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495 results for “spatial scale”
Data from: Effects of fire regime on the population genetics of natural pine stands, in Genetic structure of forest trees in biodiversity hotspots at different spatial scales (Ph.D. thesis).
The recurrence of wildfires is predicted to increase worldwide due to climate change, resulting in severe impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We used simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to examine the effects of fire regime on genetic diversity, demographic history and fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) of Pinus pinaster and P. halepensis, two conifers with similar adaptations to fire in the eastern Iberian Peninsula. Stands growing under high (HiFi) or low (LoFi) frequency of crown fires had similar levels of genetic diversity and similar demographic history, with bottlenecks detected in all stands in both species. HiFi populations were not genetically depleted, suggesting that adaptations such as a diverse canopy seed bank due to serotinous cones, an early age of first flowering and high gene flow buffer against possible reductions of genetic diversity. Significantly stronger SGS at SNPs in HiFi than LoFi stands of P. halepensis suggested fire-related altered dispersal possibly combined with microenvironmental selection in this fire-sensitive "seeder" species. In contrast, SGS at SNP markers was unrelated to fire regime in P. pinaster. This could be a consequence of more pronounced fire-resistance in this species enabling some adults to survive fire, hence causing a lower dependence on post-fire regeneration. Our results highlight that the impact of fire differs in species with similar life-history traits. Therefore, species-specific studies are needed to understand the role of wildfires for the evolution of future forests
Data from: The impact of spatial scale and habitat configuration on patterns of trait variation and local adaptation in a wild plant parasite
Theory indicates that spatial scale and habitat configuration are fundamental for coevolutionary dynamics and how diversity is maintained in host–pathogen interactions. Yet, we lack empirical data to translate the theory to natural host–parasite systems. In this study, we conduct a multiscale cross-inoculation study using the specialist wild plant pathogen Podosphaera plantaginis on its host plant Plantago lanceolata. We apply the same sampling scheme to a region with highly fragmented (Åland) and continuous (Saaremaa) host populations. Although theory predicts higher parasite virulence in continuous regions, we did not detect differences in traits conferring virulence among the regions. Patterns of adaptation were highly scale dependent. We detected parasite maladaptation among regions, and among populations separated by intermediate distances (6.0–40.0 km) within the fragmented region. In contrast, parasite performance did not vary significantly according to host origin in the continuous landscape. For both regions, differentiation among populations was much larger for genetic variation than for phenotypic variation, indicating balancing selection maintaining phenotypic variation within populations. Our findings illustrate the critical role of spatial scale and habitat configuration in driving host–parasite coevolution. The absence of more aggressive strains in the continuous landscape, in contrast to theoretical predictions, has major implications for long-term decision making in conservation, agriculture, and public health.
Data from: The relative influence of habitat amount and configuration on genetic structure across multiple spatial scales
Despite strong interest in understanding how habitat spatial structure shapes the genetics of populations, the relative importance of habitat amount and configuration for patterns of genetic differentiation remains largely unexplored in empirical systems. In this study, we evaluate the relative influence of, and interactions among, the amount of habitat and aspects of its spatial configuration on genetic differentiation in the pitcher plant midge, Metriocnemus knabi. Larvae of this species are found exclusively within the water-filled leaves of pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea) in a system that is naturally patchy at multiple spatial scales (i.e., leaf, plant, cluster, peatland). Using generalized linear mixed models and multimodel inference, we estimated effects of the amount of habitat, patch size, interpatch distance, and patch isolation, measured at different spatial scales, on genetic differentiation (FST) among larval samples from leaves within plants, plants within clusters, and clusters within peatlands. Among leaves and plants, genetic differentiation appears to be driven by female oviposition behaviors and is influenced by habitat isolation at a broad (peatland) scale. Among clusters, gene flow is spatially restricted and aspects of both the amount of habitat and configuration at the focal scale are important, as is their interaction. Our results suggest that both habitat amount and configuration can be important determinants of genetic structure and that their relative influence is scale dependent.
Data from: Examining temporal sample scale and model choice with spatial capture-recapture models in the common leopard Panthera pardus
Many large carnivores occupy a wide geographic distribution, and face threats from habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, prey depletion, and human wildlife-conflicts. Conservation requires robust techniques for estimating population densities and trends, but the elusive nature and low densities of many large carnivores make them difficult to detect. Spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models provide a means for handling imperfect detectability, while linking population estimates to individual movement patterns to provide more accurate estimates than standard approaches. Within this framework, we investigate the effect of different sample interval lengths on density estimates, using simulations and a common leopard (Panthera pardus) model system. We apply Bayesian SCR methods to 89 simulated datasets and camera-trapping data from 22 leopards captured 82 times during winter 2010–2011 in Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan. We show that sample interval length from daily, weekly, monthly or quarterly periods did not appreciably affect median abundance or density, but did influence precision. We observed the largest gains in precision when moving from quarterly to shorter intervals. We therefore recommend daily sampling intervals for monitoring rare or elusive species where practicable, but note that monthly or quarterly sample periods can have similar informative value. We further develop a novel application of Bayes factors to select models where multiple ecological factors are integrated into density estimation. Our simulations demonstrate that these methods can help identify the "true" explanatory mechanisms underlying the data. Using this method, we found strong evidence for sex-specific movement distributions in leopards, suggesting that sexual patterns of space-use influence density. This model estimated a density of 10.0 leopards/100 km2 (95% credibility interval: 6.25–15.93), comparable to contemporary estimates in Asia. These SCR methods provide a guide to monitor and observe the effect of management interventions on leopards and other species of conservation interest.
Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Pore Scale PDFs of Solute Concentrations to Study Incomplete Mixing in Porous Media
<p>C at M.I for Pe100 (sample): Sample (vector) of pore scale concentrations at Pe100 and five different times.</p> <p>C Chunk for All Pe (sample): Sample (3D block) of pore scale concentrations at the mixing interface for six Peclet number cases ( 10, 32, 100, 316, 1000, 3160) and at 11 different time steps extracted from the full size column. This is extracted using the semi-analytical appraoch to eliminate boundary effect.</p> <p>meanvelocities: Matlab Data of the pore scale longitudinally averaged velocity.</p> <p>MLE: Result of maximum likelihood estimation analysis for 18 different distribution functions (Excel file)</p> <p>SemiAnalytical: Matlab code for the implementation of the semi-analytical apporach.</p> <p>gamma_incomplete: Incomplete Gamma function required for the SemiAnalytical code.</p>
Figure 4 in Small-scale spatial distribution of ghost shrimp and macrobenthic fauna in an Amazon macrotidal dissipative sandy beach
Figure 4. Relative abundance (%) of taxonomic (A), feeding groups (B), mean density (ind./m2 ± standard error) (C) and taxon richness (± standard error) (D) of the macrobenthic fauna of the two study areas (Area 1: muddy sediment – next to a tidal channel, Area 2: sandy sediment).
Figure 5 in Small-scale spatial distribution of ghost shrimp and macrobenthic fauna in an Amazon macrotidal dissipative sandy beach
Figure 5. Plot of the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the samples of macrocrobenthic fauna collected from the two areas (Area 1: muddy sediment – next to a tidal channel, Area 2: sandy sediment). The vectors represent species with Spearman correlation values greater than 0.5. Samples from Area 1 and Area 2 were 68.34% dissimilar.
Figure 2 in Small-scale spatial distribution of ghost shrimp and macrobenthic fauna in an Amazon macrotidal dissipative sandy beach
Figure 2. Photography showing the chimneys (elevated, muddy) of agglutinated sediments at the burrow openings of the Lepidophtalmus siriboia tube in the study area.
Figure 1 in Small-scale spatial distribution of ghost shrimp and macrobenthic fauna in an Amazon macrotidal dissipative sandy beach
Figure 1. Map of Algodoal-Maiandeua island showing the study beach (Fortalezinha) and the sample areas (Area 1: muddy sediment – next to a tidal channel, Area 2: sandy sediment).
Figure 3 in Small-scale spatial distribution of ghost shrimp and macrobenthic fauna in an Amazon macrotidal dissipative sandy beach
Figure 3. Mean density (± standard error) of the Lepidophtalmus siriboia burrows in the intertidal zones (HT: high intertidal; MT: mid intertidal; LT: low intertidal) of the study areas (Area 1: muddy sediment – next to a tidal channel, Area 2: sandy sediment). Different letters indicate significant differences (p <0.05); letters indicate the results of Tukey tests for the comparisons between areas (uppercase letters) and among intertidal zones (lowercase letters).
Data from: Urbanization affects oak–pathogen interactions across spatial scales
<p>The world is rapidly urbanizing, thereby transforming natural landscapes and changing the abundance and distribution of organisms. However, insights into the effects of urbanization on species interactions, and plant-pathogen interactions in particular, are lacking. We investigated the effects of urbanization on powdery mildew infection on <i>Quercus robur</i> at continental and within-city scales. At the continental scale, we compared infection levels between urban and rural areas of different-sized cities in Europe, and investigated whether plant traits, climatic variables and CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions mediated the effect of urbanization on infection levels. Within one large city (Stockholm, Sweden), we further explored whether local habitat features and spatial connectivity influenced infection levels during multiple years. At the continental scale, infection severity was consistently higher on trees in urban than rural areas, with some indication that temperature mediated this effect. Within Stockholm city, temperature had no effect, while local accumulation of leaf litter negatively affected powdery mildew incidence in one out of three years, and more connected trees had lower infection levels. This study is the first to describe the effects of urbanization on plant-pathogen interactions both within and among cities, and to uncover the potential mechanisms behind the observed patterns at each scale.</p>
Supporting information for Spatial scales of the velocity shear layer and Kelvin-Helmholtz waves on the magnetopause: First statistical results
<p>Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) waves observed by ARTEMIS P1 from 2015 to 2020. From the first column to the last column is: probe, date, time interval of KH waves, the location of KH waves in GSM coordinate, and the dominate period, phase speed, and wavelength of KH waves.</p>
Spatial variability and driving factors of ecosystem services balance at watershed scale in the Lancang River Valley, Southwest China
<p>Revealing the spatio-temporal change of the supply, demand and balance of ecosystem services (ES) associated with human activities and land use changes is of great significance for watershed ecosystem management. Taking the Lancang River Valley as a case, we explicitly studied the ES spatial characteristics using the land use/land cover (LULC) matrix model, Optimized Hot Spot Analysis and landscape pattern analysis. Further, we screened out the dominant explanatory variables which had significant influence on ES supply, demand and balance by means of Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) method at pixel scale. The results showed that the ES demand intensity varied little throughout the watershed while the downstream ES supply capacity and balance value were greater than upstream. Meanwhile, the hotspots of ES supply and demand were mainly distributed in the south part but coldspots in the north part. Human activity factors integrating landscape pattern variables were verified to have negative impact on ES balance in general. Among them, the Largest Patch Index (LPI) had a negative influence of majority pixels while GDP, cultivated land ratio and Area Weighted Average Patch Fractal Dimension (AWAPFD) had positive effects on a few pixels. This study will provide scientific support for regional ecosystem service trade-off and regulation at multiple scales.</p>
Life-history stage and the population genetics of the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus at a fine spatial scale
<p>As a widespread vector of disease, the mosquito species <em>Aedes albopictus </em>Skuse<em> </em>(Diptera: Culicidae) is a high priority for both public health and invasive species research and management. Like all mosquitoes, <em>A. albopictus </em>has a complex life history with aquatic egg, larval, and pupal stages and a terrestrial adult stage. This requires targeted management strategies for each life stage, coordinated across time and space. Researchers use population genetics to inform control of <em>A. albopictus</em>. However, these studies do not consider the impact on life stage on population genetic characteristics and subsequent conclusions. Our objective was to examine whether the life stage impacted patterns of <em>A. albopictus </em>genetic diversity and differentiation at a spatial scale relevant to management efforts. We first conducted a literature review of field-caught <em>A. albopictus </em>population genetic papers and identified 74 peer-reviewed publications, none of which compared results between life stages.<em> </em>We them examined population genetic patterns of egg and adult <em>A. albopictus </em>at five sites in Wake County, North Carolina USA using 8,425 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found that level of genetic diversity and connectivity between sites varied between adults and eggs. This warrants further study and is critical for research aimed at informing local management.</p>
Spatial impact of urban expansion on lake surface water temperature based on the perspective of watershed scale
<p>This is the original data from the article "Spatial impact of urban expansion on lake surface water temperature based on the perspective of watershed-scale"</p>
Individual-level leaf trait variation and correlation across biological and spatial scales
<p>Even with increasing interest in the ecological importance of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) for better understanding ecological processes, few studies have quantified ITV in seedlings and assessed constraints imposed by trade-offs and correlations among individual-level leaf traits. Estimating the amount and role of ITV in seedlings is important to understand tree recruitment and long-term forest dynamics. We measured ten different size, economic, and whole leaf traits (lamina and petiole) for more than 2800 seedlings (height ≥ 10 cm and diameter at breast height < 1 cm) in 283 seedling plots, and then quantified the amount of ITV and trait correlations across two biological (intraspecific and interspecific) and spatial (within and among plots) scales. Finally, we explored the effects of trait variance and sample size on the strength of trait correlations. We found about 40% (6~63%) variation in leaf-level traits was explained by ITV across all traits. Lamina and petiole traits were correlated across biological and spatial scales, whereas leaf size traits (e.g., lamina area) were weakly correlated with economics traits (e.g., specific lamina area); <a name="_Hlk61031779">lamina mass ratio was strongly related to the petiole length</a>. Trait correlations varied among species, plots, and different scales but there was no evidence that the strength of trait relationships was stronger at broader than finer biological and spatial scales. While larger trait variance increased the strength of correlations, the sample size was the most important factor that was negatively related to the strength of trait correlations. Our results showed that a large amount of trait variation was explained by ITV, which highlighted the importance of considering ITV when using trait-based approaches in seedling ecology. In addition, sample size was an important factor that influenced the strength of trait correlations, which suggests that comparing trait correlations across studies should consider the differences in sample size.</p>
A Multi-Scale Spatial Model of Hepatitis-B Viral Dynamics
<p>Dataset related to an accepted manuscript:</p> <p>A Multi-Scale Spatial Model of Hepatitis-B Viral Dynamic. Cangelosi Q., Means S., Ho H. PLOS One</p> <p>Dataset documented in a ReadMe file.</p>
Flow intermittence influence biodiversity-stability relationships across spatial scales: implications for an uncertain future
<p>Data associated with the article Gianuca et al. (2024) Flow intermittence influence biodiversity-stability relationships across spatial scales: implications for an uncertain future. Global Change Biology</p>
Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic and functional diversity of African muroid rodents at different spatial scales
Fig. 1 Relationship between species richness of African muroid communities and their respective a phylogenetic diversity, b phylogenetic structure, and c functional diversity. Each dot represents a local community (n = 72). For the phylogenetic structure plot, two linear
Fig. 4 a in Phylogenetic and functional diversity of African muroid rodents at different spatial scales
Fig. 4 a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity dendrogram for illustrating how similar African muroid communities are in terms of their species composition. b Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity on presence data. Communities are coloured according to the biogeographic region to which they belong (yellow: Northern African; orange: Saharan; red: Sudanian; green; Congolian; cy- an: Ethopian; pink: Somalian; blue: Zambezian; grey: Southern African; see the scheme in the in- set, which is an adaptation of the partitioning of Africa proposed by Linder et al. 2012), and their ap- proximate geographical location is represented in the map on the left
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.