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Figure 3 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 3. Photographs showing the lateral separation of chelicerae and extension of fangs by Phanias harfordi (Peckham & Peckham 1888) prior to contact with intended prey (Drosophila). In each case the camera shutter was triggered by interruption of a light beam (Appendix 1). Note the elevation of the pedipalps to enable attack with the chelicerae. 1, Female, antero-lateral view. Only one of the chelicerae is visible in the perspective. Collected in Berkeley, California. 2, Male, anterior view, showing both extended fangs in position to make a strike. Collected at Alpine Lake, Marin County, California.
Figure 8 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 8. Displays by adult male Zygoballus sexpunctatus (Hentz 1845), Greenville County, South Carolina. 1. Frontal view of courtship display, as seen by the courted female. In this display the chelicerae are held close together, flanked by the verticallyoriented pedipalps. The bright, light-blue scales that cover the face and chelicerae are a major feature of this display, and the position of the chelicerae, with retracted fangs, is not threatening. 2. Agonistic display while facing another male of similar size, engaged in the same kind of display. Here the large chelicerae and fangs are fully extended, supplemented by a large spine near the base of each chelicera that, like the anters of male deer, can play a role in a later, grappling stage of combat. Although this ritual display is formidible, this has not yet been observed to lead to damage to either combatant.
Figure 7. Adult female Phidippus mimicus from western Oaxaca. 1 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 7. Adult female Phidippus mimicus from western Oaxaca. 1, The dorsal color pattern of both males and females of this species may represent mimicry of mutillid wasps (Edwards 2004). 2, Immediately after its bite this female continued to threaten one of the authors (DEH) with exposed chelicerae and venom dripping from the fangs. Between extended chelicerae the light-grey rostrum of this spider is visible (19 MAR 2019).
Figure 1 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 1. Lateral view of sequence (positions 1-4; position 1 repeated in composite middle frame) showing the capture of a thomisid of the genus Mecaphesa by a penultimate male Colonus puerperus (Hentz 1846) from South Carolina (after Hill 2018a). Note the manner in which this Colonus held its prey, with fangs securely embedded in the rear of the prosoma.
Figure 7 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 7. Microanatomy of the teeth of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Gorgonopsis. 1, Drawing of the skull of G. libratus by Danielle Dufault. 2, Sagittal sections through the distal and mesial carinae (sharp edges) of a maxillary tooth (ROM 57981) of a cf. Gogonopsis sp. Abbreviations: dej, dentine-enamel junction; e, enamel; if, interdental fold; is, interdental sulcus; pd, primary dentine. Figure adapted from Brink et al. (2015), used under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Figure 2 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 2. Large grasshopper held safely and securely by the fangs of a Phidippus carolinensis Peckham & Peckham 1909, suspended on its dragline, and photographed at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma (1 JUL 2013). Photo credits: 1-3, © Victor W. Fazio III (iNaturalist), modified under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.
Figure 4 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 4 (continued from previous page). Selected frames from a 1920 fps video record of an adult female Psecas viridipurpureus leaping to capture an orthopteran. 7-18, Contact with legs I and II preceded the bite of this spider with its chelicerae by several milliseconds, and simultaneous flexion of those legs appeared to contribute to the force of that bite. After legs IV were disengaged, legs I-III continued to hold the prey. If this prey were not held in place, recoil of the extended dragline may have pulled that prey free of its hold on a surface (Hill 2018a; see Figure 2).
Figure 4 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 4 (continued on next page). Selected frames from a 1920 fps video record of an adult female Psecas viridipurpureus leaping to capture a field cricket. The number of each frame is shown in brackets. 1, The estimated scale and takeoff velocity (~120 cm/s) are based on Galiano's (1963) record of the size of a female P. viridipurpureus (~13 mm, prosoma length 4.8 mm, abdomen length 8.6 mm; see also Figure 5). Compared to earlier records (Hill 2018b), this represents a very high takeoff velocity for a salticid, comparable to that attained by Colonus puerperus. White arrows (1-4, 6) point to the extended fangs. In (6) both fangs are visible. Also note elevation of the pedipalps prior to contact with the prey. Locality: Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas, 69117-000, Brasil (2.701472°S, 59.71042°W).
Figure 9 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Figure 9. Sequential positions of two adult male Paraphidippus aurantius (Greenville County, South Carolina, 27 JUN 2021) during an agonistic encounter on a plant in the laboratory. Combat included alternating advance and retreat by each male (e.g., 3 steps forward followed by 2 steps to the rear, resulting in gradual advancement to direct contact). Like Zygoballus (Figure 7), these also have greatly enlarged chelicerae with large spines near the base that can play a role in later grappling stages of combat, if necessary. In this example, no harm was done as the spider on the left soon fled from the scene.
Fig.1 in Infection Of Predatory Fish With Larvae Of Eustrongylides Excisus (Nematoda, Dioctophymatidae) In The Delta Of The Dnipro River And The Dnipro-Buh Estuary In Southern Ukraine
Fig.1. Sites of the material collection.
Fig. 6. S in Infection Of Predatory Fish With Larvae Of Eustrongylides Excisus (Nematoda, Dioctophymatidae) In The Delta Of The Dnipro River And The Dnipro-Buh Estuary In Southern Ukraine
Fig. 6. S-shaped bend of intestinal tube in E. еxcisus larva from perch. x400 magniFIcatoin.
Dual purpose: Predatory hoverflies pollinate strawberry crops and protect them against the strawberry aphid, Chaetospihon fragaefolii
<p>BACKGROUND: Predatory syrphids are an important functional group due to their potential for providing multiple ecosystem services. Adults feed on nectar and pollen and can be effective pollinators, while larvae are voracious predators that can reduce aphid pressure. Still, little research has addressed their potential dual function in agroecosystems. In this study, we assessed the potential of two predatory hoverflies, Eupeodes corollae and Sphaerophoria rueppellii, for delivering concurrent pollination and biological control of Chaetospihon fragaefolii in greenhouse strawberries.</p> <p>RESULTS: Both hoverfly species effectively pollinated strawberry flowers of two different varieties (‘Elsanta’ and ‘Sonsation’), resulting in an increase in high quality marketable fruits, a reduction of fruit deformities, and higher number of seeds per fruit compared to pollinator-excluded fruits. S. ruepellii had a significantly longer flower handling time than E. corollae, which translated to a more efficient pollination expressed as higher seed numbers per fruit after a single flower visit. By contrast, flowers that were open to multiple visits were more effectively pollinated by E. corollae, suggesting that E. corollae is potentially a better cross-pollinator than S. rueppellii. In addition, both hoverfly species suppressed aphid populations in strawberry (var. ‘Sonata’), with S. rueppellii and E. corollae reducing aphid populations by 49% and 62%, respectively.</p> <p>CONCLUSION: Predatory syrphids can concurrently contribute to pollination and biological control in strawberry in a greenhouse setting.</p> <p> </p>
Predatory publishing in Scopus: Evidence on cross-country differences
<p>Data files that provide: i) A list of journals linked to Beall's lists indexed in Scopus (22_QSS_MachacekSrholec_Supp1.xlsx); and ii) Country-level data (22_QSS_MachacekSrholec_Supp2.xlsx) as supplementary information of the following publication: Macháček, V. and Srholec, M. (2022) Predatory publishing in Scopus: Evidence on cross-country differences. Quantitative Science Studies, forthcoming. </p> <p> </p>
Responses of predatory fish to lures
<p>The evolution of bright "warning" colours in nontoxic animals often is attributed to mimicry of toxic species, but empirical tests of that hypothesis are elusive. Populations of a harmless sea snake species (<em>Emydocephalus annulatus</em>) in New Caledonia exhibit colour polymorphism, with around 20% of individuals banded rather than melanic. Stability in that proportion over 20 years has been attributed to Batesian mimicry of deadly snake species by banded morphs of the harmless taxon. This hypothesis requires that banded colours reduce a snake's vulnerability to predation. We tested that idea by pulling flexible snake-shaped models through the water and recording responses by predatory fish. Black and banded lures attracted similar numbers of following fish, but attacks were directed almost exclusively to black lures. Our methods overcome several ambiguities associated with experimental studies on mimicry in terrestrial snakes, and support the hypothesis that banded colour patterns reduce a non-venomous marine snake's vulnerability to predation.</p>
Population genomics of a predatory mammal reveals patterns of decline and impacts of exposure to toxic toads
<p>Mammal declines across northern Australia are one of the major biodiversity loss events occurring globally. There has been no regional assessment of the implications of these species declines for genomic diversity. To address this, we conducted a species-wide assessment of genomic diversity in the northern quoll (<em>Dasyurus hallucatus</em>), an Endangered marsupial carnivore. We used next-generation sequencing methods to genotype 10,191 SNPs in 352 individuals from across a 3220 km length of the continent, investigating patterns of population genomic structure and diversity, and identifying loci showing signals of putative selection. We found strong heterogeneity in the distribution of genomic diversity across the continent, characterised by (1) biogeographic barriers driving hierarchical population structure through long-term isolation, and (2) severe reductions in diversity resulting from population declines, exacerbated by the spread of introduced toxic cane toads (<em>Rhinella marina</em>). These results warn of a large ongoing loss of genomic diversity and associated adaptive capacity as mammals decline across northern Australia. Encouragingly, populations of the northern quoll established on toad-free islands by translocations appear to have maintained most of the initial genomic diversity after 16 years. By mapping patterns of genomic diversity within and among populations, and investigating these patterns in the context of population declines, we can provide conservation managers with data critical to informed decision-making. This includes the identification of populations that are candidates for genetic management, the importance of remnant island and insurance/translocated populations for the conservation of genetic diversity, and the characterisation of putative evolutionarily significant units.</p>
Figure 2 in Functional and numerical responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius aerialis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) toAceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae)
Figure 2 Mean number of eggs laid byAmblyeius aerialis females provided with different densities
Figure 3 in Functional and numerical responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius aerialis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) toAceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae)
Figure 3 Average oviposition rates (eggs/female ± SE) byAmbyseius aerialis females given different
Behavioural changes in aposematic Heliconius melpomene butterflies in response to their predatory bird calls
<p>Prey-predator interactions have resulted in the evolution of many anti-predatory traits. One of them is the ability of prey to listen to predators and avoid them. Although prey anti-predatory behavioural responses to predator auditory cues are well described in a wide range of taxa, studies on whether butterflies change their behaviours in response to their predatory calls are lacking. <em>Heliconius </em>butterflies are unpalatable and form Müllerian mimicry rings as morphological defence strategies against their avian predators. Like many other butterflies in the <em>Nymphalidae </em>family, some <em>Heliconius </em>butterflies possess auditory organs, which are hypothesized to assist with predator detection. Here we test whether <em>Heliconius melpomene </em>changes their behaviour in response to their predatory bird calls by observing the behaviour of male and female <em>H. m. plessini </em>exposed to calls of <em>Heliconius</em> avian predators: rufous-tailed jacamar, migratory Eastern kingbird, and resident tropical kingbird. We also exposed them to the calls of the toco toucan, a frugivorous bird as a control bird call, and an amplified greenhouse background noise as a noise control. We found that individuals<em> </em>changed their behaviour in response to Jacamar calls only. Males increased their walking and fluttering behaviour, while females did not change their behaviour during the playback of the jacamar call. Intersexual behaviours like courtship, copulation, and abdomen lifting did not change in response to bird calls. Our findings suggest that despite having primary predatory defences like toxicity and being in a mimicry ring, <em>H. m. plessini </em>butterflies changed their behaviour in response to predator calls. Furthermore, this response was predator-specific, as <em>H. m. plesseni</em> did not respond to either the Eastern kingbird or the tropic kingbird calls. This suggests that <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies may be able to differentiate predatory calls, and potentially the birds associated with those calls.</p>
Figure 3 in Quality control of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) againstTetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) over 30 generations of rearing on cattail pollen
Figure 3 Offspring sex ratio of females of Euseius scutalis fedTetranychus turkestani before (G0)
Figure 1 in Quality control of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) againstTetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) over 30 generations of rearing on cattail pollen
Figure 1 he age-stage survival rate (sxj) of Euseius scutalis fedTetranychus turkestani before (G0)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.