phenology and higher reproductive output, which may potentially influence their colonization ability. In rock samphire, life-history traits showed large intra- and inter-population variability that did not follow a core-to-edge geographic trend, except for seed size. Finally, the receding populations of the dune pansy displayed a shift towards a plant architecture maximizing survival but reducing individual reproductive success. Altogether, our results indicated a common trend for increased dispersal abilities in marginal populations of expanding species. However, shifts in species' distributions may drive idiosyncratic changes in other life-history traits, for which we observed no general evolutionary syndrome at range edges. These findings go along a stochastic view of trait evolution during range expansion and question how to draw predictive projections of species' distribution shifts under current global change.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Grimm A, Ramírez AMP, Moulherat S, Reynaud J, Henle K (2014) Life-history trait database of European reptile species. Nature Conservation 9: 45-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.9.8908
Comments on taxonomy and species coverage: Explanation note: The supplementary material consists of several tables that explain differences between our updated list of species names to the lists used by Sillero et al. (2014) in their new SEH list of species and the list of Speybroeck et al. (2010).
Supplementary material 1 from: Grimm A, Ramírez AMP, Moulherat S, Reynaud J, Henle K (2014) Life-history trait database of European reptile species. Nature Conservation 9: 45-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.9.8908
Species names used in our database and used in the Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH) atlas: Explanation note: The table matches the species names in the SEH atlas with the updated speceis names used in our database. It thus provides the two species list that can be used to search the database.
Data from: A novel experimental approach for studying life-history traits of phytophagous arthropods utilizing an artificial culture medium
<p><strong>Filename: Developmental.xlsx</strong></p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. id_spec - specimen ID<br> 2. temp - temperature of incubation<br> 3. larv - number of days needed to reach larva stage <br> 4. i_larv - number of days needed to reach immobile larva stage <br> 5. nymph - number of days needed to reach nymph stage <br> 6. i_nymph - number of days needed to reach immobile nymph stage <br> 7. adult - number of days needed to reach adult stage <br> 8. egg - number of days needed to oviposit egg of next generation </p> <p><strong>Filename: Methods_comparison.xlsx</strong></p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. species (E - <em>Aceria tosichella</em>; T - <em>Tetranychus urticae</em>)<br> 2. variant - applied method: S - standard method (rearing cages for <em>Aceria tosichella</em>; cotton for <em>Tetranychus urticae</em>) N - new method (MIVM rearing for both species)<br> 3. t.trans - time needed to transfer 10 specimens to arena [min]<br> 4. n.24 aa - number of specimens alive within arena after 24 hours<br> 5. n.24 ad - number of specimens dead within arena after 24 hours<br> 6. n.24 oa - number of specimens alive out of the arena after 24 hours<br> 7. n.24 od - number of specimens dead out of the arena after 24 hours<br> 8. t.24 - time needed to check the arena after 24 hours [min]</p> <p><strong>Filename: Survival.xlsx</strong></p> <p>Variables:</p> <p>1. id_spec - specimen ID<br> 2. temp - temperature of incubation<br> 3. time - numbers of days when individual was observed alive<br> 4. stage - developmental stage which individual reached before death<br> 5. status - 0 - censored observation; 1 - observed event of death </p>
Fig. 1 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 1. Distribution map for Philaenus spumarius in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 11 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 11. Distribution map for Aphrophora salicina in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 8 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 8. Phenology of adult Cercopis vulnerata in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 4 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 4. Distribution map for Cicadella viridis in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 7 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 7. Distribution map for Cercopis vulnerata in Belgium: Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 3 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 3. Immature development of Philaenus spumarius under outdoor conditions (Ixelles, Belgium, 2016).
Fig. 2 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 2. Phenology of adult Philaenus spumarius in Belgium: Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 6A in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 6A. Immature development of Cicadella viridis under outdoor conditions (Ixelles, Belgium, 2016. Fig. 6B. Immature development of Cicadella viridis under controlled conditions (21.5°C; D:L= 9:15).
Fig. 9 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 9. Distribution map for Aphrophora alni in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2010-2016); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 12 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 12. Phenology of adult Aphrophora salicina in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 10 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 10. Phenology of adult Aphrophora alni in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Fig. 13 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 13. Immature development of Aphrophora salicina under outdoor conditions (Ixelles, Belgium, 2016.
Fig. 5 in Distribution, adult phenology and life history traits of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in Belgium
Fig. 5. Phenology of adult Cicadella viridis in Belgium. Data: RBINS; Observations.be (2005-2017); our own samplings (2016-2017).
Data from: Convergent and correlated evolution of major life-history traits in the angiosperm genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae)
Natural selection is expected to cause convergence of life histories among taxa as well as correlated evolution of different life-history traits. Here, we quantify the extent of convergence of five key life-history traits (adult fire survival, seed storage, degree of sexual dimorphism, pollination mode, and seed-dispersal mode) and test hypotheses about their correlated evolution in the genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae) from the fire-prone South African fynbos. We reconstructed a new molecular phylogeny of this highly diverse genus that involves more taxa and molecular markers than previously. This reconstruction identifies new clades that were not detected by previous molecular study and morphological classifications. Using this new phylogeny and robust methods that account for phylogenetic uncertainty, we show that the five life-history traits studied were labile during the evolutionary history of the genus. This diversity allowed us to tackle major questions about the correlated evolution of life-history strategies. We found that species with longer seed-dispersal distances tended to evolve lower pollen-dispersal distance, that insect-pollinated species evolved decreased sexual dimorphism, and that species with a persistent soil seed-bank evolved toward reduced fire-survival ability of adults.
Data from: Fuel for the pace of life: baseline blood glucose concentration coevolves with life history traits in songbirds
1. It has been proposed that life histories have coevolved with a suite of physiological and behavioural adaptations, termed pace-of-life syndromes (POLS). Here, we hypothesise that basal concentration of blood glucose (G0), a major source of energy circulating in vertebrate blood, may constitute a key component of POLS. 2. To test this hypothesis, we measured G0 in 30 passerine species and tested its covariation with body mass and other life history traits. Importantly, body mass is a major life history determinant and, when its effect is controlled for, there may be no single fast-slow life history continuum in birds comprising both fecundity and lifespan. Hence, we used individual life history traits, rather than principal component analysis, to characterise life history variation in our analysis. 3. In support of G0 life history coevolution, we found G0 to be negatively correlated with body mass and positively with reproductive investment in a single clutch across 30 passerine species. Higher G0 in females suggests that the energy demands of clutch production and incubation may be an important selection force driving coevolution of G0 with reproductive output. 4. In contrast, G0 was not associated with maximum lifespan, suggesting that high G0 may not constrain evolution of longevity. This implies that long-lived species can evolve physiological adaptations preventing harmful effects of high glucose concentrations, known to cause pathologies and accelerate ageing. 5. In addition, G0, but not basal metabolic rate (BMR), was negatively correlated with migration distance, attesting to evolutionary changes in energy metabolism in long distance migrants. Our results further suggest that the links between body mass, reproduction and G0 are not mediated by BMR and that G0 is associated with fast-slow life history variation more closely than available BMR data. 6. A species life history is determined to a great extent by body mass. When this effect is controlled for, only those traits related to reproduction (but not lifespan) constitute the principal axis of life history variation in birds. Hence, the coevolution of G0 with body mass and reproductive output evidenced in our study indicates that G0 constitutes an important physiological component of POLS.
Data from: The genetic variance but not the genetic covariance of life-history traits changes towards the north in a time-constrained insect
Seasonal time constraints are usually stronger at higher than lower latitudes and can exert strong selection on life history traits and the correlations among these traits. To predict the response of life history traits to environmental change along a latitudinal gradient, information must be obtained about genetic variance in traits and also genetic correlation between traits, i.e., the genetic variance-covariance matrix, G. Here, we estimated G for key life history traits in an obligate univoltine damselfly that faces seasonal time constraints. We exposed populations to simulated native temperatures and photoperiods and common garden environmental conditions in a laboratory setup. Despite differences in genetic variance in these traits between populations (lower variance at northern latitudes), there was no evidence for latitude-specific covariance of the life history traits. At simulated native conditions, all populations showed strong genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits that shaped growth and development. The variance-covariance matrix changed considerably when populations were exposed to common garden conditions compared with the simulated natural conditions, showing the importance of environmentally induced changes in multivariate genetic structure. Our results highlight the importance of estimating variance-covariance matrixes in environments that mimic selection pressures and not only trait variances or mean trait values in common garden conditions for understanding the trait evolution across populations and environments.
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