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Fig. 2 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 2. Percentage of female and male Spodoptera frugiperda that landed on the female glandular extract. Bars of different colors with different letters for the same extract concentrations indicate a significant difference, n = 20 (χ2; P <0.05).
Fig. 5 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 5. Genital structure of female Spodoptera frugiperda. (A) Confocal image of the bursa copulatrix, frontal view. View of spermatophores within the corpus bursae (BC = bursa copulatrix; SI = signum; CB = corpus bursae; BA = bursae appendix; OS = ostium (exit); ESD = exit to a seminal duct; AA = anterior apophysis; AN = antrum; BD = bursal duct). (B) Micrograph of bursa copulatrix in zenith angle, observing the length and width measurements of the structure (length = 5.38 mm; width = 2.066 mm). (C) Stereoscopic image presenting a frontal view of the genital structure (S = spermatophores). (D) Micrograph of the terminal abdominal (PVL = postvaginal lamella; AVL = antevaginal lamella; OS = ostium; AP = anal papilla).
Fig. 1 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 1. (A) Virgin female abdomen 3 to 5 d old Spodoptera frugiperda females, black circle is location of sex pheromone gland; (B) sex pheromone-producing gland in female S. frugiperda.
Fig. 4 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Females Can Detect the Sex Pheromone Emitted by Conspecific Females
Fig. 4. Male (white bars) and female (gray bars) Spodoptera frugiperda caught by traps with sex pheromone septa (Q1 <Median <Q3). Different letters for Trap 1, Trap 2, Trap 3, or Trap 4 indicate significant differences (Mann-Whitney Test U; n = 34; P <0.05).
Linked collectors and determiners for: Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) in Panama: new species, sex associations and seasonal flight activity.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Dasymutilla Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) in Panama: new species, sex associations and seasonal flight activity". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/30786276-ef8a-4cf1-b6c7-1cf0c992b30a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/30786276-ef8a-4cf1-b6c7-1cf0c992b30a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/30786276-ef8a-4cf1-b6c7-1cf0c992b30a">https://gbif.org/dataset/30786276-ef8a-4cf1-b6c7-1cf0c992b30a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Review of the genus Lomachaeta Mickel, 1936 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with new species and sex associations.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Review of the genus Lomachaeta Mickel, 1936 (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) with new species and sex associations". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/6a6ca226-8343-4208-8cdb-f0bd627c3817">https://bionomia.net/dataset/6a6ca226-8343-4208-8cdb-f0bd627c3817</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/6a6ca226-8343-4208-8cdb-f0bd627c3817">https://gbif.org/dataset/6a6ca226-8343-4208-8cdb-f0bd627c3817</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data supporting Fear of sex: Sexual conflict exposed as avoidance in a parthenogenetic invertebrate
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Males and females often have divergent evolutionary interests, generating sexual conflicts. This is particularly true in organisms that exhibit facultative <span><span>sexuality</span></span>, whereby females are capable of reproducing without fitness costs of mating. Here we provide the first documented evidence with quantitative tracking showing that sex interacts with social context to determine space-use of females, in a pattern resembling predator <span><span>avoidance</span></span>. To achieve this, we labeled <i>Daphnia magna</i> with fluorescent nanoparticles and utilized a 3-D tracking platform to record pairs of individuals swimming. The recordings comprised either same-sex or opposite-sex pairings. We found that females swam faster, deeper, more horizontally and more linearly when exposed to males than when exposed to females. Simultaneously, we found that male behavior did not differ depending on swimming partner and, importantly, we observed no sexual dimorphism in swimming behaviors when swimming with the same sex. Our results suggest that the presence of males in a population has the potential to influence the distribution of individuals, similarly to known threats, such as predation. This highlights that sexual conflict has clear spatial consequences and should be considered in such ecological frameworks, like the Landscape of Fear (LOF) concept. In a broader context, the connection of the evolutionary and social concept of sexual conflict and the ecological concept of LOF may improve our understanding of population dynamics and the spatial and temporal distribution of individuals in natural ecosystems.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Sexual (in)equality? A meta-analysis of sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity across ectotherms
<p>1. Climate change is putting the fate of ectothermic animals at stake because their body temperature closely tracks environmental temperatures. The ability to adjust thermal limits and preference through acclimation (i.e., acclimation capacity) may compensate for temperature changes. However, although necessary for forecasting the future of ectotherms in a changing climate, knowledge on the factors modulating these plastic responses is fragmentary. For instance, the influence of an animal's sex in driving acclimation capacity has been underappreciated.<br> 2. Here, we present the first systematic review and meta-analysis on sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity. Using 239 effect sizes from 37 studies and 44 species, we revealed that males and females did not differ significantly in their overall capacity to acclimate their thermal limits and preference. However, in some instances, females expressed significantly greater plastic responses than males.<br> 3. In wild animals, females had a greater heat tolerance plasticity than males. In addition, females had a greater cold tolerance plasticity in terrestrial habitats, but the strength and direction of this sexual dimorphism was associated with the duration of acclimation. We also found a negative correlation between body mass and plasticity. Finally, we demonstrated that the capacity for each sex to adjust their thermal tolerance and preference was remarkably limited.<br> 4. It is important to acknowledge that the above effects were weak and heterogeneous. Hence, in the species we investigated, minor differences in acclimation capacity may not translate into major ecological mismatch between sexes with climate change.<br> 5. Our systematic review also revealed that over 75% of the studies we identified either did not report or confounded the sex of the animals. This under-reporting may cause to overlook ecologically relevant sex differences in plasticity in ectothermic taxa. We stress the need for further research on sex-based responses to temperatures.<br> 6. Our synthesis provides additional evidence that the capacity for ectotherms to acclimate to temperatures is limited, and likely insufficient to compensate for the impacts of climate change.</p>
Figure 2 in Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae)
Figure 2. Mean number (¡SE) of Psecas chapoda per Bromelia balansae with no inflorescence, from May 1998 to April 2000 (N53516 spiders).
Figure 1 in Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae)
Figure 1. Fluctuations in the number of Psecas chapoda and egg sacs (log) on bromeliads with and without inflorescence, and the frequency (%) of bromeliads in bloom (with inflorescence or infrutescence) between May 1998 and April 2000 (N53516 spiders and 314 egg sacs).
Figure 5 in Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae)
Figure 5. Mean number (¡SE) of spiders Psecas chapoda on bromeliads that produced inflorescence between August and December and on bromeliads that did not produce inflorescence until December, in 1998 (A) and 1999 (B). The frequency (%) of bromeliads that bloomed up to December is also shown.
Figure 4 in Population dynamics, age structure and sex ratio of the bromeliad-dwelling jumping spider, Psecas chapoda (Salticidae)
Figure 4. Phenogram of the Psecas chapoda population on plants of Bromelia balansae without inflorescence, from May 1998 to April 2000 (N53516 spiders).
Figure 2 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 2. Representative karyotype of Andricus targionii (s. lat.) on Quercus dentata, Kitami. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 1. Andricus targionii (s. lat.) populations on Quercus dentata used for the present chromosome study. 1, Kitami; 2, Minami-chitose; 3, Aomori; 4, Mt Haruna; 5, Lake Yamanaka; 6, Lake Shirakaba.
Figure 1 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism and sex ratio in Lysmata nayaritensis Wicksten, 2000 (Decapoda: Caridea)
Figure 1. Lysmata nayaritensis, anatomical and morphological differences between males and hermaphrodites. (A) Gonopores of male; (B) spermatophores retrieved from gonopores of hermaphrodite; (C) sperm from male; (D) ovotestes from dissected hermaphrodite (anterior female and posterior male portions on the left and right, respectively); (E) close-up of the male gonad portion (arrow points at the left vas deferentia); (F) ovotestes from male (anterior female and male portions on left and right, respectively) (upper and lower arrows point at the right oviduct and left vas deferentia, respectively); (G) close-up of the female gonad portion in male (arrow points at immature oocyte); (H) endopod of first pleopod lacking cincinulli in hermaphrodite; (I) endopod of second pleopod lacking appendix masculina in hermaphrodite; (J) endopod of first pleopod in male (arrow points at cincinulli); (K) endopod of second pleopod in male (arrow points at appendix masculina).
Figure 2 in Protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism and sex ratio in Lysmata nayaritensis Wicksten, 2000 (Decapoda: Caridea)
Figure 2. Population structure of Lysmata nayaritensis at Chumical, Pacific coast of Panama, between December 2006 and March 2007.
Condition-dependent sexual reproduction is driven by benefits, not costs of sex
<p>Facultative sexual organisms must allocate resources to both asexual and sexual reproduction. Optimal patterns of investment in sex depend on the relative costs and benefits of each reproductive mode, and may consequently be context- and condition-dependent. Two proposed explanations for the observed variation in investment in sex among facultative sexual lineages invoke alternative condition-dependent scenarios. Under the 'fitness-associated sex' hypothesis, sex is predicted when individuals are in poor condition or experience stressful environments. Under the 'resource-demanding sex' hypothesis, sex is only affordable to individuals in good condition experiencing favourable environments. Direct tests of these contrasting hypotheses are rare; moreover, investment in different components of sexual reproduction responds differently to cues promoting sex, and may be subject to different energetic constraints. Using genotypes of facultative sexual Daphnia carinata that differ in their level of investment in sex, we manipulated resource availability while accounting for day length (a seasonal cue for sex) to evaluate these hypotheses. The sexual response to day length depended on resource availability: increased day lengths and reduced food availability increased the production of sexual eggs, and relative investment in males, in a manner consistent with the fitness-associated sex hypothesis. The pattern of condition-dependence was specific to each component of reproductive investment – while male production covaried with asexual fecundity across genotypes, increased sexual egg production was associated with reduced asexual reproduction. Our results suggest that investment in sex is determined largely by its context-dependent advantages, and that this investment is not moderated by immediate costs to asexual reproduction.</p>
Figs. 5-7 in A pair of basi-abdominal sex pheromone glands in the male of some burrower bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae)
Figs. 5-7. Paraethus capicola (Westwood, 1837) (Geotomini), cuticular structure of the male basi-abdominal glands. 5 – general view of the glands; scale bar: 0.5 mm. 6 – detail of the tripartite ductules of the secretory units; scale bar: 0.02 mm. 7 – detail of the intima at the level of the efferent canal connecting the reservoir to the external opening; scale bar: 0.02 mm. Abbreviations: cc – conducting canal; ci – cone-shaped invagination; du – ductule; ef – efferent canal; lu – lumen; os – ostiole; r – reservoir; rc – receiving canal; sa – saccule.
Figs. 1-4 in A pair of basi-abdominal sex pheromone glands in the male of some burrower bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae)
Figs. 1-4. Paraethus capicola (Westwood, 1837) (Geotomini), location of the male basi-abdominal glands. 1 – male adult in lateral view showing the site of the external opening of the glands and surrounding structures: stridulatory apparatus (plectrum and stridulitrum), anterior dorso-abdominal glands and metathoracic glands; scale bar: 5 mm. 2 – detail of the abdomen and location of the PBA gland ostiole; scale bar: 2 mm. 3 – internal view of the abdominal tergum, showing place of PBA glands and surrounding structures; scale bar: 2 mm. 4 – detail of the external opening on the pleural area in front of the sternite 3 and laterotergite 3, internal view; scale bar: 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: ap – apodeme; DAg – anterior dorso-abdominal gland; Lt – laterotergite; Mt – mediotergite; MTg – metathoracic gland; PBAg – pleuro basi-abdominal gland (ostiole); os – ostiole; pl – plectrum; S – sternite; sp – spiracle; se – setae; st – stridulitrum; tr – trichobothries; v – vestiges of the median and posterior dorso-abdominal glands.
FIGURE 13. Indeterminate Oniscidea specimen MCNA 9924.2, sex unknown. A in Terrestrial Isopods from Spanish Amber (Crustacea: Oniscidea): Insights into the Cretaceous Soil Biota
FIGURE 13. Indeterminate Oniscidea specimen MCNA 9924.2, sex unknown. A. Microphotograph in ventrolateral habitus. B. Camera lucida drawing in ventrolateral habitus. Figures made with consecutive photographs taken at successive focal planes. Scale bar = 1 mm (both panels to the same scale)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.