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Coupling between Sediment and Water Column Populations of Ammonia Oxidizing Thaumarchaeota in the Duplin River near Sapelo Island, Georgia
Populations of nitrifying organisms in the water column at Marsh Landing display a midsummer peak in the abundance of ammonia oxidizing Archaea (AOA) at the site, coinciding with a peak in nitrite concentration. Marsh Landing is at the mouth of the Duplin River, a dead-end tidal channel that drains an extensive area of salt marsh. While the lower Duplin River at Marsh Landing exchanges tidally with Doboy Sound and thus South Atlantic Bight (SAB) coastal waters, water in its upper reaches has a residence time of weeks. The work reported here had two goals: 1) test the hypothesis that the surrounding salt marsh is the source of nitrifiers seen in water samples taken at Marsh Landing; and 2) compare the seasonal dynamics of nitrifiers in surficial sediments with those in the water column. We sampled 6 stations along the ~20 km length of the Duplin River. We collected surface water samples (~0.20 m) at low- to mid-tide, monthly from April-December 2014. Sediment samples (top 1 cm) were collected at the same time from unvegetated creek bank at 2 locations on the Duplin River and from 4 locations spanning the creek bank-to-upland gradient of the saltmarsh accessible from the Teal Boardwalk. The abundance of ammonia oxidizing Archaea, Marine Group 1 Archaea (Thaumarchaeota), ammonia oxidizing Betaproteobacteria (AOB), Bacteria and Nitrospina, a nitrite oxidizing bacterium, were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) of DNA extracted from the samples. This data set contains the abundance estimates from April to December 2014 for sediment and water column samples, with corresponding water quality measurements (temperature, salinity and nitrogenous nutrient concentrations).
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2016
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2016 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
GCE-LTER Altamaha River Plant Community Monitoring Survey in October 2017
A quadrat survey was conducted in October 2017 to measure the species and size distribution of plants at 3 sampling sites on the creekbank of the Altamaha River. The sites were chosen to capture the transition from Spartina alterniflora to Spartina cynosuroides (site SCSA) and the transition from Spartina cynosuroides to Zizaniopsis miliacea (sites ZSC1 and ZSC2). The quadrats were established as permanent plots in October 2012 by placing PVC stakes along the creekbank at each site. Plots were evenly spaced, but were not randomly located because the goal was to start with mixtures of vegetation in most of the plots, and vegetation was distributed in patches along the creekbanks. Therefore, these plots provide useful measures of vegetation change, but are not a random sample of the vegetation at the site. Plots will be replaced each year as necessary to replace any lost to disturbance. The plots were visually surveyed and the species, shoot height, and flowering status was recorded individually for each shoot over 10 cm in height present in each plot. Observations from plots exhibiting signs of disturbance were noted in the data set. This survey will be repeated annually to assess changes in plant distribution and biomass in relation to environmental changes documented by other GCE LTER monitoring efforts.
Dissolved Organic Matter Composition in Doboy Sound and the Altamaha River near Sapelo Island, Georgia in 2012-2013
The composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Altamaha River estuary and Doboy Sound near Sapelo Island, Georgia, was investigated at the molecular level using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and stable carbon isotope analyses. DOM samples were collected in November 2012, May 2013, and September 2013 representing different hydrological regimes, including anomalously low-discharge conditions. DOM was also collected from water as it flooded and ebbed from an extensive marsh area at Sapelo Island in May 2013. The untargeted approach used allowed for identifying the DOM molecular signatures associated with different DOM sources in the estuary.
Microbially-Mediated Transformations of Estuarine Dissolved Organic Matter from Doboy Sound, Sapelo Sound and the Altamaha River near Sapelo Island, Georgia in 2012-2013
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples were collected from a marsh-dominated estuarine system (Altamaha River estuary, Doboy Sound and Sapelo Sound near Sapelo Island, Georgia), inoculated with native microbiological samples, and incubated in the dark for up to 70 days. Control and incubated DOM samples were then anlyzed using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry to investiage microbially-mediated transformations at the molecular level. Samples were collected at high tide in November 2012 and May 2013.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE1_Hydro (Sapelo River near Eulonia, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE1_Hydro (Sapelo River near Eulonia, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE7_Hydro (Altamaha River near Carrs Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE7_Hydro (Altamaha River near Carrs Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE8_Hydro (Altamaha River near Aligator Creek, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE8_Hydro (Altamaha River near Aligator Creek, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE9_Hydro (Altamaha River near Rockdedundy Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE9_Hydro (Altamaha River near Rockdedundy Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE10_Hydro (Duplin River west of Sapelo Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE10_Hydro (Duplin River west of Sapelo Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2016 through 31-Dec-2016. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE11_Hydro (Altamaha River near Lewis Creek, Georgia) from 07-Oct-2016 through 31-Dec-2016
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE11_Hydro (Altamaha River near Lewis Creek, Georgia) from 07-Oct-2016 through 31-Dec-2016. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE1_Hydro (Sapelo River near Eulonia, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE1_Hydro (Sapelo River near Eulonia, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE7_Hydro (Altamaha River near Carrs Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE7_Hydro (Altamaha River near Carrs Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE8_Hydro (Altamaha River near Aligator Creek, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE8_Hydro (Altamaha River near Aligator Creek, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program. Note that measurements from 10-Mar-2017 through 26-Jun-2017 had to be interpolated to create a monotonic time series due to a clock offset error made when deploying the data logger.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE9_Hydro (Altamaha River near Rockdedundy Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE9_Hydro (Altamaha River near Rockdedundy Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program. Note that measurements from 10-Mar-2017 through 23-Jun-2017 had to be interpolated to create a monotonic time series due to a clock offset error made when deploying the data logger.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE10_Hydro (Duplin River west of Sapelo Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE10_Hydro (Duplin River west of Sapelo Island, Georgia) from 01-Jan-2017 through 31-Dec-2017. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
Continuous salinity, temperature and depth measurements from moored hydrographic data loggers deployed at GCE11_Hydro (Altamaha River near Lewis Creek, Georgia) from 07-Oct-2017 through 31-Dec-2017
Conductivity, temperature and pressure were measured continuously at Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER sampling location GCE11_Hydro (Altamaha River near Lewis Creek, Georgia) from 07-Oct-2017 through 31-Dec-2017. Observations were logged at 30 minute intervals by moored Sea-Bird Electronics MicroCAT 37-SM data loggers and downloaded approximately semi-monthly. Salinity, depth and sigma-t (density anomaly) were calculated from the measured parameters using standard UNESCO algorithms. This data set was collected as part of the GCE-LTER Project continuous salinity, temperature and water level monitoring program.
DOM composition changes in Altamaha River and Sapelo Sound estuaries measured by FT-ICR mass spectrometry from September 2015 to September 2016
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a large and complex mixture of compounds with source inputs that differ with location, season and environmental conditions. Here, we investigated drivers of DOM composition changes in a marsh-dominated estuary off the southeastern U.S. Monthly water samples were collected at a riverine and estuarine site from September 2015 to September 2016, and bulk, optical, and molecular analyses were conducted on samples before and after dark incubations. Results showed that river discharge was the primary driver changing the DOM composition at the mouth of the Altamaha River. For discharge higher than ~ 150 m3 s-1, DOC concentrations and the terrigenous character of the DOM increased approximately linearly with river flow. For low discharge conditions, a clear signature of salt marsh-derived compounds was observed in the river. At the head of Sapelo Sound, changes in DOM composition were primarily driven by river discharge and possibly by summer algae blooms. Microbial consumption of DOC was larger during periods of high discharge at both sites, potentially due to the higher mobilization and influx of fresh material to the system. The Georgia coast was hit by Hurricane Matthew in October 2016, which resulted in a large input of carbon to the estuary. The DOC concentration was ~ 2 times higher and DOM composition was more aromatic with a stronger terrigenous signature compared to the seasonal maximum observed earlier in the year during peak river discharge conditions. This suggests that extreme events notably impact DOM quantity and quality in estuarine regions.
Repeat photography of tidal fresh forest trees along the salinity gradient of the Altamaha River, GA
We established a transect of 42 stations for repeat photography of tidal fresh forest trees along the salinity gradient of the Altamaha River estuary. Target trees are located approximately every km on both the north and south banks, beginning at km 20 (with 0 at the mouth of the estuary) up to km 41, for a total of 21 km. We used a small boat to travel to each station and take digital photographs of target trees facing the river in Nov 2017, Feb, May, Aug of 2018. In Oct 2018 we extended the transect an additional 5 km downstream so that it now starts at km 16, with 5 more stations on the north bank and 5 on the south bank. All 52 stations were photographed in Oct 2018 and Oct 2019. These photos will be used to distinguish healthy, stressed and dead trees in each image and how they change over time.
High-resolution orthoimagery of the Altamaha River estuary in November 2017 and October 2018
We acquired two high-resolution (0.15-m per pixel) color digital images of the salinity gradient of the Altamaha River estuary in November 2017 (1 month after Hurricane Irma) and October 2018. Flights ranged from the mouth of the estuary all the way up to the tidal fresh forest habitat. The 1:1200 scale orthoimagery is comprised of 4-bands (Red, Green, Blue, Near Infrarad (RGBNIR)) collected with a Ground Sample Distance (GSD) of 0.5 foot using a Leica ADS100 airborne digital sensor. Individual tiles were georectified using ground control points and merged into a domain-wide mosaic.
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